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I. Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................. 12
II. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formebi ..................................................................................................................... 16
1. saxelmwifo da qristianuli eklesia ........................................................ 16
kacobriobis istoriasa da TanamedroveobaSic Zalze iSviaTia
iseTi institutebi, romlebsac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTel procesze aqvT gavlena. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis saqmianobis specifikisa da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis, rogorc samarTlis Rirebulebis, 3 gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, nebismieri sxva instituti ukana planze iwevs. socialuri da sa-marTlebrivi urTierTobebis simravleSi sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli adgili ukavia religias, romelic socialuri, kulturuli, istori-uli da raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, samarTlebrivi movlenacaa. igi erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvreli, sazogadoebis Se-makavSirebeli elementia 4 da misi mniSvneloba kacobriobis Segnebu-li azrovnebis istoriis sawyisi etapebidan moyolebuli, warmoudg-enlad didia. is, erTgvarad, koleqtiuri identobis erT-erT mTavar Camomyalibeblad iqca5.
religiam kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba mas Semdeg SeiZina, rac as-parezze msoflios dominanti religiebi gamoCndnen da daiwyo ara mxolod saRvTismetyvelo, metafizikur sakiTxebze dogmatikis Camoyalibeba, aramed praqtikul, saxelmwifosTan Tanayofierebasa da Tanaarsebobaze fiqri. IV saukunidan qristianoba saxelmwifoebriv doneze gavrcelebas iwyebs da eklesia maleve evropuli sax-elmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi `atributi~ xdeba. mTel-ma Sua saukuneebma eklesiis mniSvnelovani dominantobiT Caiara da gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo iyo, sadac saeklesio dogmatika da sa-marTali saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda.
Sua saukuneebis miwurulisken datrialebuli reformaciis qariSxlis Semdeg, evropaSi damkvidrda azri, rom sazogadoebis sta-biluroba da keTildReoba swored saxelmwifosa da eklesiaze iyo damyarebuli. 6 Sesabamisad, XX saukunemde saxelmwifo cdilobda,
1 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 30 2 spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 81. 3 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 206. 4 Peyrouse S., The Relationship between Church and State in the Post-Soviet World: The Case of Christianity
in Central Asia, “Journal of Church and State”, #49, 2007, 101. 5 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 26. 6 loqlini r.b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxil-va~, #5, 2012, 91.
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Tavad emarTa da daemorCilebina eklesia, rogorc xalxis kontrolis saukeTeso saSualeba. Tanamedrove epoqamde religiaze, rogorc adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoze, ra Tqma unda, saubari arc iyo. rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi principi, XX saukunis mTavari monapovaria7.
religia kerZo sfero,8 `Zalze piradi, Zalze sakraluri da Zalze wmindaa~, saero xelisuflebis nebaze rom iyos damokidebuli. 9 Sesa-bamisad, religiis Tavisuflebis principma saxelmwifosa da religi-is erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebis, gamijvnis idea TavisTavad ganavi-Tara, vinaidan religiis Tavisufleba, erTi mxriv, individualur Tavisuflebas, meore mxriv, ki Tavad religiuri institutebis damoukideblobas gulisxmobs10.
XXI saukune faseulobaTa gadafasebis epoqaa. 11 Tanamedrove samyaroSi eklesiebma da religiurma organizaciebma dakarges gavlena da kontroli kerZo Tu sajaro sferoebis mniSvnelovan seg-mentze. 12 miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli civilizebuli samyaro sax-elmwifosa da religiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnaze Tanxmdeba, es pro-cesi yvelgan erTnairad ar mimdinareobs. tradiciul, marTlma-didebeli qristianobis qveynebSi saxelmwifos dRemde sWirdeba eklesia, rogorc kulturuli identobis mTavari wyaro da Sedegi. 13 ufro metic, igi Tanamedrove urbanuli cxovrebis ganuyofel na-wilad iqca 14 da dRemde evropuli identobis mniSvnelovan komponen-tad rCeba15.
religia yovelTvis iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos erTiani organi-zaciuli qsovilisa da ideologiis ganuyofeli nawili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sua saukuneebSi qveynis oficialuri ideologia mTlianad saeklesio midgomebs efuZneboda 16 . ruseTis mier saqarTve-los aneqsiis erT-erT mTavar iaraRadac swored qristianuli mrwamsi iqca, eklesiis meSveobiT imperiam myarad gaidga fesvebi qvey- 7 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 21. 8 ix., 97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR],
App. no. 71156/01, 3 May 2007, Para.150. 9 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography,
London, 2005, 68. 10 ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 111-112. 11 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,
2013, 172-173. 12 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 26. 13 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition,
“East European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 91. 14 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 240. 15 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,
naSromi eqvsi nawilisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan I da VI, Sesabamisad, Sesavali da daskvnaa, xolo ZiriTadi kvleva II-V nawilebSia moqceuli. II nawilSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis subieqtunarianobaze, maTi TanamSromlobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebze. mocemulia eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis sxvadasxva klasifikacia da ganxilulia maTi formebi, meqanizmebi da standartebi SedarebiTsamarTlebriv konteqstSi.
naSromis III nawili eTmoba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-TierTobebis qarTuli modelis mimoxilvasa da analizs. qarTuli gamocdileba ganxilulia samarTlebriv konteqstSi, qristianobis
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gavrcelebidan Tanamedrove epoqis CaTvliT, Sefasebulia religiis Tavisuflebisa da eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli mod-elis Taviseburebebi da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.
IV nawili exeba konstituciur SeTanxmebas, rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments, mis Sinaarsobriv, teqnikur da samarTlebriv maxasi-aTeblebs. ganxilulia, rogorc uSualod teqsti, ise terminologi-uri, samarTlebrivi da sakanonmdeblo teqnikis mxriv arsebuli problemebi. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gaanalizebulia normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiis, qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi misi adgilis konteqstSi, Sedarebulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis doqtrinas, Tanasworobis ZiriTad uflebasa da religiis Tavisu-flebas.
V nawilSi Tavmoyrilia konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRs-rulebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. Sefasebulia SeTanxmebis im-plementaciis procesi da am mizniT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba jvrisweris aRiarebis, religiuri ganaTlebis, saeklesio dResaswaulebze uqmobisa da religiis saja-ro sivrceSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis sferoebSi, integraciis sakiTxs. gaanalizebulia safinanso-ekonomikuri valdebulebebis (kompensacia, qonebis dabruneba-gadacema, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis sistema da kulturuli memkvidreobis, saeklesio saganZuris movla-patronoba) aRsrulebis procesi da am kuTxiT konstituciuri SeTanxmebis jerovani imple-mentaciisTvis damabrkolebebi garemoebebis aRmofxvrisa da prob-lemaTa gadawyvetis SesaZlo gzebi.
II. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTle-brivi formebi
1. saxelmwifo da qristianuli eklesia 1.1. saxelmwifo 1.1.1. saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti saxelmwifos warmoSoba da ganviTareba metad saintereso isto-
riul procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. saxelmwifo, rogorc adamianTa organizebuli Tanaarseboba, uZvelesi wesrigia. 17 misi Tanamedrove arsi da maxasiaTeblebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda da ixveweboda. Tanamedrove saxelmwifos idea da koncefcia srulad iziarebs warsul gamocdilebas, mecnierTa naazrevsa da saero praqtikas. amasTan, misi Tanamedrove gaazreba sruliad gansxvavdeba Tundac XIX saukunemde arsebuli koncefciebisgan, igi moicavs pla-tonisa da arasistoteles definicias, ciceronis miznobriobas, makiavelis, bodenis, monteskies, lokis, medisonisa da jefersonis moZRvrebebs, romlebmac, saboloo jamSi, saxelmwifos Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti, is uflebamosili warmonaqmnia, romelsac samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa ZiriTadi aspeqtebis mowesrigebaze aqvs eqskluzivi. xalxi mas gadascems Za-lauflebas, raTa misi saxeliT ganaxorcielos saqmianoba. 19 swored es aqcevs mas adamianTa yvelaze organizebul da sistemur, su-verenitetiT aRWurvil erTobad20.
yvela sazogadoebas sWirdeba avtoritetuli instituti, Tumca saxelmwifo, sinamdvileSi, erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi aseTi warmo-naqmnia.21 es aris is mniSvnelovani debuleba, romelic man unda gaiT-valiswinos, raTa mmarTveloba tiraniad ar iqces. saxelmwifos, rogorc samoqalaqo erTobas, IV saukunidan qristianuli eklesiis saxiT mniSvnelovani konkurenti gamouCnda, romelmac TandaTan saero sakiTxebSic seriozuli gavlena moipova. yvela Tanxmdeba, rom am pe-riodidan saxelmwifoSi erTis nacvlad ukve faqtobrivad ori su-vereni arsebobs _ xelisuflebisa da eklesiis saxiT22.
1.1.2. saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefcia eklesiasa da saxelmwifos moqmedebis gansxvavebuli sfero da
25 xucurauli i., qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba saxelmwifoSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #9-10, 2001, 22. 26 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 76. 27 epistole pavle mociqulisa romaelTa mimarT, 13,1. 28 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 75. 29 iqve. 30 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 188. 31 Eighmy J.L., Institutional Support in a Welfare State: The Crisis in Church-State Relations, “Journal of
Church and State”, #4(2), 1962, 167. 32 `miugo iesu da hrqua maT: `mieciT keisrisaჲ keisarsa da RmrTisaჲ RmerTsa.~,
saxerabaჲ markozisi, 12,17. 33 ix., Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliog-
eklesia religiuri organizaciaa, romelsac mWidro kavSiri aqvs sazogadoebasTan da eris Tu eTnosis sarwmunoebrivi gaerTianebaa, romlisTvisac saxelmwifos kulturasa da tradiciebTan harmoniuli urTierTobaa damaxasiaTebeli. 40 mas saxelmwifosgan sruliad gan- 34 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 27. 35 “Wall of Separation between the Garden of the Church and the Wildness of the World”, ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisu-fleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 39. 36 `miugo petre da mociqulTa da hrques: morCilebaჲ jer-ars RmrTisaჲ ufroჲs
sxvavebuli funqciebi da miznebi aqvs. eklesiis mizania RvTis sityvis, uflis siyvarulisa da samarTlianobis xalxisTvis gacnoba, adamianTa sulis xsnaze zrunva, xolo saxelmwifos arsi sayovelTao keTildReobis, wesrigisa da Tavisuflebis, kanonis winaSe Ta-nasworobis uzrunvelyofaa.41 mrwamsis mixedviT, eklesia aris `erTi, wminda, kaTolike da samociqulo~ 42 , igi mTel dedamiwaze erTia da misi Tavi ieso qristea. 43 qristianuli msoflmxedvelobiT, eklesia aris rogorc erToba, sistema, ise _ erTaderTi saSualeba, rom-liTac misi wevrebi, qristianebi miaRweven saboloo mizans _ cxonebas: extra ecclesiam nulla salus44.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qristianuli eklesia seriozul da mravaldonian organizaciad iqca, romelic sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi Tu socialuri formiT gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi. dResdReobiT ramdenime ZiriTadi da mravali wvrili qristianuli mimdinareoba arsebobs, romelTac TavianTi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi mowyoba, struqtura da dogmatika aqvT.
1.2.2. eklesia, rogorc samarTlebrivi instituti mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ar arsebobda erTiani
xelisufleba. saxelmwifos gverdiT yovelTvis moiazreboda eklesia, romelic xelisuflebis realurad SemzRudveli samoqalaqo insti-tuti iyo. 45 saxelmwifosa da eklesiis funqciebi, marTalia, erTma-neTisgan gansxvavebulia, Tumca isini xSirad ikveTeba, 46 radganac arcerTi eklesia Tu religiuri instituti sazogadoebisgan mowy-vetilad ar arsebobs, igi ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva administraciul-teritoriul erTeulSi, Sesabamis kulturul garemosa da soci-umSi.47 marTlmadidebeli eklesia Teologiurad ar ukavSirdeba raime politikur instituts, kulturasa da sazogadoebas, Tumca, imavdroulad, igi valdebulia, yvela SesaZlo Rones mimarTos xalxis, nebismieri adamianis xsnisa da siwmindisaTvis48.
eklesiis Teologiuri da samarTlebrivi aRqma erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba, Tumca mniSvnelovnadac gansxvavdeba. Tuki rwmenis kuTx-
41 National Council of Churches, Separation and Interaction of Church and State, “Journal of Church and
State”, #6, 1964, 147. 42 mrwamsi, me-10 muxli. 43 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 73-74. 44 `eklesiis gareSe ar aris cxovneba~ (wm. kvipriane), ix., iqve, 74. 45 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 30. 46 National Council of Churches, Separation and Interaction of Church and State, “Journal of Church and
State”, #6, 1964, 147. 47 Mckinley P.B., Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of
Law and Public Policy”, Vol.7, 2009, 32. 48 Romanides J.S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, “Journal of
marTlmadidebeli eklesia, romaulisgan gansxvavebiT, istoriulad biurokratiuli gaerTianeba ar iyo da yovelTvis ufro sulier sa-kiTxebze hqonda orientacia.52 Tumca Tanamedrove samyaros samarTle-brivi ganviTareba bunebrivad moiTxovs eklesiaTa da sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa samarTlebriv doneze uzrunvelyofas, raTa maT sazogadoebaSi normaluri arseboba, samarTalurTierTobebSi monawileoba SeZlon. eklesiis samarTlebriv statusTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli praqtika aqvT. TiTqmis SeuZlebelia iseTi saerTo, zogadi formis moZieba, romelsac yvela samarTlebrivi sistema miiRebs da aRiarebs, vinaidan yovelive es konkretuli qveynis istoriaze, kulturaze, sazogadoebasa da sa-marTlebriv sistemazea damokidebuli.
evrokavSiri saxelmwifoebs uflebas aZlevs, Tavad gadawyviton, Tu ra samarTlebrivi statusi eqnebaT religiur organizaciebs, igi aRiarebs Sesabamisi wesiT dafuZnebul da moqmed religiur gaer-Tianebebs. 53 ra Tqma unda, es yovelive kanonis winaSe Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis principebs unda efuZnebodes. religiuri gaer-
49 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 24. 50 Romanides J.S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, “Journal of
Church and State”, #6, 1964, 186. 51 Encyclical Letter “Deus Caritas Est” of the Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI to the Bishops, Priests and Dea-
cons, Men and Women Religious and All the Lay Faithful on Christian Love, 25 December 2005, Para.28. 52 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition,
“East European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 87. 53 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konte-qsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 29; ix. citireba: Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), art. 17.
safrangeTSi religiur jgufad romelime gaerTianebis aRiareba saxelmwifo sabWos prerogativaa, romelic sakmaod mkacrad udgeba sakiTxs da mxolod tradiciul religiaTa warmomadgenlebis mimarT avrcelebs 1905 wlis kanons. 58 fineTSi `religiis Tavisuflebis aq-tTan erTad~, evangelur-luTeranuli da marTlmadidebeli eklesi-ebis samarTlebriv statuss specialuri kanonebi awesrigebs. 59 rogorc wesi, religiuri gaerTianebebisa da eklesiebisaTvis calke reestri ar arsebobs da isini sxva iuridiuli pirebis msgavsad reg-istrirdebian. mag., espaneTSi religiuri gaerTianebebi da eklesiebi iuridiuli piris statusis misaRebad registrirdebian sajaro reestrSi, risTvisac maT unda waradginon 1980 wlis `religiis
54 ix., Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Austria, [ECtHR], App. no. 40825/98, 31 July 2008. 55 mag., italiaSi religiur gaerTianebebs SeuZliaT daregistrirdnen asociaciebis saxiT an iarsebon araregistrirebuli asociaciebis statusiT, samoqalaqo ko-deqsis Sesabamisad. ix., ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 249. 56 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konte-qsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26. 57 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 30. 58 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 190. 59 Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Reli-
gion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C.
Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 335; The Church Act (Kirkkojärjestys
1055/1993), Act on the Orthodox Church (Laki Ortodoksisestakirkosta 985/2006).
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Tavisuflebis aqtiT~ gansazRvruli dokumentacia. 60 gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa ukrainaSi, sadac religiuri centrebi, monastrebi, Te-ologiuri skolebi da msgavsi xasiaTis organizaciebi unda dare-gistrirdnen religiur saqmeTa saxelmwifo komitetSi, 61 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom religiuri organizaciebis registracia ukrainaSi sakmaod martivia, registraciisTvis sakmarisia gaerTianebas 10 wevri mainc hyavdes da religiuri miznebi hqondes. 62 msgavs mowesrigebas adgens SvedeTic: religiuri organizaciis registraciisTvis aucilebeli piroba am gaerTianebis religiuri miznebi da misi wevr-Ta raodenobaa63.
saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, registraciisas mniSvnelovania ekle-siaTa klasifikacia. italiaSi moqmedebs samsafexuriani sistema, ro-melic religiur gaerTianebebs ganasxvavebs: pirveli, ra Tqma unda, romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiaa, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli statusi aqvs; meore, is konfesiebi, romlebic italiaSi tradiciulad arsebobdnen da maTi Sexedulebebi italiis kanonmdeblobas sruliad Seesabameba; mesame jgufs mcirericxovani da arc ise popularuli gaerTianebebi ganekuTvnebian. 64 1874 wlis `eklesiebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb~ da 1998 wlis `religiuri konfesiuri erTobebis Sesaxeb~ ka-nonebis Tanaxmad, avstriaSi religiuri organizaciebis sami saxe arsebobs: oficialurad aRiarebuli religiuri sazogadoeba, religiur-konfesiuri erToba da asociacia.65 religiur gaerTianebad registraciisaTvis norvegia ganmcxadebels ramdenime moTxovnas uy-enebs: gaerTianebis saxeli da misamarTi, mrwamsi da doqtrina, organ-izaciuli mowyoba, saqmianoba da wevroba, mmarTvelobis organoebi, sulieri da administraciuli xelmZRvanelebis saxelwodeba da
60 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 162. 61 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special
References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482. 62 iqve. 63 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 627. 64 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 247. 65 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 12;
1960-iani wlebidan avstriam `tradiciul~ religiebTan mimarTebiT mizanmimarTuli politika gaatara, ris Sedegadac protestantuli da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli. ix., pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaq-torobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 456.
sxva qristianuli eklesiebisgan gansxvavdeba wminda saydris sa-marTlebrivi statusi da mdgomareoba, vinaidan vatikani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa, igi xSir SemTxvevaSi konkretul sax-elmwifoSi religiuri gaerTianebis statusis miRebas ar Tanxmdeba. mis wiaRSi moqmedebs eklesiis erTianobis idea, maT Soris sa-marTlebrivi kuTxiTac. Sesabamisad, xSirad problemebi warmoiSoba, Tuki saxelmwifo uars acxadebs wminda saydarTan TanabarmniSvnelo-vani statusiT urTierTobaze (roca vatikans, rogorc saxelmwifos da romis eklesias, rogorc religiur gaerTianebas, ganasxvaveben). mag., romis eklesia espaneTSi gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs da mas moqmedebisTvis iuridiuli piris formiT registracia ar sWirdeba, vinaidan wminda saydari saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtia da xelisuflebasTan urTierTobaSi isedac SeuZlia gam-osvla70.
1.2.2.1.1. kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri religiuri gaerTianebebisa da eklesiebis kerZo samarTlis iu-
ridiul pirad registracia yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa. umetes SemTxvevaSi eklesiebi aramomgebiani iuridiuli piris formas irCeven, Tumca es ar gamoricxavs maT mogebaze orientirebul iuridiul pirebad Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas. marTalia, rogorc wesi, religiur gaerTianebas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs organizaciul-
66 Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in:
Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by
R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 134. 67 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 622. 68 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 71. 69 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special
References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482. 70 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 169.
25
samarTlebrivi formis arCevisas, Tumca saxelmwifoTa nawilSi sa-kanonmdeblo donezea gansazRvruli registraciis standartebi da winapirobebi, romlebic moicavs, maT Soris, Sesabamisi samarTle-brivi formisadmi gaerTianebis mikuTvnebis safuZvlebs. es mTlianad saxelmwifos politikur-samarTlebriv gemovnebazea damokidebuli da imis mixedviT saxesxvaobs, Tu eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa romel models miekuTvneba konkretuli saxelmwifos marTlwesrigi.
zogierTi saxelmwifo specialuri kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvravs religiur gaerTianebaTa klasifikacias. daniaSi sami tipis religi-uri erTeuli moqmedebs: aRiarebuli sazogadoeba, qorwinebis Catare-bis uflebis mqone sazogadoeba da araRiarebuli religiuri sazogadoeba. 71 avstriaSi SesaZlebelia religiuri mimdinareobebis registracia religiur erTobebad an religiur asociaciebad. 72 ra Tqma unda, yvela maTgani kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piria, Tumca maT mimarT gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba da SeRavaTebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) moqmedebs.
71 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 70. 72 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 457-460. 73 McGrath J.J., Canon Law and American Church Law: A Comparative Study, “The Jurist”, #18, 1958,
260. 74 Zollman C., Nature of America Religious Corporations, Michigan Law Review, Vol.14, 1915, 38. 75 McGrath J.J., Canon Law and American Church Law: A Comparative Study, “The Jurist”, #18, 1958,
261, ix. citireba: Miller v. Baptist Church, 16 N.J.L. 251 (1837). 76 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 646-647. 77 Nicholson J., The Law of Church and State Relations in the United Kingdom, “Sri Lanka Journal of Inter-
erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebel niSnad iqca. 98 Tumca am statusis miRwevamde eklesiam didi gza ganvlo, romelic dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. romis imperia, ro-melic, rogorc wesi, rjulSemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda, qristiano-bis winaaRmdeg mkacri aRmoCnda, amis mTavari mizezi ki Tavad qristianobis mier nebismieri mbrZaneblis, maT Soris, imperatoris, RvTaebrivi kultis uaryofa, morCilebaze uaris Tqma iyo. 99 qristianoba evropul cnobierebaSi damonebisa da damorCilebis religiad ar Sesula, piriqiT, misi gavrceleba yovelive amis sawinaaRmdegod iyo aRqmuli. igi, erTgvarad, dakarguli WeSmariti Tavisuflebis ganaxleba iyo.100 amis gaTvaliswinebiT imperia mas ara rigiT religiad, aramed faqtobriv winaaRmdegobriv moZraobad ganix-ilavda, romelic 8 saukunis manZilze damkvidrebul romaul poli-tikur-ideologiur sistemas Zirs uTxrida.
periodulad, imperatorebis xasiaTisa da Sexedulebebis gaT-valiswinebiT, qristianobasTan damokidebulebac icvleboda, Tumca cvlilebebi sworxazovani da grZelvadiani politikiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli. 101 IV saukunidan mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. 311 wels romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilis imperatorma galesiusma gaauqma qristianobis amkrZalavi yvela aqti, faqtobrivad, imperator-ma CaTrevas Cayola amjobina, radgan qristianobis devnis miuxedavad, igi mTeli imperiis masStabiT swrafad vrceldeboda da amitomac saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda, am tendenciisTvis fexi aewyo. 102 IV
98 Huntington S.H., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking World Order, New York, 1996, 70. 99 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 74-75. 100 ix., dekanozi aleqsandre (Smenani), avtoriteti da Tavisufleba eklesiaSi, n. doborjginiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 87. 101 mag., 202 wels imperatorma septimus severusma qristianobaze iZulebiT miqcevis amkrZalavi aqti gamosca, ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 46-47; msgavsi gamonaTebebis mi-uxedavad, neronis, diokletianes, galeriusis, liciniusisa da iulianes periodis romSi qristianobisTvis idevnebodnen ara mxolod ubralo xalxi, aramed didgva-rovnebic, maT Soris, imperatorTa ojaxis wevrebi da saimperatoro karze dawinaurebuli pirebi. McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox
Christian Tradition, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alex-
ander, New York, 2010, 174. 102 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 13.
103 iqve. 104 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,
2007, 207. 105 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 Years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 64-
65. 106 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997, 19. 107 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,
2007, 208. 108 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 Years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 65. 109 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in:
Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010,
174. 110 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in
the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 253. 111 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 60.
112 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in:
Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by
R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 283. 113 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,
Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 107;
Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 60. 114 swored amitom imperatorma iustinianem neoplatonistebs, simplicinusis meTau-robiT, romlebic warmarTebi iyvnen da qristianuli ideologias ar emsaxurebod-nen, brZola gamoucxada, ix., Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание,
Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007, 216. 115 iqve. 116 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 64. 117 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997, 19.
118 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. 1, uZvelesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 262. 119 konstantinopolis II msoflio krebaze imperatoris survilis Sesabamisad, kon-stantinopoli aleqsandriasa da antioqiaze win daayenes. 476 wels dasavleT romis imperiis dacemam eklesiebs Soris lingvisturi daSorebac gamoiwvia, dasavleTis eklesiaSi laTinuri SenarCunda, aRmosavleTSi ki dominantoba berZnulma enam moi-pova. ix., javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 18-19; Anckar
C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 29. 120 gegeSiZe d., saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis adgilisa da rolis saRvTismetyvelo koncefciis kritika, Tbilisi, 1986, 4. 121 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,
2012, 263. 122 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in:
Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010,
177; imperatorze kanonTa gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebuli ganmartebis Taobaze dawvrilebiT ix., elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nano-baSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 43. 123 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in:
Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by
R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 284. 124 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edit-
ed by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386.
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wyo xeli imperatorma iustinianem, 125 romelmac Teodosiusis mier dadgenili kanonikuri wesebi gaiTvaliswina da isini ara mxolod as-axa Tavis kodeqsSi, aramed axleburi mowesrigebebi Seqmna mTel rig sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT imperatoris novelebiT, romelTagan 123-e novela, SeiZleba iTqvas, saeklesio samarTlis mcire kodeqsic ki iyo126.
Sua saukuneebSi romis eklesia didi moculobiT iyenebda romis samarTals. 127 romis eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelmac srulad moaxerxa romaul samarTalTan adaptacia da ufro metic, igi saTavi-sod gamoiyena, Semdeg ki misi mibaZviT udidesi mniSvnelobis sjul-deba Seqmna, marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi kanonikuri samarTali srulyofilad ver ganviTarda. marTlmadideblobaSi arasdros yofila gavrcelebuli kanonikuri samarTlis mcodneTa xeloba, am mxriv, arc akademiuri infrastruqturisa da racionalizebuli iu-risprudenciis ganviTarebaze ufiqriaT. 128 amis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom dasavluri qristianobisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebloba yovelTvis saxelmwifosTan ufro metad iyo integrirebuli da damoukideblobis gacilebiT naklebis xarisxiT sargeblobda, damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi sistemisa Tu marTlmsajulebis aucilebloba ubralod arc arsebobda.
toriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi evropul saxelmwifoebSi ara TviTmpyro-
beli monarqebi gansazRvravdnen da adgendnen wesebs umniSv-nelovanesi yofiTi sakiTxebisa da institutebisTvis, aramed _ romis papebi. 129 jer kidev V saukuneSi papi gelasiusi miuReblad miiCnevda saeklesio saqmeebSi saerTo xelisuflebis Carevas. 130 dasavleTis eklesiis gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi statusi da aqtiuroba imanac ganapiroba, rom wminda saydari Sua saukuneebidan feodaluri ur-TierTobebis aqtiuri monawile da saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac papi marTavda.
romaulma eklesiam rogorc romis imperatorebi, ise SemdgomSi evropul saxelmwifoTa monarqebi daarwmuna mis mxardaWeraSi, maT Soris sasuliero sakiTxebze dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis ekle-
125 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 61. 126 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edit-
ed by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386. 127 Helmholz R.H., Human Rights in the Canon Law, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction,
Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 100. 128 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edit-
ed by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 383. 129 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,
2012, 262. 130 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 24.
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siebs Soris mimdinare diskusiaSic. imperator valentiniane III ediq-tiT, romis episkoposi, papi mTeli dasavleTis eklesiis patriarqad da dasavleTis episkoposebze zemdgomad gamocxadda.131 VI saukunidan romis papebi samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebasac axorcielebdnen, 132 VII saukunidan ki bizantiis imperiis samoxeleo aparatis wevrebad aRar ganixilebodnen. 133 817 wels lui RvTismosavma da papma pasqalus I dades xelSekruleba (Pactum Ludovicanum), romliTac papis saxelmwifo statusi damtkicda, mefem ki papis arCevis procesSi Carevaze uari Tqva.134 urban II mowodebiT daiwyo jvarosnuli omebi135, romlebmac im periodis evropa dapirispirebebsa da samoqalaqo omebs gadaarCina.
romis eklesia saxelmwifoTaTvis ideologiur safuZvels qmnida. mefe da samefo xelisufleba RmerTTan igivdeboda. aqvinelis mosaz-rebiT, rogorc RmerTi marTavda mTel msoflios, ise marTavda mefe mis miwier samflobelos. 136 msgavs azrs aviTarebda araerTi saekle-sio moRvawe. 137 Tumca ideologiuri mxardaWera mmarTvelobisa da politikis sakiTxebSi interesTa srul Tanxvedras sulac ar gu-lisxmobda. feodalizmis epoqaSi regionul da erovnul doneze feodalebi da mefeebi akontrolebdnen maT teritoriaze arsebul saeklesio centrebs da investiturebs 138 sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gascemdnen139.
episkoposTa daniSvnaSi samefo xelisuflebis monawileoba iqca henri II da Tomas beketis dapirispirebis erT-erT mTavar mizezad. 140 hildebrandi, romelic SemdegSi romis papi grigol VII gaxda, eklesiis reformis iniciativiT gamovida, radgan swamda, rom eklesi-is damoukideblobisTvis aucilebeli iyo es ukanaskneli jer Tavad gamarTuliyo: man sasuliero pirTa qorwineba da Svilebis yola akr-
131 iqve, 23. 132 iqve, 29. 133 iqve, 32. 134 iqve, 39. 135 iqve, 58. 136 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in:
Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by
R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 289-290. 137 iqve, 284. 138 investitura _ kverTxi da beWedi. beWedi morwmuneebTan kavSirs, xolo kverTxi eparqiis mmarTvelobas niSnavda. ix., javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 50. 139 Zalauflebis mTlianoba (Plenitudo Potestatis), romelze pretenziasac eklesia acxadebda, srulad saxelmwifos gavlenis qveS moeqca, ufro metic, saxelmwifom ara mxolod klasikuri sagamgeblo sferoebi, aramed is mimarTulebebic SemoierTa, romelic adre wminda sasuliero arealad ganixileboda. Van Caenegem R.C., An Histori-
cal Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 67; elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 36-37. 140 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013,
24.
35
Zala. 141 grigol VII reformasa da eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas SeewinaRmdegnen evropuli saxelmwifoebi. Sua saukuneebSi germaniaSi eklesiaze saero batonobam iseTi intensiuri xasiaTi mii-Ro, rom saimperio eklesiis sistema (Reichskirche) Camoyalibda. 142 feodalur germaniaSi episkoposebi mTlianad saero xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen. 143 aman evropis kontinentze eklesiasa da sax-elmwifos Soris pirveli seriozuli konfrontacia ganapiroba, ro-melic episkoposTa daniSvnis Taobaze pap grigol VII da mefe hainrix IV Soris moxda144.
dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa politikurma krizisma mniSvne-lovnad ganapiroba romis eklesiis dawinaureba. 145 XIII saukunis saf-rangeTSi eklesiam sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba moipova, romelsac igi eqskluziurad, an saxelmwifosTan erTad axorcielebda. 146 amis paralelurad, fil-ipe IV lamazi, romis papis sawinaaRmdegod, mizanmimarTulad acxadebda, rom RmerTma mas ori maxvili Caabara _ sasuliero da saero, Sesabamisad, sasuliero xelisufleba srulad unda da-morCileboda mis saero mmarTvelobas. 147 eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris dapirispireba safrangeTis istoriis erT-erT sakvanZo elemen-tad iqca. XVII saukuneSic lui XIV aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis saq-meebSi, rac papis gaRizianebas iwvevda. 148 avstriis imperatorma ioseb II eklesias sruliad CamoarTva ufleba, sagareo politika damoukideblad waremarTa, ramac avstriis eklesia wminda saydarsa da paps mniSvnelovnad daaSora149.
141 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,
2012, 264. 142 Van Caenegem R.C., An Historical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 67. 143 iqve, 68. 144 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in
the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 266. investi-turebisTvis brZolaSi hainrix IV grigol VII eklesiidan ramdenjerme gankveTa. ix., Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,
265-266. 145 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,
2012, 263. 146 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t. II, Tbilisi, 1948, 49. 147 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targ-mani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 36. 148 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,
2007, 743. 149 iqve, 745. 150 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,
2012, 270.
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XV saukunis saeklesio ierarqiaSi Seiqmna. 151 XX saukunis ocianebSi ki wminda saydarma Tanamedrove saxelmwifos statusic moipova. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom laTinuri eklesia xSirad inkviziciasa da in-dulgenciebTan kavSirSi warmoudgeniaT aRmosavleT evropaSi, man Tanamedrove samarTlisa da saxelmwifoebriobis gagebis Camoyal-ibebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa. TanamedroveobaSi, civi-lizebul samyaroSi aRiarebuli bevri principi, Teoria swored ro-mis eklesiis wiaRSi iSva. misma brZolam samarTlebrivi statusis mopovebisa da saero xelisuflebisagan distancirebisTvis, XX saukunis samarTlisa da eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis fuZemdebluri mimarTulebebi gansazRvra.
sabWoTa kavSirma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa da ukan daxia marTlma-didebeli eklesiebi. eklesia dinamikurad ver ganviTarda da axali politikuri wesrigis pirobebSi Tanamedrove gamowvevebis adekvaturi ver gaxda. sabWoTa totalitarizmSi Tanamedroved moazrovne samRvdeloebas ar ecala eklesiis ganviTarebisaTvis, radgan maTi mTavari sazrunavi eklesiaSi saxelmwifos CarevisTvis winaaRmdego-bis gaweva iyo. 167 am da sxva mizezTa gamo marTlmadidebloba
157 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 65. 158 iqve, 61. 159 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 30. 160 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. `adamiani da kon-stitucia~, #1, 2001, 14. 161 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 44. 162 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 347, ix. citireba: Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson,
1973). 163 barTolomeos I, interreligiuri dialogis aucilebloba da mizani, sityva, war-moTqmuli 2006 wlis 22 ianvars, evropis sabWos saparlamento sxdomaze, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(11)’07, 2007, 34. 164 Carlton C., The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury, 1997,
265. 165 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 347. 166 Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 344 U.S. 94 (1952). 167 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bo-lo _ XXI saukunis dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 45.
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Tanamedrove samyaroSi sakmaod Zvelmodurad gamoiyureba. 168 misTvis gacilebiT mtkivneulia sekularizmisa da religiis saxelmwifosgan gancalkevebis procesi, radganac istoriuli sinamdvilis gaT-valiswinebiT, process, romelic Sua saukuneebis miwuruls daiwyo centralur da dasavleT evropaSi, kontinentis aRmosavleT nawilSi jer osmalTa okupaciam, Semdeg ruseTis imperiulma zraxvebma da bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris antireligiurma kampaniam SeuSala xeli. aRmosavleTis eklesiebi axali gamowvevis winaSe dganan, vinaidan ma-Ti umravlesoba erovnulobasTan da konkretul eTnosebTan arian gadajaWvulebi, maTTvis Znelia politikaze zemoqmedebis berketebis daTmoba. Tumca ganviTarebisa da Tavad eklesiis keTildReobisTvis, gacilebiT marTebulia saxelmwifosgan sruli damoukideblobisa da gamijvnis mopoveba, raTa momavalSic ar ganmeordes warsulis magaliTebi da eklesia saxelmwifos biurokratiuli aparatis na-wilad, masze daqvemdebarebul subieqtad ar iqces, risi mcdelobac posttotalitarul sazogadoebebSi sakmaod xSiria.
2.4. qristianoba sekularul msoflioSi qristianobam da religiurma samarTalma istoriulad samarTle-
evropaSi eklesiebsa da religiur gaerTianebebs Tavisuflad arse-bobisa da damoukideblad organizebis ufleba aqvT.172 saxelmwifoTa mixedviT maTi socialuri roli, kulturuli integracia da sazoga-doebaze gavlena gansxvavdeba. am gansxvavebaTa miuxedavad, SeiZleba darwmunebiT aRiniSnos, rom samarTlis uzenaesobisa da samarTle-brivi saxelmwifos idea evropaSi uSualod qristianobasTanaa gada-
168 Ware K., The Orthodox Way, New York, 1999, 9. 169 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,
2012, 274. 170 barTlomeos I, evropa: sekularizaciis gamowveva, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 37. 171 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secular-
ism and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marlle, G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels,
2013, 38, ix. citireba: Huntington, 1997, 305). 172 The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Dialogue, Recommendation 1962 (2011), Parliamentary As-
sembly of the Council of Europe, Para. 4.
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jaWvuli.173 meoce saukunis Sua wlebSi dawyebul evropis integraci-is procesSi religiis aqtiuri roli bevri mecnierisa da komenta-torisaTvis miRebuli faqtia. 174 kazanovas mtkicebiT, evrokavSiri Tavdapirvelad vatikanis mier sanqcirebuli qristian-demokratiuli proeqti iyo, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgom evropasa da msoflioSi mniSvnelovan geopolotikur rols Seasrulebda175.
qristianobas, Tavisi istoriuli da kulturul-anTropologiuri Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis eqneba sajarodan kerZo, viwro sferoSi gadanacvlebis problema. miuxedavad imisa, saqme da-savleTis eklesias exeba, Tu aRmosavleTisas, qristianobas mudam eqneba pretenzia, aqtiuri roli ikisros saxelmwifosa da sazoga-doebisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqmeebis ganxorcielebisa da sakiTxebis gadawyvetis procesSi.
3. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis modelebi da samarTle-
brivi mowesrigeba Tanamedrove epoqaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebi
rTuli, metad struqturirebuli sferoa, romelic mravali aspeqtis-gan Sedgeba. am urTierTobaTa klasifikacia ufro samarTlebriv xasiaTs atarebs, vidre politologiursa Tu sociologiurs, vinai-dan maTi urTierTierTmimarTebis done, xarisxi da intensivoba sa-marTlebrivi reJimebiTaa gansazRvruli. swored samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba, eklesiis samarTlebrivi statusi da misi uflebrivi mdgomareoba ganapirobebs konkretuli saxelmwifos eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa romelime modelisadmi mikuTvnebas.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa Sefasebis mravalgvari meTodi da modeli arsebobs, Tumca maTgan arcerTia optimaluri. 176 xSir SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis myari klasifikacia ar arsebobs, vinaidan, marTalia, saxelmwifo forma-lurad romelime sistemas SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes, magram faqto-brivi mdgomareoba radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyos. 177 amis miuxeda-vad, mainc SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ramdenime gavrcelebuli dayofa, romelic ase Tu ise sinamdviles SedarebiT zustad asaxavs.
173 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,
2012, 262. 174 Madeley J.T.S., E Unum Pluribus: The Role of Religion in the Project of European Integration, in: Reli-
gion and Politics in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited by J. Haynes, Abingdon, 2010, 116. 175 iqve, 118. 176 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law
and Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 5. ix. citireba: Kevin Boyle (ed.), Freedom of Religion and Beilief: World Report, London, Uk: Routledge (1997), pp. 9-10. 177 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 665.
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evrokavSiris qveynebSi ganasxvaveben saxelmwifosa da eklesiis sa-marTlebrivi urTierTobis sam tips: saxelmwifo eklesia, anu domi-nanti eklesia, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis sruli gamijvna da sistema, romelSic saxelmwifo da eklesia gamijnulebi arian, magram mWidrod TanamSromloben. 178 am sam zogad models gamoarCeven evro-pul doqtrinaSi, 179 Tumca odnav gansxvavebuli midgomaa amerikul konstitutionalizmSi. aq ori ZiriTadi mosazreba arsebobs: erTi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos mkveTrad mijnavs, xolo meoris Tanaxmad, am or institucias Soris TanamSromloba sruliad SesaZlebelia180.
mecnierTa nawilis azriT, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi modeli arsebobs: `mkacrad gamijnuli eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis modeli~, `dafuZnebuli eklesiis modeli~ da `pluralistuli an struqturirebuli pluralistuli modeli~. 181 saeklesio samarTalSi Semdegi klasifikaciac moqmedebs: `qveSevrdomobis, igive subordinaciuli~, `paralelizmisa~ da `koordinaciuli~ sistemebi~. 182 zogierTi mecnieri `antieklesiis~ modelsac gamohyofs, romelSic saxelmwifo eklesiasTan winaaRmdegobaSia da ufro metic, religias ebrZvis. 183 es ZiriTadad is sistemebia, romlebic adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs mxolod for-malurad aRiareben, msgavs politikas atarebda sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva arademokratiuli reJimi 184 . iseT sistemebSi ki, sadac sax-elmwifo da religia erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli araa, gamoiyofa ceza-ropapistuli da Teokratiuli modelebi185.
TiToeuli klasifikacia garkveul problemebur aspeqtebs moicavs, radganac maTi gamoyenebiT eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa yvela sistema srulad ver ifareba, yuradRebis miRma rCeba sagamonakliso marTlwesrigebi. aqedan gamomdinare, umjobesia, Tu klasifikacia amomwuravi iqneba da yvela SesaZlo saxesxvaobas maqsimalurad moi-cavs. eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa modelebSi SeiZleba gam-oiyos Semdegi ZiriTadi saxeebi: a) qvemdebareobis, igive subordi-naciis modeli (erastianizmi, Teokratia); b) saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli da g) sekularuli, igive urTierTgamijvnis modeli (sruli gamijvnis, TanamSromlobisa da Sereuli sistemebi).
178 iqve. 179 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26. 180 efsTini r., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze. qristi-anuli samarTlebrivi sazogadoeba (CLS) martinesis winaaRmdeg, Jurn. `sakonstitu-cio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 3. 181 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimox-ilva~, #5, 2012, 91. 182 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 190. 183 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of
Church and State”, #4, 1992, 781. 184 amgvar dayofasTan dakavSirebiT ix., iqve, 780-782. 185 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.21, 2000, 1269.
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3.1. qvemdebareobis modeli 3.1.1. erastianizmi antikur samyaroSi religia saxelmwifos organuli nawili iyo da
mis mTavar mizans xelisuflebis samsaxuri warmoadgenda. 186 zogierTma saxelmwifom msgavsi istoriuli memkidreobisgan gaTa-visufleba TanamedroveobaSic ver moaxerxa da swored am inerciiT gaagrZela qristianul eklesiebTan urTierToba.
erastianizmis klasikur magaliTad miiCneoda inglisi (da ara gaerTianebuli samefo) XX saukunis TiTqmis Sua wlebamde, Tumca dResdReobiT mas saxelmwifo eklesiis models miakuTvneben. XVI saukuneSi inglisis mefesa da romis paps Soris ganxeTqileba daiwyo, rasac, saboloo jamSi, anglikanuri eklesiis Seqmna mohyva. 192 in-glisis eklesiis Seqmna romis papis Zalauflebisgan gaTavisuflebis mizans atarebda da Tavdapirvel etapze wminda politikuri xasiaTisa iyo, Tumca eduard VI mefobisas anglikanuri eklesiis dogmatika protestantul gzas daadga da kaTolicizms Sinaarsobrivadac daSorda. 193 msgavsi praqtika evropisTvis ucxo ar iyo, ufro metic,
186 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,
London, 2005, 4. 187 Tomas erastusi (Thomas Erastus) Sveicariul-germanuli warmoSobis Teologi iyo, romelic eklesiis gankveTis uflebas akritikebda da sekularuli, saero sax-elmwifos mier religiis kontrols emxroboda. ix., Turner B.S., The Religious and the Politi-
cal, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 244. 188 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, Journal of
Church and State, #4, 1992, 780. 189 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009, 5. 190 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 191. 191 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 91, ix. citireba: Weber, Economy and Society, 1162. 192 1534 wels miiRes Act of Supremacy, romlis mixedviTac, inglisis eklesiis xelmZRvanelad mefe gamocxadda, aqti mRvdelmsaxurebs avaldebulebda mis erT-gulebasa da morCilebaze daedoT fici. Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh
Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002, 136. 193 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamoce-mis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 640.
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XVII saukunidan Zalian bevrma istoriulma saxelmwifom mibaZa in-gliss, rasac reformaciamac didad Seuwyo xeli. skandinaviis sax-elmwifoebsa da daniaSi Camoyalibda erastianuli modeli, romelmac XX saukunemde iarseba. dResac ki zogierTi mecnieri eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis daniur models kvazierastianulad miiC-nevs.194 XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi bavarieli regentis mier Camoyal-ibebulma eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis axalma sistemam ceza-ropapizmis modeli daamkidra saberZneTSi, 195 swored aman ganapiroba momavalSi iq saxelmwifo eklesiis sistemis Camoyalibeba.
194 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 5. 195 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law
Review”, #4, 1996, 818. 196 Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, “Foreign Affairs”, #39, 1960-1961, 305-306. 197 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009,
6-7. 198 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 190-191. 199 ix., Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa
Barbara, 2009, 92. 200 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 90. 201 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269. 202 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 90.
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Teokratiis arsebobas xeli Seuwyo Sua saukuneebSi eklesiis mdgomareobam, vinaidan istoriis mTeli es periodi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze eklesiis batonobis xanaa, rac eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos urTierTobebis specifikidan gamomdinareobda. 203 am Te-oriis gavrcelebaSi aqtiurad monawileobda wminda saydari, rome-lic intensiurad ereoda evropul saxelmwifoTa Sida saqmeebSi, amasTan, romis paps, sasulierosTan erTad, saero Zalauflebac hqon-da papis miwebsa da uSualod qalaq romze, rac jer kidev pipin moklesTan miRweuli SeTanxmebiT daikanona204.
216 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition,
“East European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 87. 217 Roudometof V., The Evolution of Greek Orthodoxy in the Context of World Historical Globalization, in:
Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited
by V. Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 24-25. 218 ix., iqve, 32. 219 ix., papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 133. 220 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law
Review”, #4, 1996, 816. 221 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36. 222 Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.3. 223 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.
Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 384-385. 224 ix., Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.33(2) and Art.59(1). 225 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law
Review”, #4, 1996, 824.
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`upiratesia~, Tumca protestantuli da romaul-kaTolikuri eklesi-ebic mniSvnelovani statusiT arian aRWurvili226.
marTalia, saberZneTis eklesias garkveuli avtonomia aqvs, magram metwilad igi saxelmwifo organos statusiT moqmedebs, mag., qor-winebis, ganaTlebis da sxv. sferoebSi. 227 religiaze saerTosax-elmwifoebriv zedamxedvelobas saberZneTSi ganaTlebisa da sakulto sakiTxTa saministros generaluri samdivno sakulto sakiTxebSi da sagareo saqmeTa saministro axorcieleben.228 saberZneTis eklesia ad-ministraciul funqciasac asrulebs, Sesabamisad, misi qmedebebi da aqtebi, romlebic administraciul saqmianobas da ara doqtrinas, dogmatikas exeba, saCivrdeba saxelmwifo sabWoSi, romelic umaRlesi administraciuli sasamarTloa. 229 saxelmwifo sabWo uflebamosilia, ganixilos da gadawyvitos marTadidebel eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, mas SeuZlia gaauqmos eklesiis mier miRebuli aqtebic230.
inglisis (anglikanuri) da Sotlandiis (presviterianuli) eklesi-ebi saxelmwifo eklesiebis statuss atareben da saxelmwifo kanon-mdeblobis safuZvelze arian Seqmnilni.231 inglisis eklesiis daarse-ba mefis survils ukavSirdeboda, swored misi mowveviT VI saukuneSi inglisSi wm. avgustine Cavida, romelmac kentrberis saydari daaar-sa.232 1534 wlidan inglisis eklesia wminda saydrisgan damoukideblad arsebobs da calke, anglikanuri protestantizmis mqadagebelia. mas xelmZRvanelobs gaerTianebuli samefos monarqi 233 . reformaciis Semdeg eklesia saxelmwifos ganuyofel nawilad, mis ideologiur safuZvlad da politikis ganmaxorcieleblad iqca. 234 gaerTianebuli samefos monarqi, romelic inglisis eklesiis `umaRles mmarTvelad~
226 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 135. 227 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.
Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 385. 228 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 144-145. 229 iqve, 145. 230 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 358. 231 Nicholson J., The Law of Church and State Relations in the United Kingdom, “Sri Lanka Journal of In-
ternational Law”, #12, 2000, 182. 232 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 12. 233 ix., Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002,
136. 234 mag., matylis warmoebis gasaviTareblad inglisis parlamenti yvela meTods mimarTavda, maT Soris mis kontrols eklesiaze: 1678 wels dadgenilebiT daa-valdebula anglikanuri eklesiis samRvdeloeba, gardacvlilTa dakrZalvaze Tanx-moba mxolod maSin gaecaT, Tuki isini matyliT gakeTebul sudaraSi iqnebodnen gaxveulni. ix., Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 91,
ix. citireba: Pfeffer, Church, State and Freedom, 27.
inglisis eklesiis pirveli kanonis mixedviT, inglisis eklesia misi sadedoflo udidebulesobis kanonTa Sesabamisadaa dafuZnebuli da `qristes WeSmariti da samociqulo eklesiis~ nawilia.238 inglisis eklesiis kanonebi da aqtebi unda Seesabamebodes saxelmwifos kanon-mdeblobasa da dedoflis samarTals. 239 saxelmwifo xelisufleba eklesiis Sida saqmeebSic monawileobs. 240 kentrberis mTavarepis-koposi inglisis eklesiis sulieri lideria, igi akurTxebs monarqs da ikavebs sapatio adgils samefo karze, samefo ojaxsa da lord kanclers Soris. 241 Tavis mxriv, inglisis TemTa palatas, Zvel uni-versitetebsa da istoriul saero dawesebulebebs hyavT kapelanebi, romlebic inglisis eklesiis RvTismsaxurebi arian 242 . samefo xelisufleba CarTulia mniSvnelovani saeklesio gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, Tavis mxriv, anglikanuri eklesiis mTavarepis-koposi akurTxebs monarqs, episkoposebi ki lordTa palataSi arian warmodgenilni. 243 1878 wlis saepiskoposo aqtis safuZvelze sasuliero lordebi (Lord Spiritual) aqtiurad monawileoben parlamen-tis zeda palatis saqmianobaSi.244 palataSi ex officio adgili garanti-rebulad aqvs anglikanuri eklesiis 26 episkoposs. 245 maT niSnavs monarqi parlamentis umravlesobis TanxmobiT. 246 aqve aRsaniSnavia, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi ori saxelmwifo ekle-
235 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 428. 236 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:
Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von
Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 189. 237 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 10. 238 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 11. 239 iqve, 15. 240 mag., anglikanuri eklesiis episkoposebs niSnavs gaerTanebuli samefos monarqi premier-ministris wardginebiT, Tumca 1977 wels miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, monarqi faqtobrivad eklesiis mier SeTanxmebuli kandidatebis wridan akeTebs arCevans. maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 648. 241 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 22. 242 ix., iqve. 243 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 428. 244 Edge P.W., Religion and Law, An Introduction, Ashgate, 2006, 98. 245 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:
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Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 189. 246 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 90.
48
sia arsebobs, religiis TvalsazrisiT, igi evropis yvelaze mravalferovan saxelmwifodaa aRiarebuli247.
marTalia, skandinaviuri sazogadoeba ZiriTadad homogenuria da luTeranuli eklesia dominantia religiur gaerTianebebs Soris, mo-saxleobis umravlesoba mainc sekularulia.248 sekularuli ganwyobis paralelurad, evangelur-luTeranuli qristianobis aRmsarebloba dRemde savaldebuloa daniis, norvegiisa da SvedeTis monarqebisaTvis. 249 skandinavielTa umravlesoba ise miekuTvneba sax-elmwifo eklesiebs, rom Tavadac ar ician amis Taobaze, radgan es ufro socialuri, kulturuli, erovnuli memkvidreobis nawilia, vidre rwmenis sakiTxi. 250 XVIII saukunemde evangelur-luTeranuli eklesia erTaderTi nebadarTuli eklesia iyo SvedeTSi. 251 2000 wels amoqmedda eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa axali sistema, romelmac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli modeli Secvala da marTalia, eklesias mniSvnelovani Tavisufleba mieca, Tumca igi dRemde saxelmwifo statusis matareblad rCeba. 252 SvedeTis samefos 1974 wlis ZiriTadi kanonis Tanaxmad, misi statusi ganisazRvreba specialuri kanoniT. 253 SvedeTis eklesias mxolod XXI saukuneSi mieca SesaZlebloba, daregistrirebuliyo iuridiul pirad da mieRo damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi statusi, radgan manamde saxelmwifos nawilad ganixileboda. 254 marTalia, SvedeTSi formalurad yvela eklesia Tu religiuri organizacia kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, rac am saukunis dasawyisSi dawyebulma sekularizaciis procesmac uz-runvelyo,255 Tumca SvedeTis eklesias samarTlebrivad gansxvavebuli statusi aqvs, faqtobrivad, igi yvelaze Zlieri institutia sax-elmwifoSi256.
2012 wlamde norvegiaSi luTeranuli eklesia maRali statusiT sargeblobda, metic 1814 wlidan mefe da mTavrobis wevrTa ori mesamedi mainc evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis wevrebi unda
247 iqve. 248 Scheinen M., Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion Solutions,
in: in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér,
S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 547. 249 Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013,
43. 250 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family
Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 380. 251 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 619. 252 iqve, 620. 253 Constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden (The Instrument of Government, 1974), Chapt.8, Art.6. 254 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 626. 255 iqve, 624. 256 iqve, 625.
vnelovnad Secvlilia da igi avtomaturad saxelmwifos
257 Furseth I., The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System, in: Secu-
lar and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R.
Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 152. 258 iqve. 259 Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in:
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R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 136. 260 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 298. 261 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 63. 262 ix., Constitutional Act of the Kingdom Denmark, 1953, Art.4. 263 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 264 iqve, 64. 265 iqve, 68. 266 iqve, 69. 267 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009, 5.
samwuxarod, saxelmwifo religiis instituti xSirad sxva religi-uri Sexedulebebis mqone adamianTa ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudvasa da aRmsareblobis gamo adamianTa devnasTan asocirdeba, rac sa-marTlebrivad mcdari Sexedulebaa. 274 aseve, saxelmwifo eklesiis arseboba nebismier SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs, rom eklesiis avtono-mia dakninebulia. 275 saxalxo eklesiis mxardaWera da dafinansebis sakonstitucio valdebuleba ar gamoricxavs saxelmwifos uflebas, gamouyos finansebi sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac. 276 adamianis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifo religiis arseboba avtomaturad religiis Tavisuflebas ar arRvevs, Tu es araa sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa, aRmsarebelTa Tu aTeistTa diskriminaciis safuZveli.277 erTi eklesiis privilegirebuloba avtomaturad ar niS-navs sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa diskriminacias, maT mimarT Sesa-
268 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 666. 269 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13(3). 270 iqve, Art.13(1)(2). 271 Constitution of the Principality of Monaco, 1962, Art.9. 272 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by
J.C. Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 146. 273 religiuri avtonomiuroba monakoSi mTavar Sarl III da romis pap leon XIII So-ris 1887 wlis SeTanxmebiT iqna uzrunvelyofili, Tumca romis eklesiasa da mona-kos Soris urTierTobebis saboloo ganmsazRvreli 1981 wlis 27 ivnisis SeTanx-mebaa. ix., iqve, 148-151. 274 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. `adamiani da kon-stitucia~, #1, 2001, 15. 275 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.
Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 384. 276 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 66. 277 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.9.
278 jer kidev 496 wels papi gelasius I imperator anastasius I swerda ori xelisuflebis _ saxelmwifosa da eklesiis da maTi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb.
TandaTanobiT eklesiis wiaRSi sul ufro aqtualuri xdeboda saxelmwifosagan gacalkevebisa da sruli damoukideblobis idea. eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga grigol VII, romelmac 1075 wels Dictatus Papae (doku-mentSi 27 principi iyo Camoyalibebuli da misi adresati Tavad romis papi gaxldaT) gamoaqveyna, masSi Camoyalibebuli iyo im periodisaTvis TiTqmis `revo-luciuri~ postulatebi. am principebs seriozuli reaqcia mohyva evropaSi. ix., Wood
J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography, London,
2005, 27; Henderson E.F., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, London, 1910, 366-367; Mckin-
ley P.B., Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of Law and
Public Policy”, Vol.7, 2009, 36-37. 279 mag., XII saukuneSi, rodesac germaniis saRvTo romis imperatorma romis eklesias episkoposebisa da abatebis arCevaSi Caurevloba aRuTqva, inglisSi henri II da kentrberis mTavarepiskopos Tomas bekets Soris urTierToba ise iZabeba, rom am ukanasknels saerTod klaven. Berg Th.C., Colby K.W.., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Free-
dom, Church-State Separation, and the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Collo-
quy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 179-180. 280 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by
Seidman B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 71. 281 Christoffersen L., Historical, Cultural and Social Background, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the
European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 30. 282 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secular-
ism and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marlle, G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels,
evropuli sakonstitucio sekularizmi uSualod dakavSirebulia ganmanaTleblobasTan. 284 procesi Sua saukuneebis miwuruls daiwyo, ramac Sedegad axali saxelmwifoebis, erebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ideis Seqmna gamoiwvia. 285 religiisa da saxelmwifos gancalkevebis procesi (Kirchenaustrittsbewegung) germaniaSi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi bismarkis mier ganxorcielebuli antikaTolikuri kampaniiT iwyeba. 286 vaimaris respublikis 1919 wlis konstituciam es ori instituti erTmaneTisgan oficialurad gamijna, Tumca igi qveynisaTvis mniSnelovan socialur-kulturul TemebSi TanamSrom-lobas iTvaliswinebda 287 . samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis damkvidrebam da samarTalSemoqmedad eqskluziurad saxelmwifos miCnevam seku-larizmis procesi mniSvnelovnad daaCqara, radganac saero cxovrebaSi saeklesio samarTlisa Tu sasamarTlos moqmedeba maqsimalurad SeizRuda288.
cneba `sekularizmi~ pirvelad jorj holioukma ganmarta 1846 wels. 289 Tumca misi aRiarebuli, SeTanxmebuli definicia dRemde ar arsebobs. kazanova sekularizms sam mimarTulebad gamohyofs: seku-larizmi, rogorc religiis uaryofa; sekularizmi, rogorc religiis privatizacia da sekularizmi, rogorc sxva sferoebidan religiuri sferos gamoyofa-gansxvaveba. 290 sekularizaciis mTavari idea `sax-elmwifosa da religiis instituciuri da konstituciuri ur-TierTgamijvnaa~ 291 . `sekularizmi~ aris Rirebuleba, romelic iZens mniSvnelobas mxolod im istoriul da kulturul konteqstSi, ro-melSic is aRmocendeba. naTelia, rom is gulisxmobs saxelmwifosa da garkveul religiur jgufebs Soris gansxvavebas, saxelmwifos neitralur damokidebulebas am jgufebis mimarT da religiis Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv dacvas. marTalia, msgavsi neitraliteti, rogorc wesi, ar uSvebs saxelmwifos mxridan romelime calke
283 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 77. 284 Sajó A., Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, “I-Con”, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008, 608. 285 andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(38), 2010, 105. 286 Holt N., The Church Withdrawal Movement in Germany, “Journal of Church and State”, Vol.32, 1990,
37. 287 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 90. 288 Turner B.S., Religion and Modern Society, Citizenship, Secularism and the State, New York, 2011, 171. 289 iqve, 128. 290 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law and Justice”,
aRebuli religiis mxardaWeras, mainc arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rasac uxvad avlens germaniisa da britaneTis magaliTebi.~ 292 sekulariza-cia, misi Tanamedrove gagebiT, sxva araferia, Tu ara Sua saukuneebis mebrZoli eklesiis qmedebebze adekvaturi reaqcia, romelic evropel moazrovneTa da ganmanaTlebelTa mier iqna SemuSavebuli da gardau-val aucileblobad danaxuli293.
sekularizmi, erTgvarad, msoflmxedvelobacaa. 294 masSi jefersoni religiur gaerTianebaTa damoukideblobis, avtonomiisa da Tavisu-flebis garantias xedavda.295 Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom jefer-soniseuli `gamijvna~ ufro eklesiasa da saxelmwifos exeboda, vidre zogadad, religiasa da xelisuflebas. 296 sekularuli, igive saero saxelmwifos amosavali idea sakuTar moqalaqeTa da religiur gaerTianebaTa Soris maqsimaluri Tanasworobis dacvaa.297 swored am-itomac `sekularizmi~ xSirad ukavSirdeba iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `sekularuli~, `neitraluri~, `laicizmi~ da sxv.298
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ramdenime modeli arsebobs: sruli gamijvna, korporaciuli gamijvna; religiuri prioriteti da a.S. 299 ra Tqma unda, es klasifikaciac SedarebiTia da saWiroebis-amebr icvleba, rasac sekularizaciis mimarT mometebuli interesi da gansakuTrebuli saWiroeba ganapirobebs. aSS-Si eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos gamijvnis sakiTxi imdenad mniSvnelovan movlenad aRiqmeba, rom yvela mxare cdilobs damfuZnebeli mamebis mosazrebebs daeyrdnon da xSirad mohyavT maTi gamonaTqvamebi, rac mdgomareobis srul polarizacias axdens.300 eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvna maT So-ris nebismieri kavSiris mospobas ar gulisxmobs. esec saxelmwifoTa gemovnebasa da politikur arCevnazea damokidebuli. maSin, roca amerikul da germanul modelSi, marTalia, saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisgan sruliad gamijnulni arian, magram aqtiurad
292 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimox-ilva~, #5, 2012, 98. 293 ix., erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 33-35. 294 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law
and Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 4. 295 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and
the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 182. 296 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices
in the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 276. 297 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimox-ilva~, #5, 2012, 106. 298 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law
and Religion Symposium, “Brigham Young University”, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 1. 299 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 29. 300 Allen J.T., The Separation of Church and State: Myths, Mantras, Mandates, Forum on Public Policy
3.3.1.2. sekularizmi Tanamedrove msoflioSi dResdReobiT eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna ara mxolod da-
savluri demokratiis, aramed, zogadad demokratiis erT-erTi um-Tavresi principia.302 eklesia da saxelmwifos gamijvna evropis saer-To Rirebulebaa, romelic konkretuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs cdeba. 303 dasavluri sekularizmi ara mxolod saxelmwifos, aramed sazogadoebas, subieqtebsa da Tavad religiasac ki gardaqmnis.304 da-savlur sekularul sazogadoebebSi religia ganixileba, rogorc kerZo sfero, individis mier gansasazRvri da asarCevi305.
religiuri gaerTianebebis mier sekularizmis normebis ad-ekvaturad miReba da ganxorcieleba yovelTvis mtkivneul pro-cesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. 306 amis gamo religiasa da samarTals So-ris gamudmebuli konfliqtia, romelic wesebis, principebis, fa-seulobebisa da civilizaciebis identobis Taobaze winaaRmdegobebs moicavs.307 konfliqtis mTavari Tema ZiriTadad valdebulebebia.308 am-itomac Tanamedrove samyaroSi aucilebelia religia sxva sazoga-doebrivi institutebisgan gaimijnos, igi ar unda cdilobdes sax-elmwifos, ekonomikis, mecnierebis saqmis keTebas, radgan misi mTavari daniSnuleba religiis mimdevarTa sulierebaze zrunvaa.309 rogorc ki am sferoTa aRreva da garkveulwilad, kompetenciuri urTierTgada-farva xdeba, Cndeba mniSvnelovani problemebi, romelTa daZlevac SemdgomSi ubralod saqmianobis sferoTa gancalkevebiTa da zRvardadebiT ver moxdeba.
religiur institutebs ar unda hqondeT iseTi privilegiebi, rom-lebic sakonstitucio doneze miscemT SesaZleblobas, miuTiTon sax-
301 Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of
Church and State”, #47, 2005, 559. 302 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 61. 303 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.4. 304 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secular-
ism and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marlle, G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels,
2013, 38. 305 iqve, 45. 306 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C.
elmwifo xelisuflebis organoebs, Tu rogor imoqmedon. 310 plural-izmi da pluralisturi sazogadoeba mTlianad gamoricxavs erTi ro-melime religiis srul dominirebas msgavs sazogadoebebSi. 311 demo-kratiulma saxelmwifom yvela religiisaTvis ganviTarebis Tanabari pirobebi unda uzrunvelyos. 312 amasTan, sekularulma saxelmwifom sakuTari moqalaqeebi religiuri valdebulebebiT ar unda datvir-Tos.313 sekularuli saxelmwifos idea emyareba rwmenas imis Taobaze, rom saxelmwifo da politika ar daefuZneba, Sesabamisad, arc SeiboWeba romelime religiuri samarTliTa Tu principiT. 314 seku-larulia saxelmwifo, romelic samarTalsa da politikas sazRvravs moqalaqeTa umravlesobis legitimuri dakveTidan gamomdinare da ar elodeba amis Taobaze religiis mxridan raime saxis Tanxmobas an ne-barTvas. 315 sekularuli konstitucionalizmi ar dauSvebs sa-konstitucio normaTa speficikur religiur tradiciebze, dogmebze dafuZnebas da mxolod sajaro mizans an raime sxva sekularul kon-sensuss daeyrdnoba316.
sekularizmis Sedegi saxelmwifos gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul sa-kiTxebSi religiuri institutebis ufro racionaluri, samecniero da mtkicebaze dafuZnebuli institutebiT Canacvlebaa, 317 Tumca es sazogadoebis polarizebas ar unda iwvevdes. 318 sekularizmis mniS-vneloba dRemde calsaxa da erTgvarovani araa. 319 mas, rogorc wesi, politikuri da socialuri modernizaciis erT-erT aspeqtad ganixi-laven, romelic ganmanaTleblobis Sedegad Camoyalibda. 320 grin-uolTi sekularizms, erTgvarad, gaugebar, aramdgrad da cvalebad
310 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 61. 311 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyar-oSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 85. 312 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.6. 313 Religion Tolerance in a Democratic World, Recommendation 1202 (1993), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.15. 314 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 111. 315 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law & Justice”,
Vol.162, 2009, 22. 316 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013,
15, ix. citireba: J. Rawls, The Law of Peoples: with ‘The Idea of Public Reason Revisited’ (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1999). 317 Davies M., The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary
Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 53. 318 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C.
Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 143. 319 Calo Z.R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits of the Es-
tablishment Clause, “Chicago-Kent Law Review”, Vol.87, 2012, 813. 320 Davies M., The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary
Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 53.
56
cnebad miiCnevs. 321 igi piradi Tavisuflebis, demokratiisa da indi-vidualuri uflebebis dapirispirebaa religiuri dogmebisa da am dogmebiT marTuli sazogadoebisadmi. 322 sekularizmis idea mainc religiisa da sxva instituciuri sferoebis, kerZosa da sajaros erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas efuZneba. 323 sekularistebis TvalTaxedviT, religia kerZo, pirad sferos ganekuTvneba da misi adgili sajaro sivrceSi araa324.
sekularizmis koncefciis ganviTareba da daxvewa gamudmebiT mim-dinareobs. es dinamikuri procesia. vinaidan religia adgens bevri adamianisa Tu sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa sistemas, 325 sakmaod rTulia sistemuri da Zireuli cvlilebebis swrafi gatareba. Ti-Toeuli saxelmwifo Tavad wyvets, Tu ra mimarTulebiT waiyvans eklesiasTan urTierTobebs da rogor specifikas SesZens maT. 326 XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi postkomunisturi banakis qveynebma religiuri Tavisuflebis gza airCies da es principi samarTlebrivadac uzrun-velyves, 327 Tumca yvela maTganma sekularizaciis evropuli standartebiT warmarTva ver SeZlo. marTalia, konstituciis donezec bevri aRiarebs urTierTgamijvnis princips, Tumca praqti-kaSi sruliad gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa, rac sekularizaciis process xSir SemTxvevaSi formalobad aqcevs.
mag., amerikuli sekularizmis frangulisgan gansxvavebulia, orive ki srulebiT ganirCeva indurisgan da a.S. 328 swored am TaviseburebaTa
321 ix., Greenawalt K., Secularism, Religion, and Liberal Democracy in the United States, “Cardozo Law
Review”, Vol.30, 2009, 2383. 322 Ben-Porat G., Religion and Secularism in Israel, Between Politics and Sub-Politics, in: Religion and Poli-
tics in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited by J. Haynes, Abingdon, 2010, 75. 323 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 306. 324 ix., Sajó A., Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, “I-Con”, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008, 614. 325 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 2. 326 mag., bolo wlebSi CrdiloeT evropis saxelmwifoebma eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-TierTobebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitanes: SvedeTma da norvegiam ofi-cialurad uari Tqves saxelmwifo eklesiis modelze, islandiam mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera erovnuli eklesiis damoukidebloba, fineTma ki episkoposebis daniSvnis ufleba, saxelmwifo meTauris nacvlad, luTeranul eklesias mianiWa. ix., Ferrari S.,
Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Per-
spectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 33. 327 mag., Tu rumineTis 1923 wlis konstituciaSi aRmosavluri marTlmadidebloba ruminul, saxelmwifo religiad iyo aRiarebuli, 1991 wlis konstituciaSi am sa-kiTxs gacilebiT naklebi yuradReba daeTmo. ix., Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patri-
arch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition, “East European Constitutional Review”, #7,
1998, 86. 328 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in
the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 252.
57
gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia sekularizmSi eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos urTierTgamijvnis, gancalkevebis modelis ramdenime Zi-riTadi sistema gamoiyos: sruli gamijvna, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sax-elmwifo da liberaluri sekularizmis, laicizmisa da antieklesiis sistemebs aerTianebs; TanamSromlobisa da Sereuli modelebi.
3.3.2.1. sruli gamijvnis modeli sruli gamijvnis models liberalur sekularizmsac uwodeben,
esaa sistema, roca eklesia da saxelmwifo erTmaneTisgan srulad arian gacalkevebulni.329 Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmSi arsebobs kidev ramdenime sistema, romelic srul gamijvnas gulisxmobs, Tumca Tavisebur, sruliad gansxvavebul mimarTulebas aviTareben. amitomac upriani iqneba liberaluri sekularizmi sruli gamijvnis erT-erT saxed iqnes miCneuli. sruli gamijvna, aseve, gulisxmobs laicizmis franguls sistemasa da antieklesiis modelebs, romlebic gamijvnis specialuri saxea da marTalia, sruli gamijvnis mizani aqvT, Tumca liberaluradac ver moixsenieben.
kaSi danergva amerikul da frangul revoluciur ideologias daefuZna. 330 saxelmwifo sekularizmi gulisxmobs imas, rom sax-elmwifom ar unda gaaigivos Tavi religiasTan, ar unda SeiboWos religiuri principebiT da mis qmedebebs safuZvlad religiuri moti-vacia ar unda daudos. 331 sekularul saxelmwifoSi religia poli-tikuri asparezidan uCinardeba, politikosebsa da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebs ar uwevT TavianTi mosazrebebis, poziciebis gamyareba religiuri principebisa Tu religiuri liderebis mxardaW-eriT. 332 saero saxelmwifom religiasa da xelisuflebas Soris de-markacia unda moaxdinos.333 marTalia, ganviTarebuli da Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba religiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ideologias iziarebs, Tumca arseboben mkacrad sekularuli sax-elmwifoebi, romelTac aRniSnuli sakonstitucio doneze aqvT uz-runvelyofili334.
329 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of
Church and State”, #4, 1992, 780. 330 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 112. 331 iqve, 140. 332 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law & Justice”,
Vol.162, 2009, 20. 333 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 92. 334 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 113. eqspliciturad gacxadebuli sekularizmis idea
konstituciasa da kanonmdeblobaSi asaxuli aqvT Semdeg saxelmwifoebs: azerbai-jani, angola, benini, burkina faso, burundi, gaboni, gaiana, gambia, gvinea, gvinea-bisau, ekvadori, TurqeTi, TurqmeneTi, indoeTi, kameruni, kongos demokratiuli respublika, kongos respublika, kot divuari, latvia, madagaskari, mali, mozambiki, namibia, nepali, poloneTi, portugalia, ruanda, ruseTi, san tome da prinsipi, saf-rangeTi, senegali, serbeTi, slovakeTi, tajikeTi, togo, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Cadi. ix., Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, 1995, Art.7; Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola,
1992, Art.8; Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1990, Art.2; Constitution of Burkina Faso, 1991, Art.31;
Post-Transition Constitution of the Republic of Burundi, 2005, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Gabon,
1991, Art.2; Constitution of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980, Art.1; Constitution of the Co-
Operative Republic Guyana, 1980, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia, 1997, Chapter 1; Fun-
damental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991, Art.; Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991,
Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 1990, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador,
2008, Art. 1; Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Preamble and Art.2; Constitutional Law of Turk-
menistan, 1992, Art.1; Constitution of India, 1950, Preamble; Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon,
1972, Art.1; Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, Art.1; New Constitution of the Re-
public of the Congo, 2002, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Côte D’Ivoire, 2000, Art.30; Law of the
Republic of Latvia on “The Religious Organizations”, 1995, Art.5(1); Constitution of the Republic of Mada-
gascar, 2010, Art. 1; Constitution of Mali, 1992, Art.25; Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 1990,
Art.12; Constitution of Namibia, 1990, Preamble and Art.1; Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007, Art.4; Law
of the Republic Poland on “The Guarantees of Freedom of Religion and Belief”, 1989, Art 12; Constitution of
the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, Art.1; Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993, Art. 14; Constitution of
the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, 1975, Art.8; Constitution of the Republic of France,
1958, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Senegal, 2001, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Serbia,
2006, Art.11; Constitution of the Slovak Republic, 1992, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan,
1994, Art.1; Constitution of Togo, 1992, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1995, Art.1; Con-
stitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Chad, 1996, Art.1. 335 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-
ra, 2009, 53. 336 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 424. 337 Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Art.2. 338 Powell R., The Study of Secularism and Religion in the Constitution and Contemporary Politics of Tur-
key: The Rise of Interdisciplinarity and the Descipline of Methodology? “University of St. Thomas Law
Journal”, Vol.7, No.3, 2010, 717; ix., Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Preamble. 339 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 424. 340 iqve.
341 Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and others v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 41340/98, 41342/98 and
41344/98, 13 of February, 2003. 342 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and
the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 175. 343 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 29. 344 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-
ra, 2009, 70. 345 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 9. 346 Renaud R.J., Weinberger L.D., Spheres of Sovereignty: Church Autonomy Doctrine and the Theological
Heritage of the Separation of Church and State, Northern Kentucky Law Review, Vol.35, 2008, 67. 347 Fischer J.D., Wallace C.J., God and Caesar in the Twenty-First Century: What Recent Cases Say about
Church-State Relations in England and the United States, “Florida International Law Journal”, #18, 2006,
498. 348 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and
the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 181.
60
lisebisa da xelSewyobis winaaRmdegic iyo, 349 `religiuri Sexedulebebi da mrwamsi arc samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis obieqtia da arc misi iurisdiqcia~ 350 . amgvari Sefaseba iyo prezident jefer-sonisa da Semdgomi administraciebis oficialuri poziciac.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos `kedliT~ gamijvnis metafora uSualod jefersonis damkvidrebulia351 , romelmac es sakiTxi 1802 wlis 1 ian-vars baptisturi asociaciis mimarT werilSi wamoWra. 352 jefersoni aSS-is prezidentebis mier moqalaqeTaTvis samadlobeli locvisaken mowodebasac SeewinaaRmdega. 353 `gammijnavi kedlis~ metafora araer-Txel gamoiyena aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom. 354 1878 wels sasa-marTlom `eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris gammijnavi kedlis~ Taobaze cnebas konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis `farglebisa da efeqtis avtoritetuli (uflebamosili) gancxadebis~ statusi miani-Wa. 355 saqmeze, eversoni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba eklesiasa da sax-elmwifos Soris kedels aRmarTavs, romelic `maRali da miuvali~ unda iyos356.
amerikuli sekularizmi organizebuli saxelmwifosa da or-ganizebuli eklesiis gamijvnis ideas emsaxureboda, Tumca Tavda-pirvelad es koncefcia swored iudeur-qristianuli tradiciebis mixedviT ganxorcielda, romelic `damfuZnebeli mamebis~ dros domi-nanti religiuri mimarTuleba iyo. 357 eklesia da saxelmwifo erTma-neTisgan gamijnulia, magram aSS-is Seqmnis safuZvelSive ido religiuri principebi da sasuliero wesrigi, romelic SemdgomSi saxelmwifos organul Semadgenel nawilad iqca. 358 qristianoba da
349 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 261. 350 Amundson S., Separation of Church and State: How It Has Impacted Religious Diversity, SPEA Honors
Paper Series, Vol.2, #12, 2008, 1. 351 religiis jefersoniseuli gageba unikaluri iyo, igi srulad Tavisufali iyo saswaulebisgan, romelsac jefersonis racionaluri msoflmxedveloba ver egue-boda. Carlton C., The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury,
1997, 266. 352 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by
Seidman B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 73. 353 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 263. 354 Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”, #7,
1965, 190. 355 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by
Seidman B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 73; ix. citireba: Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145
at 164. 356 Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”,
#7, 1965, 201, ix. citireba: Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1,18 (1947). 357 Wright J.J., Aggressive Secularism in America, “Catholic Lawyer”, Vol.6, 1960, 52. 358 Calo Z.R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits of the Es-
tablishment Clause, “Chicago-Kent Law Review”, Vol.87, 2012, 820, ix. citireba: Orestes Brownson,
The AmeRican Republic 257 (2003).
61
Tavisuflebis idea kulturulad, politikurad da inteleqtualurad gadaijaWva saxelmwifos Seqmnis periodidanve. 359 religiisa da seku-larizmis urTierToba amerikis politikuri da samarTlebrivi yo-veldRiurobis ganuyofeli sakiTxia360.
aSS-is sekularul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom saxelmwifoSi Tavidanve Zalze bevri religiuri jgufi arsebobda.361 saqmeze, gonsalesi manilas romaul-kaTolikuri eklesi-is mTavarepiskoposis winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom aRniSna, kapelanebisa da saeklesio Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvna aris wminda saeklesio (kanonikuri) aqti, Sesabamisad, saero sasamarTloebi ar arian uflebamosilni, maT kanonierebaze imsjelon. 362 konstituciis sax-eliT, aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom iTava amerikeli xalxisTvis iseTi sajaro sivrcis uzrunvelyofa, sadac xelisufleba religiur sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT neitraluri iqneboda.363 wlebis ganmavlobaSi man religiis Tavisuflebisa da sekularizmis kuTxiT aseulobiT mniSvnelovani zRvari, principi da mimarTuleba daadgina. 364 sasa-marTlom konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba sekularizmis WrilSi XX saukunis ormocian wlebSi ganmarta, Tumca es rodi gulisxmobs, rom manamde am mimarTulebiT gadawyvetilebebi ar miuRia. 365 misi gancxadebiT, federalur da Statebis xelisufalT ekrZalebaT religiuri organizaciebis saqmianobaSi raime formiT Careva, aseve, gadasaxadebis arcerTi saxe ar SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos religiuri aqtivobebis, RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad.366 aSS-is umaRlesma sasa-marTlom 1971 wels e.w. `lemonis testi~ daadgina, romlis mixedviTac, dawesebuli, upiratesi religiis akrZalva moiTxovs iseT kanonmdeblobas, romelsac sekularuli miznebi aqvs, principul da pirvelad efeqts, romelic upiratesobas ar aniWebs an piriqiT, ar zRudavs religias, ar qmnis zedmet dabrkolebebs xelisuflebisa da religiis urTierTobebSi. 367 aSS-is umaRles sasamarTlos xSirad adanaSauleben sajaro azris ugulebelyofasa da sajaro inter-esebidan izolirebaSi, 368 gamonaklisi arc religiisa da sekular-
359 iqve, 819, ix. citireba: Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity 8 (1989). 360 Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 246. 361 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,
London, 2005, 71. 362 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and
the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol.106, 2011, 185, ix. cit-ireba: Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila, 280 U.S. 1,16 (1929). 363 Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 246. 364 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 425. 365 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 117. 366 Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947). 367 ix., Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971). 368 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-
ra, 2009, 66.
62
izaciis sakiTxebia. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo dadgenil politi-kas mkacrad miyveba. misi ganmartebiT, samarTalSefardebisas gam-oyenebul unda iqnes saqmis Sesabamisi neitraluri da zogadi sa-kanonmdeblo mowesrigeba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac saqme religiuri jgufebisa da individebis urTierTobas exeba. 369 mosa-marTle renqvisTi religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebs aSS-Si orsaxovan ianuss adarebs, romlis erTi saxec ucilobeli istori-uli faqtia, rom religiam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa amerikis sax-elmwifod CamoyalibebaSi, xolo meore saxe saxelmwifos mier nebismieri religiis privilegirebisgan Tavis Sekavebaa370.
saboloo jamSi, amerikulma sekularizmma iseTi forma miiRo, rom nebismieri faqti SeiZleba moiazrebodes eklesia-saxelmwifos gan-calkevebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad. swored amis gamo aSS-is gerbze datanili fraza `RmerTis gvwams~ (In God We Trust) dResdReobiT cxare debatebis sagania da zogierTis azriT, arRvevs eklesiisa da sax-elmwifos Soris gamijvnis princips371.
amerikis paralelurad, gamijvnis procesi daiwyo evropaSic, Tumca TiTqmis saukunis dagvianebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda, evropis konserva-tizmiTa da saxelmwifo mowyobis sruliad gansxvavebuli formebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 1914 wlis uelsis eklesiis aqtiT (Welsh Church Act) daiwyo sekularizaciis procesi, saeklesio da saero samarTali gaimijna, kanonikur procesebze parlamentis uzenaesoba gauqmda, episkoposebs SeuwydaT lordTa palatis wevroba. 372 es, rasakvirvel-ia, inglisisa da Sotlandiis eklesiebs ar Sexebia.
369 ix., Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990). 370 Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005). 371 Amundson S., Separation of Church and State: How It Has Impacted Religious Diversity, SPEA Honors
Paper Series, Vol.2, #12, 2008, 23. 372 Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002, 140. 373 ix., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 30-31. 374 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 453. 375 mag., kanadaSi 1980-iani wlebidan damkvidrebuli wesiT, saxelmwifom Tavi unda Seikavos romelime religiisaTvis upiratesobis mimniWebeli kanonebis miRebisagan,
liberaluri sekularizmis Teoria wlebis ganmalobaSi ganviTarda da bevri ganStoeba gaCnda. TiToeulma saxelmwifom Tavisi kul-turis, istoriisa da tradiciebis Sesabamisi midgoma airCia. ra Tqma unda, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi SemuSavebuli amerikuli doqtrina dRemde mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, Tumca mas bunebrivad daemata axali moTxovnebi da standartebi. Tanamedrove midgomiT, urTierTo-baTa mravalmxriobisa da specifikurobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sax-elmwifosa da eklesias Soris ukve ori gammijnavi kedeli unda arsebobdes, romlebiTac erTmaneTisgan gaimijneba eqskluziurad eklesiis, eqskluziurad saxelmwifos da Sereuli _ eklesia-saxelmwifos erToblivi kompetenciuri sferoebi.379 es, ra Tqma unda, eklesiis socialuri roliTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifom srulad mainc ver itvirTa. es ukanaskneli, marTalia, sulier sferosac uzrunvelyofs, Tumca am mimarTulebiT kvlavac religiuri urTierTobebi da organizaciebi dominireben.
3.3.2.1.3. Laïcité
_ msgavsma midgomam sekularizaciis procesze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. ix., loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 95. 376 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 280. 377 iqve, ix. citireba: Autocephalous, Saint, Orthodox and Apostolic Church of Cyprus v. the House of
Representatives, (1990) 3 C.L.R 338. 378 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special
References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 481. 379 ix., Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”,
#7, 1965, 203.
64
franguli sekularizmi individualuria da igi saerTovropuli midgomisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. 380 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-TierTobaTa franguli sistema Laïcité-d moixsenieba da igi wminda franguli movlenaa, 381 romelsac analogi ar moepoveba. 382 Laïcité politikur-samarTlebriv WrilSi sekularizaciis yvelaze mkacr, zustad gansazRvrul formad miiCneva 383 da religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis klasikur tipologiaSi ver Tavsdeba. 384 doqtrina yvela religias Tanasworad aRiqvams, uaryofs saxelmwifo religiis ideas da arcerT maTgans raime gansakuTrebul statuss ar aniWebs.385 mis Taobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, zogi mas pozitiur, zogierTi ki negatiur sistemad miiCnevs 386 . franguli laïcité moazrebulia religi-uri, rasobrivi, kulturuli da politikuri sazogadoebebis gan-sxvavebuli Rirebulebebis Tanaarsebobis saSualebad387.
eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis franguli modeli sax-elmwifoze klerikaluri da religiuri gavlenis mospobisa da uni-versaluri, religiisgan Tavisufali moqalaqeobisa da erovnulobis damkvidrebis mcdelobaa. 388 marto barTlomes Ramis xsenebac sakma-risia im viTarebis aRsawerad, romelic Sua saukuneebis bolosken safrangeTSi sufevda. 1598 wels anri IV gamosca nantis ediqti, rom-liTac safrangeTma hugenotebi Seiwynara da neba darTo maT, sax-elmwifoSi Tavisuflad earsebaT. 389 Tumca religiuri konfliqti amiT ar Camqrala. 1795 wels postrevoluciur safrangeTSi daiwyo saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gancalkevebis procesi, Tumca es yovelive eklesiis intensiuri devna ufro iyo, vidre gonivruli sekulariza-cia. 390 sekularizaciis procesi maleve, 1801 wels safrangeTsa da wminda saydars Soris gaformebuli konkordatiT dasrulda, ro-
380 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 506. 381 Torfs R., Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and Hidden
Differences, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #4, 1996, 945. 382 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1267. 383 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law
and Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 1. 384 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1268. 385 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 184. 386 Torfs R., Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and Hidden
Differences, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #4, 1996, 951. 387 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 27. 388 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423. 389 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 37. 390 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 180.
391 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, Foreign Affairs, #7, 1928-1929, 572. 392 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.21, 2000, 1275. 393 ix., Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989. 394 Constitution of the French Republic, 1958, Art.2. 395 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 24. 396 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 183. 397 ix., Encyclical “Vehementer Nos” of Pope Pius X to To Our Well-beloved Sons, Francois Marie Rich-
ard, Cardinal Archbishop of Paris; Victor Lucien Lecot, Cardinal Archbishop of Bordeaux; Pierre Hector
Couillie, Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons; Joseph Guillaume Laboure, Cardinal Archbishop of Rennes; and to
all Our Venerable Brethren, the Archbishops and Bishops, and to all the Clergy and People of France, 11
February, 1906. 398 Costigan R.F., State Appointment of Bishops, “Journal of Church and State”, #8(1), 1966, 90. 399 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423.
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Semwynarebloba da a.S.400 faqtobrivad, igi moqalaqeebisTvis, saerTo keTildReobisa da Rirebulebebis garSemo gaerTianebuli xalx-isTvis, samoqalaqo `religiad~ iqca401.
franguli sekularizmi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri maSin iyo, roca misi samarTlebrivi da ideologiuri elementebi unisonSi iyvnen.403 Tumca samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mravalferovnebam, eklesiis sazoga-doebriv-politikuri rolis dakninebam met-naklebad Caacxro religia-saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli mudmivi konfliqtebi da did-wilad gaaneitrala franguli politika. safrangeTi srulad emijne-ba nebismier religiur organizacias da cdilobs mkacrad daicvas eklesia-saxelmwifos `gammijnavi kedeli~, Tumca religiuri politi-ka ar vrceldeba mis ramdenime zRvis gaRma departamentsa da re-gionze. 404 aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTSi arsebuli sekularuli politikis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo afinansebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kaTolikur skolebs405.
3.3.2.1.4. antieklesiis modeli Tanamedrove samarTalSi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi
calke aRiniSneba `antieklesiis~ modeli, romelSic, marTalia, es ori instituti erTmaneTisgan gacalkevebulia, Tumca saxelmwifo araTu religiur neitralitets inarCunebs, aramed, piriqiT, religias
400 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 27. 401 Ungureanu C., Europe and Religion: An Ambivalent Nexus, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Eu-
rope, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 315. 402 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 264; ix., Dogru v.
France, [ECtHR], App. no. 27058/05, 4 December, 2008; S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1
July, 2014. 403 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 500. 404 mag., safrangeTis gvineaSi 1828 wlis 27 agvistos samefo brZanebulebis Sesabami-sad, kaTolikuri eklesia finansdeba saxelmwifo fondidan da mxolod 1939 wli-dan sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac miecaT ufleba, dafinanseba mieRoT adgilo-brivi municipaluri erTeulebisgan. ix., basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. rob-ersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 194. 405 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-
406 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of
Church and State”, #4, 1992, 781. 407 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 49. 408 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423. 409 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10,
1996, 129. 410 Bociurkiv B.R., Church and State in the Soviet Union, “International Law Journal”, Vol.14, 1958-1959,
183. 411 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996,
130. 412 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 41. 413 Bociurkiv B.R., Church and State in the Soviet Union, International Law Journal, Vol.14, 1958-1959,
184-185; Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, Foreign Affairs, #39, 1960-1961, 304. 414 iqve, 303-304. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis axali era daiwyo, roca kalininma gaaJRera saxelmwifos axali politika: moskovi msoflios sulie-ri centri unda gamxdariyo. Bennet E.M., The Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet State, 1946-
1956: A Decade of the New Orthodoxy, Journal of Church and State, Vol.7, No.3, 1963, 425. 415 Froese P., Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed, Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.43, #1, 2004, 35; saxelmwifo aTeizmi, rogorc politika, formalur doneze mainc ZiriTadad warsulSi e.w. `socialisturi dajgufebis~
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krZalavda nebismieri eklesiis dafinansebas, materialur daxmarebas, aseve, religiuri gaerTianebebis mier qonebrivi sakiTxebis uzrun-velyofis mizniT raime fondis, kooperativis an kavSiris dafuZne-bas.416 marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciebiT, formalurad sax-elmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli iyo, saxelmwifo ki religiis Tavisuflebas aRiarebda, Tumca praqtikulad es nebismieri religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas niSnavda. 417 sabWoTa kavSirSi sax-elmwifo akontrolebda eklesiis finansur da ideologiur saqmiano-bas, xolo konkretul periodSi gansazRvravda kidec sasuliero Tanamdebobebze pirTa daniSvnas. 418 sabWoTa kavSiris religiuri politika mTel socialistur banakze vrceldeboda. aRmosavleT ger-maniaSi saeklesio proeqtTa umravlesoba, eklesiis mier stumrebis mowveva, konferenciebze gamgzavreba da a.S. saxelmwifos mkacri zedamxedvelobiTa da misi winaswari Tanxmobis safuZvelze xor-cieldeboda419.
3.3.2.2. TanamSromlobis modeli 3.3.2.2.1. TanamSromlobis modelis koncefcia
qveynebSi arsebobda. ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, To-
wards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 141. 416 Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, Foreign Affairs, #39, 1960-1961, 302. 417 iqve. 418 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, Emory International Law Review, Vol.10, 1996,
130. 419 Burgess J.P., Church-State Relations in East Germany: The Church as a “Religious” and “Political” Force,
Journal of Church and State, Vol.32, No.1, 1991, 19. 420 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 182.
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saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobebis Tanamedrove ganviTare-bam axal sivrceebs miaRwia da bevri gansakuTrebuli, Zalze saintereso saxesxvaoba Seqmna. am ori institutis urTierTgamijvna, ra Tqma unda, maT sruliad gaucxoebasa da yovelgvari kavSiris gawyvetas ar gulisxmobs. amis mcdeloba yovlad xelovnuri da ra-cionalur safuZvels moklebuli iqneboda, radgan socialur movlenebs socialurad is faqti aqcevs, rom isini mudmiv sazoga-doebriv urTierTobaSi monawileoben. religiis hegemoniuri roli karga xania Seicvala, Tumca mas kvlavac darCa mniSvnelovani gavlena sazogadoebaze.423 religiis sruli gandevna sajaro sferodan warmoudgenelia, igi mudmivad iqneba mowadinebuli, Seasrulos saja-ro misia. 424 miT umetes qristianuli eklesia, romelsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebis ganmsazRvreli roli ekava, fizikurad ver Seegueba sajarodan kerZo sferoSi gadatanas, mas mudam eqneba pretenzia, iyos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili da aq-tiuri moTamaSe425.
sekularizmis amosavali idea sasuliero da saero saqmeTa gan-calkevebaa, rac, ra Tqma unda, neitralitetsac gulisxmobs, Tumca religiuri neitralitetis farglebTan dakavSirebiT erTiani pozi-cia ar arsebobs 426 . es sruliad bunebrivicaa, radgan bevri eris ganviTarebis istoriaSi saxelmwifo da eklesia imdenad iyo gada-jaWvuli, rom am faqtoris argaTvaliswineba warmoudgenelia. ami-tomac sekularizmis evropuli midgoma (franguli laicizmis gamoklebiT) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikulisgan da sax-elmwifosa da eklesiis mniSvnelovani TanamSromlobis SesaZle-blobas gulisxmobs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom jefersonis dros ekle-siac da saxelmwifoc sakmaod SezRudulebi iyvnen SesaZleblobebis mxriv, Sesabamisad, maT Soris `gammijnavi kedelic~ sxva, dRevande-lisgan sruliad gansxvavebul datvirTvas atarebda427.
sekularizmis evropuli tradicia, amerikulisgan gansxvavebiT, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ideaSi maT Soris e.w. `gammijna-vi kedlis~ aRmarTvas ar gulisxmobs, igi am ori institutis ur-
423 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyar-oSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 82. 424 noli r., religiisa da religiis Tavisuflebis roli Tanamedrove konfliqtur situaciebSi, m. pakacoSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1, 2006, 28. 425 ix., dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 82. 426 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropu-li kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 31; ix. citireba: Walter Ch., Religions- und Gewissensfreiheit, In: Grote R., Marauhn Th. (Hrsg.), Konkor-
danzkommentar zum europäischen und deutschen Grundrechtsschutz, Tübingen, 2006, S.891 ff. 427 Eighmy J.L., Institutional Support in a Welfare State: The Crisis in Church-State Relations, Journal of
Church and State, #4(2), 1962, 169.
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TierTTavsebadobis ideas aviTarebs.428 saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gam-ijvnis evropuli modeli, istoriuli Taviseburebebis gamo, iT-valiswinebs tradiciuli religiuri gaerTianebebis prioritetis princips, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom konkretuli saxelmwifo so-cialur-istoriuli, kulturuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare, ama Tu im religiur organizacias garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs. 429 seku-larizmis am formis upiratesoba evropaSi imanac ganapiroba, rom `evropis rwmena saxarebaSi iyo fesvgadgmuli, misi mecniereba da politikuri struqtura ki _ antikurobaSi~ 430 . sekularizmis evropu-li, igive TanamSromlobis _ pluralistur-kooperaciuli modelis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTs emijnebian, magram mniS-vnelovnad TanamSromloben, ZiriTadad sxvadasxva xelSekrulebis, SeTanxmebis dadebisa da sakanonmdeblo SeRavaTebis uzrunvelyofis gziT.431 msgavs urTierTobas proteqcionizmsac uwodeben, radgan sax-elmwifo konkretul eklesias an eklesiebs gansakuTrebul sa-marTlebriv statuss aniWebs, 432 rac maT gansakuTrebul, privi-legirebul mdgomareobas gulisxmobs. romaulma eklesiam mniSvnelo-vani roli Seasrula saxelmwifo da eklesiis TanamSromlobis (kooperaciis) sistemis CamoyalibebaSi 433 . eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba urTierTpativiscemas, kvalifikaciasa da kompeten-turobas unda emyarebodes434.
am sistemis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori is garemoebaa, rom saxelmwifo eklesias xSirad iyenebda da dRemde iyenebs sxvadasxva humanitaruli Tu saxelmwifoebrivi mizniT. 435 Tumca es TanamSrom-loba arasdros yofila calmxrivi, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifoc seri-ozul daxmarebas uwevda da uwevs eklesias.436
428 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 62. 429 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 37. 430 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 78. 431 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009,
10-11. 432 saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. `adamiani da kon-stitucia~, #1, 2001, 15. 433 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agree-
ments in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 897. 434 iRumeni petre (meSCerinovi), eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 94. 435 ix., Rossouw G.J., Macamo Eu. jr., Church-State Relationship in Mozambique, Journal of Church and
State, #35(3), 1993, 544-546. mag., normanebis mier britaneTis dapyrobis Semdeg, monarqebi Zalze mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen kentrberis mTavarepiskoposTan, gan-sakuTrebiT, periferiebisa da dapyrobili teritoriebis eklesiis kontrolis saq-meSi. Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, Law and Justice, #149, 2002, 135. 436 maT Soris normaluri urTierTobebis arsebobisas, saxelmwifo xSirad exmareba eklesias (saeklesio marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebaSic ki). ix., saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 21.
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saxelmwifos mier romelime religiisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba yovelTvis maRali riskis Semcvelia, radgan `politika, romelic gamoarCevs ama Tu im mxares misi mrwamsisa da aRmsareblobis mixedviT, saxifaToa am mxaris individualuri Tu institucionaluri avtonomiisaTvis~ 437 . miuxedavad amisa, tradiciuli evropuli demo-kratiis qveynebi TanamSromlobis models xSirad mimarTaven. religiuri organizaciebis statusis mixedviT diferenciacia arsebobs italiaSi, germaniaSi, espaneTSi, belgiaSi da a.S.438 mag., ro-maul-kaTolikur eklesias Zalian bevr saxelmwifoSi ukavia privi-legirebuli mdgomareoba 439 . adamianis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT yvela religiis Ta-nasworobis principi ar gulisxmobs, rom yvela religiam aucile-blad Tanabari statusiT unda isargeblos: sruliad SesaZlebelia konkretul religiasa Tu religiur jgufs gansakuTrebuli statusi hqondes, mTavaria, am yovelivem sxvaTa religiuri uflebebi ar Se-laxos. 440 sajaro xelisuflebas ar evaleba, yvela religiur gaer-Tianebas identuri samarTlebrivi statusi mianiWos. 441 mas SeuZlia iTanamSromlos calkeul religiur gaerTianebasTan da misi gan-sakuTrebuli pricilegiebi uzrunvelyofs442.
Slaiermaxeri aRniSnavda, rom religia germaniis saxelmwifosa da germaneli eris istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia. 443 albaT, amanac ga-napiroba, rom eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis TvasazrisiT, germaniam proreligiuri, TanamSromlobis modeli daamkvidra. 444 igi sax-elmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobaTa modelSi Sualedur pozicias ikavebs: xelisufleba da eklesia erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia, Tumca maT Soris mWidro TanamSromlobaa. 445 meore msoflio omis Semdeg
437 efsTini r., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze. qristi-anuli samarTlebrivi sazogadoeba (CLS) martinesis winaaRmdeg, Jurn. `sakonstitu-cio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 8. 438 ix., saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. `adamiani da kon-stitucia~, #1, 2001, 16. 439 ix., iqve, 15. 440 noli r., religiisa da religiis Tavisuflebis roli Tanamedrove konfliqtur situaciebSi, m. pakacoSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1, 2006, 28, ix. cit-ireba: religiasa an rwmenaze dafuZnebuli Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaraciis danergva; sagangebo momxseneblis, abdelfatah amoris mier momzadebuli angariSi adamianis uflebebis aRsrulebis komisiasTan SeTanxmebiT 1995/23, UN doc. E.CN.4/1996/95/Add.1, para.82 (1996). 441 Canea Catholic Church v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 143/1996/762/963, 16 December 1997, Para.47. 442 Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no. 17522/90,
11 January 1992. 443 Dawson J.F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, “Journal of Church and
State”, Vol.7, No.2, 1965, 217. 444 Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108. 445 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 92.
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britanelebisa da amerikelebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS moeqca religiis socialuri roli nacizmis periodSi da miuxedavad mravali winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtisa, gadawyda, rom saxelmwifosa da eklesiis `tradiciuli~ urTierTobebis aRdgena sasurveli iyo.446 am-itomac germaniam racionaluri gza airCia, ZalaSi datova konkor-dati wminda saydarTan da federaciis subieqtebs sruli diskrecia mianiWa, Tavad gadawyviton religiuri prioritetisa da eklesiebTan TanamSromlobis sakiTxi. amasTan, saxelmwifom gansazRvra saerTo, zogadi standarti, romelic yvelam unda daicvas religiur gaer-TianebebTan urTierTobaSi. germaniaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromloba sam princips emyareba: neitraliteti (ar arsebobs saxelmwifo eklesia), tolerantoba (saxelmwifo ara mxolod ar un-da Caerios religiur gaerTianebaTa Sida saqmeebSi, aramed gagebiT moekidos maT moTxovnebs, pozitiurad imoqmedos) da pariteti (sax-elmwifo Tanabrad unda moepyras yvela religias, Tumca klas-ificirebuli paritetis principi, amavdroulad, socialuri, kultu-ruli da istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs). 447 germania religiur gaerTianebebTan TanamSromlobs rogorc feder-alur, ise miwebis doneze da es TanamSromloba Seexeba religiur ganaTlebas skolebSi, saRvTismetyvelo fakultetebs universiteteb-Si, saeklesio gadasaxadebs, uZravi qonebis sekularizaciis kompensa-cias, ZeglTa dacvas, religiur uqmeebs, msjavrdebulTa da samxe-droTa sulze zrunvas da a.S.448
446 Ramet S.P., Religion and Politics in Germany since 1945: The Evangelical and Catholic Churches, “Jour-
nal of Church and State”, #42, 2000, 117. 447 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targma-ni, Tbilisi, 2011, 92-93. 448 ix., Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996,
108. 449 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 101; Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1987, Art.16(3). 450 iqve, 67. 451 iqve, 69.
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gamarTlebuli. 452 rumineTis kanonmdebloba rumineTis marTlmadide-bel eklesias erovnul eklesiad acxadebs da marTalia, eqsplici-turad ar ganmartavs am statusis mniSvnelobas, Tumca mas garkveul privilegiebs aniWebs453.
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis miwuruls eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebi SedarebiT gamosworda, gorbaCovis mowveviT ruseTis patriarqi ukve oficialur RonisZiebebs eswreboda. es praqtika SemdgomSi postsabWoTa qveynebSic gavrcelda. 454 amiT faqtobrivad eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis axali etapi daiwyo komunisturi banakisaTvis, ramac Sesabamisi praqtikuli asaxva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg hpova. postkomunisturi banakis qveynebma, marTalia, aRiares eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis demokratiuli, evropul-amerikuli modelebi, Tumca, vinaidan am qveynebis umravlesoba istoriuli, Zlieri eklesiebiT gamoirCeva, sekularizaciis process Tan sdevs seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi.455 am qveynebSi faqtobrivi da formalur-samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba xSirad gansxvavdeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme eklesiasTan urTierTobas exeba.
3.3.2.2.2. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromlobis samarTlebrivi
meqanizmebi religiis sakiTxebi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom evrokavSiric ki
Tavs ikavebs wevri qveynebisTvis raime miTiTebebisa Tu mowesrigebebis dawesebisagan, ufro metic, evrokavSiris sadamfuZ-neblo xelSekrulebiT saxelmwifoebs sruli diskrecia aqvT, Tavad 452 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise on
Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 266. belgiaSi aRiarebuli reli-giebi iReben ufaso tele-radio samauwyeblo dros, niSnaven kapelanebs SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi, romelTa anazRaure-basac saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs. ix., iqve, 267. 453 Morée P., Identity, Religion and Human Rights in the Balkans, The Macedonian Case of Archbishop Jo-
van in Its Broader Context, “Helsinki Monitor”, Vol.16, 2005, 292. 454 Peyrouse S., The Relationship between Church and State in the Post-Soviet World: The Case of Christian-
ity in Central Asia, “Journal of Church and State”, #49, 2007, 101. 455 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 50. 456 ix.., Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Free-
dom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,
2013, 62.
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gansazRvron religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi. 457 amis mizezi naTelia, _ religia saxelmwifos kulturis, identobisa da istoriis ganuyofeli nawilia da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi TiToeulma saxelmwifom am elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda moawesrigon.
eklesiasa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba SeiZleba samarTle-brivad sami mimarTulebiT ganviTardes: a) konkordatebi, b) SeTanx-mebebi da g) kanonmdebloba. 458 TanamSromlobis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi SeiZleba daiyos sakanonmdeblo da saxelSekrulebo mod-elebad. sakanonmdeblo modeli gulisxmobs TanamSromlobis norma-tiul mowesrigebas eqskluziurad saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi formebiT, rac ZiriTadad or doneze xorcieldeba: mometebuli in-teresisa da gansakuTrebuli statusis SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia konstituciiT, xolo konstituciaSi gan-sazRvruli debulebebis praqtikuli implementaciisaTvis, aseve, Zi-riTadi kanonis mowesrigebis ararsebobisas _ kanonmdeblobiT. sax-elSekrulebo modeli sakanonmdeblos analogiiTaa struqturirebu-li da konkordatsa (maRali saxelmwifoebrivi done) da SeTanxmebebs (konkretul sferoSi saxelmwifoebrivi an uwyebrivi done) gulisx-mobs.
460 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13 461 Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Section II. 462 Constitution of the Italian Republic, 1947, Art.7, Art.8. 463 Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1978, sec.16(3) 464 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10. 465 ix., saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-9 muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebi. 466 mag., kviprosSi ar arsebobs saxelmwifo eklesia da marTalia, mosaxleobis um-ravlesoba marTlmadidebelia, magram muslimebic seriozul jgufs Seadgenen, ami-tomac konstituciis donezea gansazRvruli am ori religiuri mimdinareobis war-momadgenelTa uflebebi. ix., emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaq-torobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 271; Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus,
1960, Art. 23(9)(10), Art.87, Art.110.
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nonikurTan erTad, saerosamarTlebriv mowesrigebasTan unda iyos SesabamisobaSi467.
saxelmwifoTa nawilSi saxelmwifo-eklesiis urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi specialuri kanonmdeblobiT wesrigdeba. mag., religiuri organizaciebi SvedeTSi mowesrigebulia `kon-fesiebisa~ da `SvedeTis eklesiis~ aqtebiT, 468 Tumca am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo SvedeTis eklesiis Sida mowyobasa da saqmi-anobasac gansazRvravs. msgavsi mdgomareoba saxelmwifo eklesiis modelis qveynebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT, tradiciul evropul sax-elmwifoebSi (mag., inglisi, Sotlandia, dania da sxv.), tipuria. religiasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifo politika ukrainaSi `sindisis Tavisuflebisa da religiuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ specialuri ka-noniTaa gansazRvruli. 469 wminda saydris garda, yvela religiuri gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi statusi italiaSi ganisazRvreba 1929 wlis 24 ivnisis #1159 kanonisa da asociaciebis Sesaxeb kanon-mdeblobis Sesabamisad. 470 specialuri kanonebi moqmedebs avstriaSi, safrangeTSi, norvegiaSi, espaneTSi da a.S.
3.3.2.2.2.2. saxelSekrulebo modeli saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobaTa saxelSekrulebo
formiT gansazRvra miRebuli praqtikaa da msgavsi meqanizmi, sakanon-mdeblo mowesrigebasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT myarad miiCneva, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba izRudeba sax-elSekrulebo valdebulebiT da mas calmxrivad ver gaauqmebs. 471 swored esaa imis mizezi, rom avstriasa da wminda saydars Soris dRemde moqmedebs avstriis mier dadebuli konkordati. marTalia, 1950-ian wlebSi kanclerma mimarTa romis pap pius XII konkordatis gauqmebis TxovniT, magram papisgan uari miiRo, ris gamoc xelSekruleba dRemde ZalaSia, Tumca masSi Semdgomi SeTanxmebiT garkveuli cvlilebebi ganxorcielda472.
467 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 13. 468 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 622. 469 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special
References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 480. 470 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 247. 471 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 11. 472 avstriis saxelmwifosa da wminda saydars Soris urTierToba 1933 wlis konkordatiTa da 1996 wlis CaTvliT ramdenime damatebiTi oqmisa da SeTanxmebebis safuZvelzea mowesrigebuli. ix., pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi,
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germaniaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobebi feder-alur da federaciis subieqtebis doneze gaformebuli konkordatiTa da SeTanxmebebiT wesrigdeba. 473 eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris TanamSromloba, xelSekrulebebis dadeba da dafinanseba ZiriTadad federaciis subieqtebis donezea mowesrigebuli, federalur miwebs sruli Tavisufleba aqvT, TavianTi urTierToba ama Tu im religiur organizaciasTan samarTlebrivad gaaformon, rasac aqtiurad iyeneben kidec praqtikaSi474.
saxelSekrulebo modelSi ori mTavari samarTlebrivi meqanizmi gamoirCeva. upirveles yovlisa, es aris wminda saydris mier kargad aprobirebuli konkordati (konstituciuri SeTanxmeba), romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamocdili da gamoyenebadi saSualebaa da sxva qristianulma eklesiebmac gadaiRes. konkordatis garda, Sesa-Zlebelia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromloba gan-isazRvrebodes Cveulebrivi xelSekrulebebiT, memorandumebiT, SeTanxmebebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad urTierTobaTa konkretul sfer-os exeba.
kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ideba da igi ZiriTadad wminda saydarTan asocirdeba, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifosTan ur-TierTobebisTvis msgavs samarTlebriv meqanizms gamoiyenebda. zoga-dad, konkordati ormxrivi xelSekrulebaa, romelsac saxelmwifo da wminda saydari deben da romelic qveyanaSi romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis statuss, mis safinanso, religiur, sakuTrebasTan da religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs awesrigebs 475 . misi Sinaarsi mravalferovania, maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia religiis Tavisuflebis gansxvavebuli gageba iyos SeTavazebuli, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis romelime gavrcelebuli modelis damkvidrebis gareSec476.
Tavdapirveli konkordatebi sasuliero da saero xelisuflebaTa Soris mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureboda, Tum-ca SemdgomSi maT romis papebis saero ZalauflebiT aRWurvac gaiT-
wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaq-torobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 455. 473 Listl J., Church-State Relations in Germany, “The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 907. 474 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 91. 475 Ryngaert C., The Legal Status of the Holy See, “Goettingen Journal of International Law”, #3, 2011,
844. 476 Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats
(1963-2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 40.
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valiswines.477 eklesiis mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis gamo xSirad iZa-beboda urTierToba evropaSi. 478 damoukidebeli religiuri gaer-Tianebebis arsebobam mmarTvelebs daanaxa, rom isini samarTlis upirobo wyaros ar warmoadgendnen. 479 eklesiasTan dapirispirebis mTavari mizezi ara sasuliero sakiTxebi, aramed batonobis stabi-lurobisa da simyaris survili iyo, romelic ukve mxolod saero xelisuflebaze aRar iyo damokidebuli. saero da sasuliero Zalau-flebis gamijvnisa da dabalansebis mcdeloba iyo inglisis mefe henri I da anselm kenterberiels Soris dadebuli 1107 wlis konkor-dati.480 1122 wels daido vormsis konkordati imperator hainrix V da pap kaliqstus II Soris. 481 Tumca vormsis konkordati maleve daarRvies hofenStaufenis dinastiis imperatorebma _ fridrix I bar-barosam da fridrix II482.
marTalia, sityva `konkordatiT~ xsenebuli SeTanxmebebi moixsenie-boda da Sua saukuneebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo, Tumca klasikuri konkordatis instituti, rogoradac igi Tanamedrove saeklesio samarTalsa da konstitucionalizmSi aRiqmeba, napoleonis saxels ukavSirdeba. 483 bonapartesa da romis eklesias Soris konkordati 1801 wels daido da man napoleons eklesiaze seriozuli politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina484.
arsebobda mosazreba, rom konkordati samarTlebrivad aranair Rirebulebas ar warmoadgenda, Tumca Tanamedrove samarTalSi aRi-arebulia, rom igi Tanabari statusis mqone mxareebis mier dadebul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa, vinaidan wminda saydari saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtia. 485 ra Tqma unda, igive ar iTqmis im konkor-datebze, romlebsac saxelmwifoebi sxva qristianul eklesiebTan
477 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agree-
ments in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 893. 478 hainrix IV da grigol VII Soris imdenad rTuli damokidebuleba iyo, rom mas ramdenjerme omic ki mohyva, rac, sabolood saRvTo romis imperiasa da romis paps Soris 1122 wlis vormsis konkordatiT dasrulda. safrangeTis mefe francisk I da romis pap leo X Soris dadebuli boloniis konkordatiT mefem miiRo eparqiebSi Tanamdebobis pirebis pirdapir, kanonikuri wesebis gverdis avliT daniSvnis ufleba _ es yovelive eklesiis mimarT Suasaukuneobrivi saxelmwifo politikis Sedegi iyo. ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 31; spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 82; Costigan R.F., State Appointment of Bishops, “Journal of Church and State”, #8(1), 1966, 88-89. 479 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London,
2012, 273. 480 Van Caenegem R.C., An Historical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 70. 481 iqve. 482 iqve. 483 gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqva-nia T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 45. 484 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, “Foreign Affairs”, #7, 1928-1929, 572. 485 Ryngaert C., The Legal Status of the Holy See, “Goettingen Journal of International Law”, #3, 2011,
romis papsa da italias Soris daZabuloba da mudmivi konfliqti lateranis xelSekrulebiT dasrulda, romlis safuZvelzec italiam aRiara wminda saydari, misi suvereniteti da eklesiis faqtobrivi gavlena samarTlebrivad gaaforma. 488 lateranis xelSekrulebamde arcerTi konkordatis Sinaarsi ase Sors ar wasula: italiam xelSekrulebiT ara marto wminda saydris suvereniteti scno, aramed kaTolicizmi mTel saxelmwifoSi erTaderT saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada. 489 1984 wels italiis saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris gaformda vila madamas xelSekruleba, romelmac sruliad gan-sxvavebuli mowesrigeba daadgina da lateranis xelSekrulebis prin-cipebi Secvala. 490 konkordatis cvlilebebTan erTad, ganqorwinebis SemoRebam da abortebis dakanonebam radikalurad Secvala wminda saydris poziciebi da mTlianad italiuri sazogadoeba.491 Tuki wmin-da saydarsa da italias Soris laterantis xelSekrulebis dadeba, italiis gaerTianebis periodidan moyolebuli, gafuWebuli ur-
486 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agree-
ments in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 894. 487 mag., wminda saydari kritikis qarcecxlSi gaexva hitlerTan dadebuli konkor-datis gamo, mas nacizmTan Semrigeblur damokidebulebaSi adanaSaulebdnen. amis pasuxad, vatikans xSirad moaqvs pap pius XII 1939 wlis enciklikuri werili, ro-melSic wminda saydari mosalodneli safrTxeebis Sesaxeb iuwyeba. da adamianTa rasebis erTianobis ideis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Teoriebs gmobs. amasTan, 1930-31 wlebSi romis eklesiis episkoposebi nacional-socialistur midgomebs Riad upir-spirdebodnen. wminda saydars konkordatebi gaformebuli aqvs frankosTan da sal-azarTanac, rac dRemde, nacistebTan urTierTobis faqtTan erTad, vatikanis mowinaaRmdegeTa erT-erTi mTavari argumentia. ix., Ramet S.P., Religion and Politics in Ger-
many since 1945: The Evangelical and Catholic Churches, “Journal of Church and State”, #42, 2000, 119;
Encyclical “Summi Pontificatus” of His Holiness Pope Pius XII to Our Venerable Brethren: The Patriarchs,
Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries in Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See on
the Unity of Human Society, 20 October, 1939, Para.71; Gurian W., Hitler’s Undeclared War on the Catholic
Church, “Foreign Affairs”, #16, 1937-1938, 260. 488 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 243. xelSekrulebis Taobaze musolinisa da pius XI Soris mo-laparakebebi 1926 wlis agvistoSi daiwyo da TiTqmis or weliwad-naxevari gastana. O’brien A.C., Benito Mussolini, Catholic Youth, and the Origins of the Lateran Treaties, “Journal of Church
and State”, #23, 1981, 117. 489 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, “Foreign Affairs”, #7, 1928-1929, 578. 490 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 246. 491 iqve, 244.
492 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of
Church and State”, #4, 1992,785. 493 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 167. 494 Morán G.M., The Spanish System of Church and State, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2,
1995, 537. 495 iqve, 538. ix., ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 168-169. 496 Reichskonkordat (gaformebuli germaniis raixTan) da Preußishes Konkordat (gaformebuli prusiis imperiasTan). ix., Listl J., Church-State Relations in Germany, “The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 908. 497 Gurian W., Hitler’s Undeclared War on the Catholic Church, “Foreign Affairs”, #16, 1937-1938, 261. 498 gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba warmoSva `sterilizaciis Sesaxeb~ kanonma da germaniis mTavrobis damokidebulebam. wminda saydris pozicia ix., Encyclical “Casti
Connubi” of Pope Pius XI to the Venerable Brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and
Other Ordinaries Enjoying Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See on Christian Marriage, 31 Decem-
499 Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats
(1963-2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 39. 500 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agree-
ments in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 897. 501 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 248. 502 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 168-169.
82
gansxvavebulia. 503 religiisa da saxelmwifos de facto urTierTobebi SesaZloa srulebiT ar Seesabamebodes religia-saxelmwifos ur-TierTobebis de jure mowesrigebas. 504 mag., irlandia sruli ur-TierTgamijvnis models warmoadgens da kaTolicizmis Taobaze debulebebi konstituciidan 1973 wels amoiRes, 505 Tumca romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis faqtobrivi gavlena xelisuflebaze gacilebiT didia, vidre, mag,, saberZneTSi, sadac saxelmwifo eklesia arsebobs. 506 `Sveduri paradoqsis~ saxeliTaa cnobili SemTxveva, rodesac mosaxleobis didi nawili morwmune araa, Tumca dominanti eklesiis wevria507 da maT cxovrebaSi es ukanaskneli mniSvnelovnadaa integrirebuli. 508 miuxedavad msgavsi mdgomareobisa, SvedeTi erT-erTi yvelaze sekularuli saxelmwifoa da eklesia mis politikaze faqtobriv zegavlenas ver axdens. saxelmwifo politikiT, religiis adgili piradi cxovrebis sferoSi ganisazRvreba509.
Sereul models miekuTvnebian iseTi qveynebi, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, SeTanxmebebis donezec ki ara aqvT TanamSromloba eklesiasTan Tu religiur organizaciebTan. Sereuli sistemis warmomadgenelia ruseTi, sadac marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da xelisuflebas Soris Zalian `Txeli gammijnavi kedelia~, maTi qmedebebi xSirad erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba. 510 Tanamedrove rusuli eklesia faqtobrivi upiratesi eklesiis statusiTaa da dResdReobiT gacilebiT metad eqvemdebareba saxelmwifosa da xelisuflebas, vidre adrindel epoqaSi, igi `putinis reJimisa~ da antidasavluri ganwyobis seriozul mxardaW-erad aRiqmeba.511 marTlmadidebeli qristianebi ganapirobeben ruseTis politikas kulturuli, religiuri, samoqalaqo da sxva mimar-
503 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009,
14. 504 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 88. 505 ix., Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, 1937, Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act of the Re-
public of Ireland, 1972. 506 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 665. 507 1996 wlamde SvedeTi yoveli axaldabadebuli moqalaqe SvedeTis eklesiis wevri avtomaturad xdeboda. Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters -
The Paradoxes of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search,
Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 78. 508 iqve, 77. 509 iqve, 76. 510 ix., Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of
Church and State”, #47, 2005, 558-559. 511 Blitt R.C., One New President, One New Patriarch, and a Generous Disregard for the Constitution: A Rec-
ipe for the Constinuing Decline of Secular Russia, “Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law”, Vol.43, 2010,
518 Carrigan v. Renwood, 1910, 30 N.Z.L.R. 244, 252. 519 Mabon v. Conference of the Methodist Church of New Zealand, 1998, 3 N.Z.L.R. 513,523. 520 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 106. 521 “...by the Grace of God Queen of New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of Common-
wealth, Defneder of the Faith.” Art. 2 of the Royal Titles Act of New Zealand, 1974. 522 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,
Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 177. 523 cxadaia g., religiisa da politikis urTierTobis axali formebi, Jurn. `soli-daroba~, #1(34), 2010, 77. 524 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 123. 525 iqve, 153. 526 Hoff T., Religion’s Accommodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious
Practices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 62.
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proteqcionizmic Tan sdevs. 1954 wels kongresma erTgulebis fics (Pledge of Allegiance) daumata sityvebi `RmerTis winaSe~, romelic war-momadgenlobiTi sabWos moxsenebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebriv saq-meebSi RmerTis Semweobas usvams xazs. 527 1956 wels aSS-is ofi-cialuri devizi gaxda `RmerTis gvwams~ (In God We Trust, romelic 1865 wlidan aSS-is monetebze gamoisaxeboda), rac maleve iqca ganxilvis sagnad, Tumca saolqo federalurma sasamarTloebma ar daadgines konstituciis pirveli muxliT uzrunvelyofili religiis Tavisu-flebis Selaxva528 da aRiniSna, rom devizis sityvebi ufro ceremoni-uli da patriotuli xasiaTisaa, Sesabamisad, konstituciuria. 529 sim-boluria 11 seqtembris teraqtis adgilze (Ground Zero Memorial) aRmar-Tuli jvari da sasamarTlo SenobaTa kedlebze gamosaxuli aTi mcneba.530 es yovelive sekularuli aSS-Tvis ubralo simbolika araa, miT umetes, mxolod saero datvirTvas ar atarebs.
marTalia, nebismieri prezidenti an prezidentobis kandidati maqsimalurad gaurbis eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis principze aq-tiur saubars da mas oficialurad aRiarebs, Tumca gavleniani ekle-siebi yovelTvis cdiloben favoriti kandidatis mxardaWeras. 531 par-adoqsia, magram faqtia, rom aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlo, romelic sekularizmis standarts adgens da am mimarTulebiT Tavad qmnis precedentul samarTals, marSalis droidan dRemde yoveldRiur sxdomebs iwyebs sityvebiT: `RmerTo, daifare SeerTebuli Statebi da Rirseuli sasamarTlo~532.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi religiisa da erovnulobis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna moxda, dRemde sakmaodaa margin-alizebuli sazogadoebebi, sadac oficialurad an faqtobrivad, konkretuli dominanti religia gadajaWvulia erovnul cnobierebas-Tan. 533 miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifoebi sekularizmis princips aRiareben, saxelmwifosa da religias maqsimalurad mijnaven erTma-
527 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,
Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 180. 528 Hoff T., Religion’s Accomodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious Prac-
tices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 65. 529 ix., Aranow v. United States, 432 F.2d 242,243 (9th Cir. 1970); O’Hair v. Blumenthal, 588 F.2d 1144 (5th
Cir. 1979). 530 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in
the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012. 259. 531 mag., romis kaTolikuri eklesia da kenedis SemTxveva. Baker R.A., The Presidency and
the Roman Catholic Church, Journal of Church and State, Vol.2, No.2, 1960, 114. religiuri uflebebis aqtualizaciam da am mxriv, konservatiuli politikis gatarebam mniS-vnelovanwilad ganapirobes reiganisa da buSis prezidentebad arCeva. ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisu-fleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 271. 532 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,
Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 180. 533 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barba-
TiTqmis erTaderTi faqtori iyo. 535 amitomac gasakviri arcaa, rom marTmadideblobam mravalsaukunovani qarTuli kulturisa da erov-nuli identobis CamoyalibebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula. 536 bolo ori aTasi wlis manZilze arcerT sazogadoebriv instituts saqarTveloze imxela gavlena ar mouxdenia, rogorc eklesias, miT ufro, rom saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia instituciurad sakmaod Zlieri da organizebuli iyo. istoriuli wyaroebiT dasabuTebulia iberiasa da egrisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki am ukanasknelSi, qristianobis mociqulTa droidan gavrcelebis faqti. 537 biWvinTis episkoposi ni-keis I msoflio krebaSic ki monawileobda.538 saqarTvelo msoflioSi qronologiurad meore saxelmwifoa, romelmac qristianoba sax-elmwifo religiad gamoacxada.539 Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos marTlma-didebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba jer kidev iberiis, qarTlis samefos droidan arsebobs540.
534 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 92, ix. citireba: Benson, ‘Notes Towards a (Re)Definition of the ‘Secular’ (2000) 33 UBCL Rev. 519. 535 Clendenin D.B., Eastern Orthodox Christianity, A Western Perspective, 2nd Ed., Grand Rapids, 2003, 20. 536 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 6. 537 ix., iqve, 108-127. 538 iqve, 188. 539 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 74. 540 iqve.
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zogadad, miRebulia, rom qarTlis samefoSi qristianoba sax-elmwifo religiad IV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gamocxadda, Tumca TariRis garSemo erTiani azri ar arsebobs. 541 qarTlis gaqristiane-bis zeda TariRad 337 welia miCneuli. 542 qarTuli eklesia ki,
aTonelma mamebma gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.570 isini Zalian aqtiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos, bizantiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis politikur cxovrebaSi. 571 saberZneTSi moyvawe qarTvelTa wyalobiT ara mxolod qarTuli saeklesio cxovreba ganviTarda da saeklesio wesebi daixvewa, aramed yovelive aman seri-ozuli daxmareba gauwia qarTuli saxelmwifos poziciebis gaZlierebas, erovnuli TviTSemecnebisa da TviTmyofadobis winsvlas.572
565 iqve. 566 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.II, tfilisi, 1929, 72. 567 ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 184. 568 Gabashvili M., Place and Role of Athonite Monks in the Georgian Politics of Medieval Centuries, in:
Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 91. 569 iqve, 92. 570 ix., badriZe S., saqarTvelos urTierTobebi bizantiasa da dasavleT evropasTan (X-XIII ss.), Tbilisi, 1984, 18. 571 Gabashvili M., Place and Role of Athonite Monks in the Georgian Politics of Medieval Centuries, in:
Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 92. 572 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 180.
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qarTuli eklesiis, maT Soris eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ur-TierTobis erT-erTi pirveli reformac aTonis mTas ukavSirdeba. aTonis mTidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma giorgi mTawmindelma saqarTveloSi aRmoaCina qristianuli eklesia, romelic sruliad moSorebuli iyo im ideals, rasac qristianoba qadagebs. 573 man saeklesio reforma wamoiwyo da Seecada eklesia ukeTurebisgan gaew-mina, igi Riad mouwodebda sasuliero pirebs eklesiaTa Semkoba-gamSvenierebaze fuli daezogaT da gaWirvebulTaTvis miecaT, ro-melTac daxmareba gacilebiT metad sWirdebodaT. 574 mTawmindeli Seecada, qarTuli eklesia gaewminda saero elementebisgan, Seem-cirebina samefo xelisuflebis gavlena saeklesio sakiTxebze da eklesiisTvis, SeZlebisdagvarad, ufro demokratiuli mimarTuleba mieca. 575 saeklesio reformam da RonisZiebebma, romlebic man ganax-orciela, eklesiis institucionalizaciaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana, Tumca mis Zalisxmevas gansakuTrebuli efeqti ar mohyo-lia. 576 amis mizezi imdroindeli socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri yofa iyo, romelSic mniSvnelovani da Zireuli re-formebis gatareba faqtobrivad warmoudgenelic ki iyo577.
mizanic saqarTvelos gaerTianeba da Zlieri saxelmwifos Camoyal-ibeba iyo, mefis mowinaaRmdege pirebisgan eklesiis gawmenda da misi saimedo kadrebiT Canacvleba aucileblobas wamoadgenda. 578 marTa-lia, saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da Zlieri mefis Zalauflebas feodalebi ebrZodnen, Tumca eklesiasTan mimarTebiT maTi damokidebuleba sruliad loialuri iyo (mag., baRvaSebi).579 amitomac eklesia, garkveulwilad, antisaxelmwifoebriv ganwyobas amJRavnebda da feodalebs uWerda mxars. igi saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli subieqti iyo da marTalia, saxelmwifo cdilobda saeklesio saq-meebSi Carevas, Tumca es yovelTvis mniSvnelovani garTulebebiT sruldeboda.580 sasuliero sakiTxebi da saeklesio dogmatika yovel-
573 Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the Builder,
in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 86. 574 ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 185. 575 ix., iqve, 186-187. 576 Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the Builder,
in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 87. 577 iqve. 578 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 191. 579 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 169. 580 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 167.
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Tvis kaTalikosisa da saeklesio krebis eqskluzivs warmoadgenda da masSi Carevas vercerTi xelisufali bedavda581.
daviT IV saeklesio reformis gatareba ganizraxa. misi ganzraxva XI saukunis bagrat IV da giorgi mTawmindlis mcdelobis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo. 582 mefes formalurad ar SeeZlo eklesiis saqmiano-baSi Careva, sasuliero sakiTxebis gadawyveta. 583 amitomac XII sauku-nis dasawyisSi ruis-urbnisis teritoriaze saeklesio kreba moiwvia. aRniSnuli faqti eklesiaze mefis gavlenas mianiSnebs, Tumca aRmaSe-neblisTvis ubralod gavlena sakmarisi ar iyo, mas eklesiis sax-elmwifos samsaxurSi Cayeneba da damorCileba surda. 584 ruis-urbnisis krebis mizani ara sarwmunoebriv-aRmsareblobiTi sa-kiTxebis, aramed `eklesiaTa da samRvdeloTa~ saqmeebis gadawyveta iyo. 585 marTalia, saeklesio krebam araerTi sasuliero sakiTxi gad-awyvita da moawesriga, Tumca, imavdroulad, swored krebis saxeliT mefem samefo taxtis siZlieris mowinaaRmdegeebi gaanadgura,586 ekle-sias ZirZveli da Zlevamosili feodalebi CamoaSora.587 javaxiSvilis azriT, saqarTvelos socialuri warmatebis erT-erTi sakvanZo ele-menti aRmaSeneblis mier saeklesio reformis gatareba da eklesiis uRirs pirTagan gawmenda iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo ara gvariT, aramed pirovnulad gamorCeuli adamianebis dawinaurebasa da saeklesio ier-arqiaSi daniSvnas588.
mwignobarTuxucesi saxelos reformirebamdec monawileobda saeklesio saqmeebSi, Tumca mniSvnelovani gavleniT ar sargeblob-da. 596 igi saxelmwifo politikis mTavari aRmasrulebeli, sazoga-doebrivi keTildReobisa da saxelmwifos erTianobis uzrun-velyofaze zedamxedveli iyo.597 ivaraudeba, rom mwignobarTuxucesebi Wyondidlis saxelosTan SeerTebamdec saeklesio pirebi iyvnen. 598 mwignobarTuxucesisa da Wyondidlis saxeloebis gaerTianebis Semdeg, mas rogorc saero, ise saeklesio saqmeebze miuwvdeboda xeli, saxelmwifosa da eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebze uzarmazari gavlena hqonda da faqtobrivad, mefis Semdeg pirvel Tanamdebobis pirad miiCneoda. 599 Wyondideli ukve ara mxolod eklesiis Tanamdebobis piri, aramed saxelmwifo moRvawe da mefis `vaziri~ iyo600 da mas erTdroulad ramdenime eparqiac emorCileboda601.
593 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 282. 594 avaliSvili z., jvarosanTa droidan, Tbilisi, 1989, 27. 595 ix., Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the
Builder, in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 88. 596 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 66. 597 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.II, tfilisi, 1929, 129. 598 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 101. 599 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbi-lisi, 1985, 67. 600 mesxia S., Zlevaჲ sakvirveli, Tbilisi, 1972, 33. 601 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 113.
94
`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, Wyondideli `mama ars mefisa~.602 igi `qristes sworad~ moixsenieboda.603. miuxedavad vazirTa Soris upirvelesis maRali statusisa da uflebamosilebebisa, mTeli misi Zalaufleba mefisgan iyo delegirebuli. 604 mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidels farTo uflebamosilebebi hqonda da igi samxedro, safinanso, administraciuli da saeklesio sferoebs moicavda. 605 mas, rogorc mefis Semdeg upirveless, ara romelime konkretuli, aramed yvela dargi erTad ebara. 606 mis gareSe arcerTi mniSvnelovani sa-kiTxi ar wydeboda.607 uSualod mwignobarTuxucesis gamgeblobis qveS iyvnen samefo monastrebi, romlebic kaTalikosis zogad iu-risdiqcias ar emorCilebodnen. 608 igi saTaveSi edga saajo kars, 609 romelic, javaxiSvilis azriT, umaRlesi sasamarTlos funqciebs asrulebda610.
axalma saxelom mefis molodini srulad gaamarTla. 611 mwigno-barTuxuces-Wyondidlis Tanamdeboba Zlieri saqarTvelos arsebobis periods emTxveva, roca samefo xelisuflebas eklesiasa da sazoga-doebaSi saxelmwifos erTianobisTvis Zlieri dasayrdeni sWirdeboda. 612 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis gadaxedvam da saeklesio reformam mniSvnelovanilad ganapiroba daviT IV politikis warmateba. swored gamarTuli ideologiuri safuZvlisa da udidesi gavlenis mqone socialuri institutis mentaluri mxardaWeris gamo saxelmwifos aRmaSenebliseulma gageba da koncefcia monRolTa batonobamde moqmedebda613.
1.7. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika qarTvel avtokefalistTa gamosvlebi TviTmwyemsobis gauqmebis
dRidanve daiwyo, Tumca gansakuTebul intensivobas XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi miaRwia. 674 avtokefalistebis azriT, qarTul eklesias avtokefalia ar daukargavs, radgan es de ju-
re ar ganxorcielebula, ubralod mas avtokefaliis faqtobrivi aRsrulebis SesaZlebloba SeezRuda. 675 ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdeg es procesi kidev ufro gaaqtiurda, radganac qarTuli eklesiisTvis TviTmwyemsobis aRdgena saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-blobisTvis aucilebel RonisZiebad iyo miCneuli. 676 Sedegad, 1917 wlis 12(25) marts saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam avtoke-falia aRidgina, rac sasuliero da saero pirebis erToblivi mecadineobiT moxerxda677.
693 gegenava d., eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi (1917-1921) da saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia, wignSi: saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da 1921 wlis konstitucia, d. gegenavasa da p. javaxiS-vilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 179-189. 694 macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba, qarTuli konstitucionalizmis saTaveebTan – saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis 90 wlisTavi, baTumi, 2011, 21. 695 macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia: SemuSaveba da miReba, Tbili-si, 2008, 78. 696 ix., saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstituciis XVI Tavi. 697 iqve, 142-e muxli. 698 iqve, 143-e muxli. 699 iqve, 144-e muxli. 700 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 166. 701 Gautier M.L., Church Elites and the Restoration of Civil Society in the Communist Societies of Central
Europe, “Journal of Church and State”, Vol.40, No.2, 1998, 293.
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ka demokratiuli sekularizmisgan Sors idga. 702 marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da nebismier religiur gaerTianebas sabWoTa kavSirSi ekr-Zaleboda sakuTrebis qona da isini iuridiuli piris statusiT ar sargeblobdnen. 703 komunistebis periodSi eklesia idevneboda da es yovelive ara mxolod faqtobrivad, aramed formalurad iyo da-sabuTebuli da sabWouri samarTlis safuZvelze, samarTlebrivi aq-tebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda704.
sabWouri okupaciis xana eklesiis SeviwroebiT, taZrebisa da sasuliero pirTa ganadgurebiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca 40-iani wlebis bolodan eklesiis mimarT aqtiurma agresiulma politikam mniSvne-lovnad icvala saxe da gacilebiT Semwynarebluri gaxda, ra Tqma unda, sabWouri standartiT. marTlmadideblobam SeZlo rogorc dampyroblebTan, ise avtoritarul da totalitarul reJimebTan Ta-naarseboba. 705 am periodSi erTaderTi dadebiTad dasamaxsovrebeli faqti qarTuli eklesiisTvis is iyo, rom meoce saukunis 40-ian wlebSi aRdgenilma ruseTi sapatriarqom scno saqarTvelos samo-ciqulo eklesiis avtokefalia, xolo 1990 wels msoflio patriarqma da konstantinopolis wmida sinodma aRiares qarTuli eklesiis uZ-velesi statusi da avtokefalia706.
702 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 70. 703 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 8, ix. citireba: dekreti 21 saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komitetisa `saxelmwifosagan eklesiisa da eklesiisagan skolis gamoyofis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978), Semdgeneli gr. ermakovi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1983 w., gv. 31-33. 704 iqve, 16. 705 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 349. 706 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday,
Routledge, 2012, 61. 707 Bartulin N., The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia (Origins and Theory), Leiden-Boston,
saqarTveloSi monarqia Teologiur sawyisebze arsebobda 716 da sekularizacias srulebiT ar icnobda. sekularizmis qarTuli Canasaxi WavWavaZiseul triadaSic SeiniSneba, sadac `mamulma~,
709 gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqva-nia T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbili-si, 2015, 43. 710 saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucis me-9 muxli (Tavdapirveli redaqcia), me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti (2001 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Semdgomi redaqcia). 711 Morée P., Identity, Religion and Human Rights in the Balkans, The Macedonian Case of Archbishop Jovan
in Its Broader Context, “Helsinki Monitor”, Vol.16, 2005, 292. 712 Flood G., Orthodox Christianity and World Religions, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A.
Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 573. 713 ix., saginaSvili q., saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri mimarTulebebi da maTi regulirebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, Jurn. `sa-marTali~, #11-12, 1997, 70. 714 kurtaniZe k., esqatologiuri politologia, arsebobs Tu ara eklesiuri ideo-logia?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(35), 2010, 80. 715 iqve. 716 andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(38), 2010, 106.
107
rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifos ideam, romelic swored sekulariz-misgan Caisaxa, `sarwmunoebaze~ win daikava adgili. 717 marTlmadide-belma eklesiam moaxerxa da tradiciul marTlmadideblur qveynebSi eTnosi (eri) da marTlmadidebloba erT mTlianobad aqcia.718 swored amis gamo marTlmadidebloba religiis privatizacias _ misi sajaro sferodan kerZo, pirad sferoSi moqcevas _ seriozulad ewinaaRmdeg-eba da amas eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi negatiur movlenad afasebs. 719 Tumca eklesiam fexi unda auwyos Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebs da ganviTardes, es waadgeba rogor Tavad eklesias, ise saxelmwifosac. msoflio patriarq barTolomeosis azriT, marTlma-dideblobas ganviTarebisTvis esaWiroeba Tanamedrove filosofiur azrovnebasTan, sazogadoebriv dinamizmTan, xelovnebisa da kul-turis sxvadasxva formasTan urTierToba.720 am gamowvevis winaSe sxva tradiciuli marTlmadidebeli eTnosebis saxelmwifoebTan erTad, saqarTveloc dgas.
`marTlmadideblebi Tanamedroveobas xSirad SiSiT SevyurebT da `eretikuli~ dasavleTis mier uxeSad Tavsmoxveul sinamdviled miviCnevT xolme. uimedoba gveufleba, roca Cveni sarwmunoebiT metnaklebad gamsWvaluli kultura da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi ir-Rveva, rasac SeuzRudavi teqnicizmi, tradiciuli sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli individualizmi, daudgromeli da uxeSi hedonizmi iwvevs da vfiqrobT, rom es adamians Tavis maradiul daniSnulebas aviwyebs.~ 721 uaxlesi kvlevebi imis Tqmis safuZvels iZleva, rom marTlmadideblobas SeuZlia sruli an nawilobrivi demokratiis pirobebSi warmatebas miaRwios, ufro metic, Tavad gaxdes demokra-tiuli procesebis sulis Camdgmeli da seriozuli mxardamWeric. 722 am mxriv, gamonaklisi arc qarTuli samociqulo eklesiaa, romelsac SeuZlia gacilebiT metad iTamaSos gadamwyveti roli sax-elmwifoebriv Tu sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaSi, vidre nebismier sax-elisuflebo institucias. amis mizezi ki kvlavac posttotalita-ruli, transformaciis procesSi myofi qarTuli sazogadoebaa, ro-melsac SeuZlia rogorc ganviTarebuli, civilizebuli, evropuli sazogadoeba, ise fundamentalizmiT gajerebul, araSemwynareblur, Tvisobrivad araqarTul erTobad gardaiqmnas. swored am viTarebaSia saWiro im simfoniis xorcSesxma, romlis ideasac marTlmadidebeli
717 iqve, 108. 718 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 348. 719 ix., Roudometof V., The Evolution of Greek Orthodoxy in the Context of World Historical Globalization,
in: Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Ed-
ited by V. Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 31. 720 Sharp A., Orthodox Christians and Islam in the Postmodern Age, Leiden-Boston, 2012, 227 721 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 29. 722 prodmou e., ambivalenturi marTlmadidebloba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 74.
standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k. kor-kelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 131. 732 ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 111-112. 733 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbili-si, 2013, 161. 734 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in
the United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 274, ix. citireba: Madison, “A Memorial and Remonstrance”, 309. 735 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-2 punqti. 736 ix., vardosaniZe m., religiis Tavisuflebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanon-mdeblobiT da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT, wignSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k. korkelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 136. 737 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by
T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 430. 738 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-3 punqti. 739 bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 31.
110
uWers rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas. 740 amis motivi umartivesia: adamianis Tavisufleba qristianobis amosavali ideaa. 741 amasTan, igi uaryofs religiur Seuwynareblobas da gmobs fanatizms, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ukavSirdeba Tu ara is religias. 742 dauSvebe-lia eklesiis gancxadebebSi, qadagebebsa da ex cathedra gamosvlebSi Zaladoba Caidos an politikur Tu ekonomikur miznebs emsax-urebodes743.
2.2. sakonstitucio privilegia saqarTvelo aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas,
and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 317. 747 bevr saxelmwifoSi dRemde SemorCenilia saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa mier religiuri ficis dadeba, rogorc savaldebulo wesiT, ise arCevanis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobiT. Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Re-
2.3. TanamSromlobis sistema 2.3.1. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebani evrosabWos wevr saxelmwifoebSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gam-
ijvnis sxvadasxva modeli moqmedebs,752 Sesabamisad, am or instituts Soris urTierToeba saxelmwifoebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, rac evrokonvenciis standartebTan srul SesabamisobaSia. 753 religiur sazogadoebebSi saxelmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis mniSvnelovan rols, ufro metic, mas uwevs am ukanasknelis gamocdilebisa da codnis ga-ziareba sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis. 754 saxelmwifoTa nawili religiuri gaerTianebebis warmomadgenelTa politikaSi monawileo-bas imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rom saxelmwifo organoebis doneze uzrunvelyofs warmomadgenlobis kvotirebas755.
saxelmwifos neitraluroba religiur sferoSi saxelmwifosa da religiis srul izolacias, 756 miT ufro religiuri faseulobebisa-
baze an bibliaze ideba, religiis Tavisuflebas zRudavs. Buscarini and Others v. San Ma-
rino, [ECtHR], App. no. 24645/94, 18 February 1999, Para.39. 748 ix., Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom
of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,
2013, 52-53. 749 romelime konkretuli religiis gansakuTrebuli statusi avtomaturad sxva religiaTa dakninebas ar gulisxmobs. ix., saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis sax-elmwifo religiad gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 17. 750 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti. 751 ix., iqve, me-6 muxli. 752 ix., Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 357. 753 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.6. 754 iRumeni petre (meSCerinovi), eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 90-91. 755 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neu-
tral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 94-95. 756 ix., Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 247.
112
gan mis srul distancirebas ar gulisxmobs. 757 upiratesi religiis (TanamSromlobis) sistemaSi saxelmwifo aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsa-reblobis Tavisuflebas, ar gaaCnia saxelmwifo religia, Tumca erT konkretul religiur gaerTianebas gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvs is-toriul-kulturuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT758.
TanamSromlobis modeli airCia saqarTvelomac, romelmac 1995 wlis konstituciaSi gamoarCia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri samociqulo eklesia, qveynisaTvis misi istoriuli da kulturuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare. 759 SemdgomSi ki sa-konstitucio cvlilebebis saSualebiT dazustda is samarTlebrivi garemoeba, romelmac saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia privi-legirebuli statusis matareblad aqcia. upirvelesad, es mdgomareobs eqskluziur uflebamosilebaSi, saqarTvelos sax-elmwifosa da mas Soris daidos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba. es Sesa-Zlebloba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias, sxva konfesiebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovani privilegiiT aRWuravs. 760 aRniSnuli debulebis implementacia maleve ganxorcielda da konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels daido. mecnierTa nawilis mosazrebiT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis upiratesobis mini-WebisaTvis aucilebeli araa sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis darRvevis xarjze gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis gaformeba, amisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba sxvadasxva samoqalaqo xelSekrulebis dadebac. 761 Tumca aRniSnuli mosazreba sruliad dausabuTebelia, radganac erTi romelime religiuri organizaciis privilegirebuli mdgomareoba avtomaturad sxva gaerTianebaTa dis-kriminacias ar niSnavs, miT umetes, rom evropul saxelmwifoTa did nawilSi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa msgavsi sistema moqmedebs.
mowesrigeba da religiis TavisuflebasTan erTad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis SesaZleblobac gaiTvaliswina. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi preziden-tis mier iyo inicirebuli. 769 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom konstitu-ciuri SeTanxmebis Taobaze 2001 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebs seriozuli da mZafri polemika uZRoda win770.
religia da samarTali erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia, miT umetes iseT saxelmwifoebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, amitomac gasakviri araa, rom religiisa da samarTlis urTierTmimarTebaze msjeloba, misi normatiuli mowesrigebis SemuSaveba damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg maleve daiwyo.771 saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris SeTanxmebis dadebis idea 1990-iani wlebis da-sawyisSi gaCnda wminda saydris mier konkordatebis dadebis praqti-kis mibaZviT. 772 qristianulma religiam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba qarTuli saero samarTlis ganviTareba, 773 misi Tanadrouloba gare samyarosTan, gansakuTrebiT ki, evropul samarTlebriv sivrcesTan. am mxriv, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba istoriuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad logikuri da gamarTlebulia. 774 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis mosa-wesrigeblad konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmi marTmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi aRmoCnda. 775 sa-kuTriv SeTanxmebis proeqtze muSaoba 2 weli gagrZelda. 776 mas xel-moweramde samarTlebrivi eqspertiza Cautarda evrosabWosa 777 da ve-neciis komisiaSi778 . konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Tavdapirveli teqsti mniSvelovnad gansxvavdeboda saboloo variantisgan, igi Zalze bevr samarTlebrivad gaumarTav, gaumarTlebel da sxva religiaTa mimarT
769 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 9. 770 iqve. 771 ix., saginaSvili q., saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri mimarTulebebi da maTi regulirebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, Jurn. `sa-marTali~, #11-12, 1997, 72. 772 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young
University Law Review”, 2007, #3, 764. 773 ix., saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitu-cia~, #3, 2002, 19-20. 774 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 90. 775 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 16, ix. citireba: sapatriarqos uwyebani, 2002 w., 18-24 oqtomberi, gv. 4. 776 cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, t.I, Tbilisi, 2005, 202. 777korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 88; Legal Expertise of the Draft Constitutional Agreement between State of Georgia and
the Apostolic, Autonomous Orthodox Church of Georgia. Council of Europe, HRCAD (2001) 778 Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle Auto-
cephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)65, European Commission for Democracy Through Law
(Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001
116
diskriminaciul normebs Seicavda.779 evrosabWosa da veneciis komisi-is daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad, bevri norma daixvewa da teqsti sagrZnoblad Semcirda.
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba daido 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers, svet-icxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi.780 mas xeli saqarTvelos prezidentma eduard SevardnaZem da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II moaweres. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida si-nodma konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wlis 17 oqtombers, xolo saqarTvelos parlamentma 22 oqtombers daamtkica781.
is gansakuTrebul istoriul rolze saubari da xazgasma SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc SeTavazeba marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis, kvlavac gaagrZelos istoriuli mniSvnelobis rolis TamaSi sax-elmwifosTvis. 782 amis xazgasasmelad Tavad konstituciuri SeTanx-mebis dadebis faqtic gamodgeba. qarTuli saxelmwifo marTlmadide-bel eklesias ganixilavs istoriulad Camoyalibebul ssip-ad, cnobs mis avtonomiurobas Sida saqmeebSi da misi saqmianobis damoukide-blobas. 783 konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifo gamoTqvams ekle-siasTan TanamSromlobis surils, amasTan, aRiarebs ur-TierTdamoukideblobisa da urTierTCaurevlobis princips784.
zogadad, religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebi SeiZleba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT daiyos: 1. saxelmwifo da religia erTi mTlianobaa da 2. saxelmwifo da religia erTmaneTisgan gamijnu-lia. 785 am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelom marTebulad airCia Tanamedrove demokratiuli mimarTuleba da saukunovani tradiciis miuxedavad, uari Tqva eklesiisa da saxelmwifos erT mTlianobad qcevaze, radgan, religia, marTalia, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi dartvir-
779 ix., Vogel H.H., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the
Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)63, European Commission for Democracy
Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001. 780 ix., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba. 781 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 20. 782 Korkelia K., Mchedlidze N., Nalbandov A., Compatibility of Georgian Legislation with the Standards of
the European Convention on Human Rights and Its Protocols, Tbilisi, 2004, 202. 783 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti. 784 iqve, pirveli muxlis pirveli punqti. 785 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269.
eklesiis avtonomiisaTvis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli elementia eklesiis ufleba, damoukideblad moawyos Sidaorganizaciuli struqtura da Tavad gadawyvitos Sida saqmeebi. 787 avtonomiurobisa da damoukideblobis koncefcia feodalur saxelmwifoebs yovelTvis problemebs uqmnida. Tumca XVIII saukunis bolodan konstitucional-izmis revoluciurma movlenebma eklesiis instituciuri TviTmyofadobis damkvidrebas didad Seuwyo xeli. eklesiis Tavisu-flebis idea (Libertas Ecclesiae), romelmac religiuri avtonomiurobis TvalsazrisiT, gardamtexi roli iTamaSa, XI saukunesa da pap grigol VII ukavSirdeba, 788 romlis aqtiurma moRvaweobam, saboloo jamSi, eklesia mniSvnelovnad ganaviTara789.
marTlmadidebluri Teologiis mixedviT, eklesia da saxelmwifo mSvidobianad unda Tanaarsebobdnen adamianTa keTildReobisaTvis, maTi urTierToba `saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis simfoniad~ aRiqmeba. 790 kanonikuri samarTali eklesiisa da saxelmwifos warmo-Sobas RvTaebriv nebas ukavSirebs, Tumca maTi saqmianobis sferoebs ganarCevs: eklesias adamianis sulze, xolo saxelmwifos xorcze zrunvas akisrebs791.
miuxedavad imisa, rom doqtrinul-ideologiur doneze sax-elmwifosa da eklesias damoukideblobisa da urTierTCaurevlobis principze SeTanxmeba miRweuli aqvT, misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTulia. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos formaluri gamijvna gacilebiT martivia, vidre Sinaarsobrivi792 da rac mTavaria, es gam-ijvna verasdros iqneba yovlismomcveli,793 miT umetes iseTi istori-uli gamocdilebis mqone saxelmwifoSi, rogoric saqarTveloa. sekularizmis praqtikuli aRsrulebis procesi mniSvnelovnad gan-sxvavebulia misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa da uzrunvelyofisgan, rac uamrav sistemur problemas warmoSobs.
2.2. eklesiisa da sasuliero pirTa samarTlebrivi statusi
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wammarTvel da dominant rols saqarTveloSi ara konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, aramed araoficialuri,
786 Sulaiman v. Juffali, [2002], FCR 427; Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative
Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü,
Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 376-377. 787 ix., Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696, 724-25 (1976). 788 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013,
16. 789 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 17. 790 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 348. 791 iqve, 347. 792 ix., Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1276. 793 iqve.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi dokumentis, saxelwodeba gamorCeulia. erTi mxriv, misi saxelSekrulebo buneba, xolo, meore mxriv `konstituciuri~ statusi mas etimologiuradac gamorCeul dokumentad aqcevs. `konstituciuris~ gamoyenebiT kanon-mdebelma xazi gausva SeTanxmebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, mis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv xasiaTsa da statuss saxelmwifo siste-maSi. 859 rogorc prof. xecuriani ganmartavs, SeTanxmebisTvis `kon-stituciuris~ darqmeva imiTaa gamarTlebuli, rom misi `dadebis Ses-aZlebloba da subieqtTa wre mxolod saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoniT iqneba gansazRvruli~860.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis konstituciasTan dakavSirebuli sta-tusi sruliad marTebuli da mizanSewonilia. samarTlebrivi aqtis statussa da mniSvnelobas imaze metad araferi usvams xazs, vidre konstituciasTan Tundac terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT mibma, miT umetes, am SemTxvevaSi, igi Sinaarsobrivadac ZiriTad kanons efuZne-ba. `konstituciursa~ da `sakonstitucios~ qarTul samarTlebriv enaSi xSirad TanabarmniSvnelovnad iyeneben, rac bevr problemas warmoSobs. 861 marTalia, fonetikurad es ori cneba erTmaneTTan Zalian axlosaa, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad, qarTuli enis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian. `sakonstitucio~ kon-stituciis Sesaferiss, konstituciisaTvis gankuTvnils, konstituci-iT gaTvaliswinebuls, xolo `konstituciuri~ konstituciasTan Sesabamiss aRniSnavs. 862 Sinaarsobrivad es cnebebi uerTierTgadamfa-rav mniSvnelobasac moicaven. es yvelaferi kidev ufro absurdul elfers konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT iZens. `kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba~, misi saliteraturo da gramatikuli Sinaar-sidan gamomdinare, niSnavs SeTanxmebas, romelic konstitucias Seesabameba. am kuTxiT, nebismieri SeTanxmeba, romelic konstitucias
858 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 121. 859 Manitakis A., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the
Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)64, European Commission for Democracy
ar ewinaaRmdegeba, konstituciuria. garda amisa, imis dadgena, kon-stituciuria Tu ara raime, maT Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos prerogativaa, anu igi (mTlianad an na-wilobriv) potenciurad arakonstituciuric SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rac safuZvelSive gamoricxavs mis `konstituciur~ statuss.
`sakonstitucio xelSekruleba~ WeSmaritad asaxavs im Sinaarso-briv da terminologiur datvirTvas, romelic am instituts aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi igi sruliad moicavs im azrs, rac mis Semqmnelebs hqondaT _ konstituciidan gamomdinare, konstituciisken mimarTuli, sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi statusisa da Sinaarsis mqone. SeTanx-mebisTvis `sakonstitucios~ darqmeva ara mxolod teqnikurad, aramed Sinaarsobrivadac gamarTavs institutis samarTlebriv formas da Se-qmnis adekvatur aRqmas mis samarTlebriv bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi dokumenti ideuri TvalsazrisiTac Cajdeba saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis erTian sistemaSi. amis Semdeg `sakonstitucio SeTanxmebis~ konstituciurobis sakiTxi logikuric iqneba da adekva-turic, gansxvavebiT `konstituciuri SeTanxmebis~ konstituciuro-bisgan.
872 ix., abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 14. 873 iqve. 874 ix., Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 26 December, 1933; Ryngaert C., The Legal
Status of the Holy See, “Göttingen Journal of International Law”, Vol.3, 2011, 833. 875 ix., Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concor-
dats (1963-2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 40-41. 876 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young
University Law Review”, 2007, #3, 764.
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hibriduli statusi misi arsebobis erTgvari samarTlebrivi gar-antiac kia. mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis msgavsi samarTlebrivi forma yvelaze optimaluri da mizanSewonili normatiuli meqanizmia.877 tem-permani saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas gamijvnis principis gaumjobesebis meqanizmad aRiqvams878.
qarTul konstituciur SeTanxmebas hibriduli buneba aqvs, igi araa saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, dadebulia qveyanaSi moqmed eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris, Tumca, imavdroulad, mas saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebic aqvs. 879 konstitu-ciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivma formam Tavidanve bevri kiTxva dabada, maT Soris mTavari problema ki is iyo, rom SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi da statusi wminda saydris konkordatebis mibaZviT iyo Se-qmnili, Tumca vatikanisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebel eklesias saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi statusi ar gaaCnia. 880 swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli isic, rom mas ara `ratifikacia~, aramed `damtkiceba~ esaWiroeba.881 terminTa aRrevisa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasTan aluziis Tavidan asacileblad miRebis formebi terminologiurad gaimijna. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc SeTanxmeba, igi Sida kanon-mdeblobis nawilad rCeba, Tumca saerTaSoriso aqts miagavs, amis gamo misi klasikur normatiul aqtad aRqma sakmaod rTulia. sava-raudod, amanac ganapiroba kanonmdeblis specialuri daTqma, rom-liTac konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiul aqtad moiazreba da saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilia882.
4.4. sekularizmis principis darRveva da eklesiis SezRudva modernizaciis aqtiuri procesi ar niSnavs sazogadoebaSi eklesi-
is daniSnulebis gaqrobas. 883 marTalia, marTlmadidebeli eklesia yovelTvis sifrTxiliT da SeiZleba iTqvas, garkveulwilad, SiSiTac 877 ix., xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis sa-marTlebrivi statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2011, 81. 878 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neu-
tral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 74. 879 abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sol-idaroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 15. 880 Manitakis A., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the
Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)64, European Commission for Democracy
Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001, 2. 881 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 85. 882 ix., `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 883 Fokas E., Religion and Welfare in Greece: A New, or Renewed, Role for the Church? in:Orthodox Chris-
tianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by V.
Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 175.
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ekideba globalur siaxleebsa da wamowyebebs, rasac misi (ul-tra)konservatiuli xasiaTic ganapirobebs, 884 Tumca es ar unda iyos imis mizezi, rom saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobaSi, upi-ratesobebisa da SeRavaTebis sanacvlod, saxelmwifom eklesiis avtonomiuroba SezRudos. istoriulad, nebismieri saxelmwifo, ro-melic eklesias sakonstitucio privilegiebsa da gansakuTrebul oficialur statuss aniWebda, yovelTvis moiTxovda Sesabamisi eklesiis mxridan samsaxursa da mxardaWeras. 885 aRniSnuli karga xania warsuls Cabarda da dResdReobiT eklesiis mxridan mxardaWera ZiriTadad socialur sferoSi gamoixateba, saxelmwifos mTlianobis, erTianobisa da sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis propagandiT, waxalisebiT.
Tanamedrove eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa specifikis gaT-valiswinebiT, eqskluziurad eklesiis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sa-kiTxebia: sasuliero pirTa ganaTleba da momzadeba, RvTismsaxureba da sasuliero pirebTan SromiTi urTierTobebi, saeklesio qonebis marTva, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba da sxv.886
4.4.1. saidumloebis dacva samarTali advokatebis, eqimebisa da sasuliero pirTaTvis sai-
dumloebis dacvis privilegias uzrunvelyofs.887 ara aqvs mniSvnelo-ba, Tu romeli samarTlis ojaxs miekuTvneba saxelmwifo da ra sa-marTlebrivi azrovnebaa qveyanaSi, saidumloebis dacvis privilegia am sami kategoriis pirTaTvis garantirebulia. saqarTveloc gamona-klisi araa. qarTuli kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs msgavsi saidum-loebis daculobas. 888 amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am sami kategoriis saidumloebas Soris garkveuli diferenciacia arsebobs. sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, sasuliero pirTaTvis saidumloebis dacvis principi absoluturia da aRsarebis saidumlos gacemas maT saxelmwifo arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar avaldebulebs. 889 roca, eqimi da advokati gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, valdebulni arian, mimarTon Sesabis sax-elmwifo organoebs, sasuliero pirebi absoluturi sakanonmdeblo privilegiiT sargebloben. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi sasuliero pirad nebismieri aRmsareblobis Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis piri moiazre-ba da am mxriv, kanonmdebloba raime diferenciacias ar adgens. 884 ix., iqve, 180. 885 Dawson J.F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, “Journal of Church and
State”, Vol.7, No.2, 1965, 219. 886 ix., Von Campenhausen A.F., Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative
Survey, Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 81-82. 887 Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.
Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 243. 888 ix., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, `eqimis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, advokatTa eTikis kodeqsi, `advokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. 889 Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.
Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 243.
132
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel sasuliero pirebs saidumloebis dacvis privilegiiT aRWuravs ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: 1. aRsarebis saidumloeba da 2. saeklesio saidumloeba. 890 aRsarebis saidumlo ganimarteba, rogorc sinanulis saidumlo, dawesebuli TviT ieso qristes mier, sulieri ganwmendis mizniT uflis winaSe moZRvarTan (marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sasuliero piri, romelic ama Tu im adamianisagan ibarebs aRsarebas da warmarTavs mis sulier cxovrebas 891 ) nebayoflobiTi aRiareba codvisa, romlis sxvasTan Tqmis ufleba sasuliero pirs ara aqvs.892 saeklesio saidumloebad ki miiCneva eklesiis konfidencialuri in-formacia.893 aRsarebisas miRebuli informacia saidumloa da eklesia misi gamJRavnebis SesaZleblobas ar icnobs, piriqiT, akrZalulia misi raime formiT gacema da vinmesTvis Tqma. 894 ufro metic, amis ganmaxorcielebeli sasuliero piri saeklesio kanonebiT daisjeba895.
raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos saxelmwifo aRsarebisa da saeklesio saidumloebas ara privilegiad, aramed valdebulebad adgens da sasuliero pirs avaldebulebs, ar gasces informacia, ro-melic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili. 896 msgavsi valdebulebis dadgena warmoudgenelia sakonstitucio sekularizmis pirobebSi. saxelmwifo ar aris uflebamosili Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi, miT umetes daudginos eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS myof pirs raime valdebuleba, garda im samoqalaqo, saero valdebulebebisa, rome-lic, rogorc wesi, nebismier moqalaqes isedac aqvs. msgavsi formu-lirebiT Camoyalibebuli debuleba eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis princips ewinaaRmdegeba da eklesiis avtonomiurobis sakonstituci-osamarTlebriv ideas arRvevs. aRsarebisa da saeklesio saidum-loebis dacvis valdebuleba sasuliero pirs mxolod eklesiam da kanonikurma samarTalma SeuZlia daudginos. saxelmwifo sruliad neitraluri unda iyos am viTarebaSi da ara valdebulebiT, aramed uflebamosilebis aRWurvis meqanizmiT uzrunvelyos saidumloebis privilegirebuli statusi.
saxelmwifos mxridan licenzia/nebarTvis gacemis valdebulebis aReba imiTaa gamarTlebuli, rom moxdes erTiani, centralizebuli midgomis Camoyalibeba, raTa marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevli ar moeqces iseTi mimdinareobebis gavlenis qveS, romlebic Tavs marTlmadideblebad asaReben sxvadasxva mizniT.902 Tumca es argumen-ti naklebad gamosadegia, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi msgavsi valdebulebis aRebiT saxelmwifo araTu exmareba eklesias, aramed zedmetad iWreba religiis Tavisuflebasa da eklesiis, rogorc religiuri gaerTianebis, saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli subieqtis, avtonomiaSi. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna, upirvelesad, Tavad eklesias aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos mxridan mis saqmeebSi Carevis-gan, aZlevs mas srul samoqmedo Tavisuflebas. 903 amasTan, religiis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs kanonier molodins, rom religiur gaerTianebas SeeZleba ifunqcioniros saxelmwifos uxeSi Carevisa da xelis SeSlis gareSe904.
eklesias, romelic ssip-ia da aRWurvilia sruli subieqtunariano-biT, aqvs sakmarisi SesaZlebloba, samarTlebrivi meqanizmis gam-oyenebiT, sasamarTlos meSveobiT daicvas sakuTari uflebebi, maT Soris, moiTxovos misi oficialuri terminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyenebis akrZalva da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi es dava ara religiuri, aramed samoqalaqo xasiaTisa iqneba, romlis gadawyvetac samoqalaqo sasamarTlos kompetenciaa. 905 Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo Tavidan ai-cilebs konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT aSkara favori-tizmsa da saxelmwifoebrivi resursebis, iqneba es adamianuri Tu fi-nansuri, xarjvas. man maqsimalurad Sors unda daiWiros Tavi msgavsi Sinaarsis davisgan, miT umetes iseT sferoSi, rogoric licenziisa da nebarTvebis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo samarTalia. praqtikaSi asec xdeba: saxelmwifom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis xsenebuli debuleba ar asaxa Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi, 906 Sesabamisad, es Canaweri mkvdari normaa da formalur farglebs ar gascdenia. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi am formiT arseboba da ierarqiiT saxelmwifos meore aqtSi ganTavseba, sekularizmis principis darRvevaa da TanamSromlobis modelis pirobebSic ki, aSkara favor-
901 ix., saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba, 1995 wlis 18-19 seqtemberi, mcxeTa, sceticxoveli. 902 ix., CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-falur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 29. 903 Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108. 904 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.62. 905 Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 709 (1976). 906 `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi.
918 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti. 919 saqarTvelos konstituciis 75-e muxlis pirveli punqti. 920 Cranmer F., National Churches, Territoriality and Mission, “Law & Justice – Christian Law Review”,
Vol.149, 2002, 157, ix. citireba: “The Idea of an National Church”, in The Church and Nation: Charges
and Addresses (London, 1901) 214.
138
sazogadoebrivi da ara samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis sferoa, Sesabam-isad, saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi diskriminaciuli mowesrigebis damkvidrebisgan, romelmac sazogadoebis konkretul jgufebze SesaZloa gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos.
5. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis aqtualizacia da sekularuli sax-
elmwifos idea evropuli absolutizmis dasrulebas, franguli da amerikuli revoluciebis gamarjvebas ukavSirdeba. 921 qristianoba pa-tivs scems adamianis uflebebs, vinaidan misTvis Tavad am uflebaTa matarebeli subieqti _ adamiania, mTavari, igia sinaTlis wyaro. 922 adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi mxolod saxelmwifos prerogativa araa, ufro metic, saxelmwifom mxolod ori saukunis winRa aRiara maTi arseboba da mboWavi Zala. eklesia ZiriTad uflebebs aRiarebs da maT uSualod RmerTisgan momdinared miiCnevs923.
adamianis uflebebis istoriuli sawyisebi bunebiT samarTalSia, romelic zogadad qristianobisTvis organulia, Tumca marTlmadide-blobisTvis sakmaod ucxoa. 924 misticizmis centraluroba, ganWvretadi cxovreba da individualizaciis TiTqmis ararseboba marTlmadideblobaSi adamianis uflebebisaTvis myar Teologiur sa-fuZvlebs ar iZleva. 925 Tumca is faqti, rom xandaxan eklesia in-diferentulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis mimarT, ar niSnavs, rom Tavad qristianobas, wminda werilsac msgavsi damokidebuleba aqvs.926 qristianoba ar moiTxovs morwmunisgan avtoritetis Camoyalibebasa da aRiarebas, RmerTi ar aris avtoriteti, igi religiuri TvalsazrisiT, WeSmaritebaa. 927 swored amitom adamianSi RvTaebrivi avtoriteti ar unda arsebobdes, igi Tavisufalia928.
kanonmdeblebi da religiuri reformatorebi yovelTvis gan-sakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen individebis pirad sivrceSi moralTan da codvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebis mowesrigebas. 929 swored amitom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eniWeba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiTa Tu kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili privilegiebis Sesabam-
921 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 346. 922 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 32. 923 ix., spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 83. 924 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 343. 925 iqve, 344. 926 TinikaSvili d., magaliTi saepiskoposo msaxurebisa, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 72. 927 dekanozi aleqsandre (Smenani), avtoriteti da Tavisufleba eklesiaSi, n. doborjginiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 87. 928 iqve, 86. 929 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013,
5.1. eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromloba religiisa da demokratis
Tavsebadobis konteqstSi religiis Tavisufleba an saxelmwifos mier religiasTan ar-
gaigivebis survili eklesia-saxelmwifos Soris TanamSromlobis Ses-aZleblobas ar gamoricxavs.930 adamianis uflebebi da religia kaco-briobis manifestia raRac ukeTesze, romelsac imedic SeiZleba ewodos. 931 xSir SemTxvevaSi swored religias SeuZlia absolutiz-misa da avtoritarizmisgan daicvas adamianebi, ZiriTadi uflebebi da raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, demokratiuli sazogadoebis funda-menturi principebic ki.932 marTlmadideblobasa da demokratias erT-maneTSi konfliqti ar unda hqondeT, radgan maT Zalian bevri saer-To principi aqvT, romliTac adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da sazogadoebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba. 933 tokvilis azriT, qristianobam, gansakuTrebiT ki misma moralurma standartma, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa demokratiis procesSi934.
adamianis uflebebis dacva araa mxolod romelime konkretuli saxelmwifosa da Tu misi organos movaleoba, es valdebuleba nebismier sazogadoebriv jgufze, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, eklesi-azec vrceldeba. 935 socialuri pasuxismgebloba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erT-erTi principia. 936 `demokratia mxolod adamianur sazogadoebaSia warmoqmnili, cxoveluri samyarosTvis is ucnobia. igi gamomdinareobs pirovnebis, rogorc uzenaesi faseulobis Se-gnebidan, romelic amozrdilia religiuri personalizmis niadagi-dan, miswrafebidan, romlis mizania sazogadoebisTvis racionaluri struqturis micema.~937
930 bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targ-mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 335. 931 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,
2013, 181. 932 ix., dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 83. 933 ix., Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 44. 934 iqve, 35. 935 arqiepiskoposi anastasiosi (ianulatosi), adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis maTlmadidebluri xedva, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #4(37), 2010, 81. 936 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 369. 937 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvi-lis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 78.
140
miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesias xSirad akritikeben adamianis uflebebisadmi damokidebulebis gamo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTad uflebebs marTlmadidebeli eklesia kacobriobisa da adamianis ga-nuyofel faseulobad acxadebs, gansakuTrebiT socialur uflebebs, romlebic xSirad eklesiis warmomadgenelTa da saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirTa urTierTobis mTavari Tema xdeba. 938 religia mniSvnelovans rols TamaSobs ara mxolod konstituciis SemuSave-bisa da miRebis, aramed misi cvlilebis drosac, _ aSS-is monobis winaaRmdeg kampaniasa da XX saukunis samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZ-raobis periodSi religiur mosazrebebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieniWaT939.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba konkretulad erT religiur gaerTianebasTan saxelmwifos mxridan uflebamosilebis mikerZoebu-lad ganxorcielebas ar gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo uflebamosilia dados iseTi SeTanxmebebi, romlebic erT religiur gaerTianebas sxvebTan mimarTebiT upirates mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs. 940 Tumca es unda iyos sxvadasxva obieqturi faqtoriT ganpirobebuli, rogori-caa: istoriuli gamocdileba, kulturuli integracia, sazoga-doebrivi damokidebuleba da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos sax-elmwifos hqonda uflebamosileba, rogorc sakonstituciosamarTle-brivi, ise sazogadoebriv-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, daedo kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesi-isTvis garkveuli privilegiebi mieniWebina. amis safuZveli ki sa-konstitucio donezea xazgasmuli da uzrunvelyofili: saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gan-sakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi;941 misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis, erovnuli msoflmxedvelobisa da faseulobebis Camoyal-ibebaSi;942 mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis mier marTlmadideblobis aRmsarebloba. 943 saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli religiuri da mo-raluri Sexedulebebis socialuri jgufebia, rac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli da miRebuli sinamdvilea, Sesabamisad, miuxedavad mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiuri kuTvnilebisa, kon-stituciuri SeTanxmeba ganxiluli unda iyos religiur-eTikuri pluralizmis WrilSi, romelic religiur-moraluri standartebis
938 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Chris-
tianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 186. 939 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013,
15. 940 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no.
5.2. Tanasworoba pluralistur demokratiasa da qristianobas gacilebiT meti
saerTo aqvT, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans: sxvaTa pativiscema da Tavisufleba, romelic demokratiis qvakuTxedia, jer kidev qristeseuli RmerTisa da keisris urTierTmimarTebidan modis. 945 qristianuli mrwamsi iZleva SesaZleblobas, gansakuTrebuli yur-adReba gamaxvildes Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze, rac marTlma-dideblobasa da demokratias sruliad Tavsebads xdis. 946 yvela ada-mians Tanabari uflebebi aqvs da saxelmwifom adamianTa uflebebis ganxorcielebas xeli unda Seuwyos. 947 Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda uzrunvelyos TiToeuli adamianisaTvis SesaZle-blobaTa Tanabroba da amasTan, Tavi Seikavos diskriminaciuli mowesrigebis dadgenisgan. saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas religiur gaerTianebebs Soris diskriminacia da arc Tavad Seuwyos xeli iseT RonisZiebas, romliTac romelime religiis diskriminacia moxdeba. 948 amasTan, man araTu xeli unda SeuSalos religiur gaerTianebebs, ar-amed maTi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad Sesabamisi garemo unda uzrunvelyos 949.
adamianis uflebaTa samarTali gmobs religiuri niSniT diskrimi-nacias, konkretuli religiis warmomadgenelTaTvis politikuri privilegiebisa da saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobaSi eqskluzivis mini-Webas. 950 Tumca, imavdroulad, ar aris marTebuli azri, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis dadgenili SeRavaTebi evrokonvenci-is me-14 muxlis darRvevaa da sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT avtomaturad diskriminaciulia.951 Tanasworoba yvelas erT kategori-aSi moqcevas ar gulisxmobs, ufro metic, Tanasworobis praqtikuli damkvidrebisas saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansxvavebuli garemoebebisa da viTarebebis Sesabamisad imoqmedos, konkretul SemTxvevaze 944 Jensen D., Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law and Reli-
gion in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 21. 945 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 29-30. 946 prodmou e., ambivalenturi marTlmadidebloba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 74. 947 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 368. 948 Sentence 24/1982 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 13 May 1982. 949 boxaSvili b., religiis Tavisufleba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 66. 950 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
952 Sentence 34/1981 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 10 November 1981. 953 mag., norvegiaSi religiur gaerTianebebze ar vrceldeba genderuli Ta-nasworobisa da antidiskriminaciuli aqtebi. amis mizezi isaa, rom konkretuli religia SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavebul idealebs iziarebdes, maT Soris gen-derul sakiTxebSi. ix., Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International
and Norwegian Law, in: Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law
and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
sarcheli.page> [10.11.2015] 955 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 16. 956 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.5.
143
mTavaria mmarTveloba da religia erTmaneTSi ar airios, ar moxdes urTierTgadafarva. 957 moralur-eTikuri valdebulebebiTa da movlenebis mimarT kritikuli damokidebulebiT religia demokratiis mniSvnelovani damxmare SeiZleba iyos958.
adamianis Tavisufal nebasa da religiis Tavisuflebaze jer kidev eklesiis mamebi _ tertuliane, aTanasiusi da laqtanciusi saubrob-dnen. 959 ufro metic, marTlmadideblur TeologiaSi aRiarebulia, rom morwmunis moralur valdebulebaTa umravlesoba swored adami-anis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs. 960 eklesiaTa msof-lio sabWom jer 1948 da Semdeg 1961 wels daadgina, rom adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-18 muxli qristianul Tavisu-flebasTan srul SesabamisobaSi iyo961.
religiis Tavisuflebis principebma didwilad ganapirobes Sua saukuneobrivi Sexedulebebis daZleva da Tanamedrove ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gageba. 962 rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi safuZvelia.963 am ukanasknelisTvis ki pluralizmia ganuyofeli nawili, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda.964 religiis Tavisufleba uSu-alod efuZneba pirovnebis Rirsebas, Rirsebis ZiriTad uflebas965.
evrokonvenciis me-9 muxliT uzrunvelyofili rwmenisa da aRmsare-blobis Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi sa-fuZvelia, romelic, imavdroulad, mowrmuneTa identobisa da maTi cxovrebiseuli gagebis sasicocxlo elementia. 966 religiis Tavisu-fleba ar arsebobs, Tu moqalaqes ara aqvs Tavisufleba, ar miekuTvnebodes romelime religias. 967 religiis Tavisufleba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiTaa daviwroebuli da ganviTarebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi misi Sinaarsi imdenad emyareba nebis avtonomias, rom
957 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.10. 958 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.5. 959 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 47; Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human
Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 25, ix. citireba: Migne, Patrologia latina, 6:516.54. 960 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 26. 961 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.
Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 382. 962 Radan P., International Law and Religion, Article 18 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political
Rights, in: Law and Religion, God, the State and the Common Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyerson and R.
F. Croucher, Abingdon, 2005, 11. 963 ix., Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova, [ECtHR], App. No. 45701/99, 13 December 2001,
Para. 114. 964 ix., Kokkinakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. No. 14307/88, 25 May 1993, Para.31. 965 kokaia l., religiis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba unda daCqardes, Jurn. `samarTali~, #10-12, 2004, 7. 966 The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Dialogue, Recommendation 1962 (2011), Parliamentary As-
sembly of the Council of Europe, Para.3. 967 Segev v. Rabbinical Court, High Court of Justice of Israel, 130/66.
saxelmwifom aqtiuri roli unda iTamaSos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu religiuri principebis ganxorcieleba iwvevs an SesaZloa gamoiwvios adamianis uflebebis darRveva. 969 aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb informacia piris Zalze pirad sferos ganekuTvneba da saxelmwifom maqsimalu-rad unda Seikavos Tavi masSi Carevisgan970.
saxelmwifos mier konkretuli religiisadmi oficialurad gan-sakuTrebuli statusis miniWeba, Tu aRniSnuli sxvaTa diskriminaciis xarjze ar xdeba, religiis Tavisuflebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.971 domi-nanti an privilegirebuli religiis statusi ar unda gulisxmobdes imas, rom sxva religiaTa praqtika, religiis Tavisufleba izRude-bodes mis xarjze an ufro metic, damokidebuli iyos mis Tanxmobaze (nebarTvaze)972.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, saqarTve-los marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba ar gamoricxavs sxva religiuri organizaciebis arsebobas, maTi saqmianobis raime formiT SezRudvas an akrZalvas. 973 saqarTve-los konstituciuri SeTanxmeba miznad ar isaxavs vinmes religiuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, an rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisu-flebis realizebisaTvis raime standartebis Seqmnas. misi mizania, moawesrigos konkretul religiur organizaciasTan dakavSirebuli
haar v. Germany, [ECtHR], App. No. 18136/02, 3 February 2011. qalbatoni zaibenhaari (Ms.
Seibenhaar) muSaobda protestantul sabavSvo baRSi. igi iyo kaTolike. SromiTi xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mas ekrZaleboda iseTi gaerTianebis wevroba, romlis Sexedulebebic an saqmianobac ewinaaRmdegeboda eklesiis msoflmxedvelobas. zai-benhaaris kaTolikoba problemas ar qmnida, Tumca man Seicvala aRmsarebloba da gaxda `universaluri eklesiis~ (`kacobriobis saZmos~) wevri da aswavlisa am gaerTianebaSi. am faqtis gamo igi protenstantuli baRidan daiTxoves. evrosasa-marTlom ar cno religiis Tavisuflebis (evrokonvenciis me-9 muxlis) darRveva; aseve, darRvevad ar ganixilavs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac dasaqmebuli Tanxmdeba samuSaos damsaqmeblis specialuri pirobiT rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Taobaze. ix., Sir Bratza N., The “Precious Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human
Rights, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 14. 969 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.17. 970 ix., Sinan Işik v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 21924/05, 2 February, 2010; Sir Bratza N., The “Precious
Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights, in: Religion and Discrimina-
tion Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 13. 971 Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990, Para. 37; Edge P.W., Religion and Law,
An Introduction, Ashgate, 2006, 96. skalias azriT, religiis Tavisufleba sulac ar gu-lisxmobs saxelmwifos mimarT akrZalvas, rom mas SeezRudos Tavisufleba _ religiuroba amjobinos arareligiurobas. McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Un-
986 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,
“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 322. 987 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family
Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 363. 988 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 102. 989 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family
Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 373. 990 iqve, 375. 991 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samo-ciqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris, me-3 muxlis pirveli winadadeba.
149
bis specialuri, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erToblivi komisiac Seiqmna, am mimarTulebiT qmediTi nabiji ar gadadgmula. konstitu-ciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan didi xani gavida, Tumca „kanonmdeblo-biT dadgenili wesi“ jerac ar arsebobs, jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiareba ki kvlavac deklaraciaa da ara normativi. amas amyarebs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos poziciac, romlis ganmartebiT, kanonmdeblobaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebamde marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweriT axlad Seqmnili ojaxi mxolod qristianuli TvalsazrisiT xdeba kanonieri da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, masTan dakavSirebiT ara-nairi samarTlebrivi Sedegi ar dgeba992.
sxvaobisa, TiTqmis arc arasdros yofila. igi dRemde erT-erTi mravalferovani da sistemaTa mixedviT gansxvavebuli samarTlis dargia, rac sazogadoebaTa kulturuli, mentaluri da istoriuli faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli. 993 marTalia, saero da kanonikuri saojaxo samarTali Zalze daSorda erTmaneTs, Tumca es ukanaskneli dRemde inarCunebs aqtualobas da Tanamedrove saqorwino samarTlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaroa. 994 swored qristianulma xedvam Camo-ayaliba Tanamedrove ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi miRebuli da aRi-arebuli qorwinebis idea, misi arsi da Semadgeneli elementebi.
qorwineba individebisa da ojaxis moraluri cxovrebisa da erT-gulebis simboloa.995 mis erT-erT kvalificiur definicias modesti-nusi iZleva, romlis Tanaxmadac, qorwineba qalisa da mamakacis kavSiria, „mTeli cxovrebis erTianoba, RvTiuri da adamianuri sa-marTlis erToba“ 996 . msgavsadvea gagebuli Semdomi periodis romis samarTalSic. iustinianes instituciebis mixedviT, qorwineba mamakacisa da qalis kavSiria, romlis arsic TanacxovrebaSia. 997 sxvadasxva periodis romaulsamarTlebrivi midgoma imisTvisaa mniS-vnelovani, rom naTeli warmodgena Seiqmnas qorwinebis Tanamedrove samarTlebriv gagebaze, vinaidan Tanamedrove saojaxo samarTali
992 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saq-meTa palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gadawyvetileba. 993 Tsoukala Ph., Marrying Family Law to the Nation, “The American Journal of Comparative Law”, Vol.58,
2010, 905. 994 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 23. 995 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,
“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 321. 996 “Nuptiae sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communica-
tio.”, Digesta Iustiniani, 23.2.1. 997 “Nuptiae autem sive matrimonium est viri et mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae con-
tinens”, Institutiones Iustiniani, 1.9.1.
150
Zvelromauli, gansakuTrebiT, Corpus Juris Civilis-is recefciis Sedegia da institutTa umravlesobis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi dRemde ucvlelia.
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi mniSvnelobiT, qorwineba samarTlebrivi urTierTobaa, romelic mis monawileTa Tanxmobas efuZneba da sa-marTlebriv qveteqsts, uflebebsa da movaleobebs moiazrebs. 998 sa-marTali tradiciulad uzrunvelyofda avtonomias saojaxo ur-TierTobebis sferoSi. 999 Tumca saxelmwifos funqciebidan gamomdi-nare, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis internacionalizaciis, sa-marTlis erovnuli sazRvrebis gafarToebisa da samarTlis sistema-Ta mudmivi urTierTqmedebis Sedegad, qorwinebisaTvis savaldebulo elementad misi saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis or-ganoebSi registracia iqca. qorwinebas uamravi ufleba-movaleoba ukavSirdeba, romelzec samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovani na-wilia damyarebuli da romelTa moSla Tu arastabiluroba mTlianad samarTlebrivi sistemis, maT Soris, samoqalaqo brunvis rRvevasa da aramdgradobas gamoiwvevs. asec rom ar iyos, qorwineba saxelmwifosa da eris keTildReobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelo-bis matarebeli institutia, 1000 amitomac saqorwino sakiTxebSi mo-metebuli interesi gasagebicaa.
qarTuli samarTali qorwinebas swored Tanamedrove samarTlis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebisa da aspeqtebis WrilSi ganixilavs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, qorwineba ojaxis Se-qmnis mizniT qalisa da mamakacis nebayoflobiTi kavSiria, romelic registrirebulia saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Sesabamis or-ganoSi.1001 daqorwinebisaTvis mTavaria dasaqorwinebel pirTa asaki1002, romelic saqarTveloSi 18 welia 1003 , xolo gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi _ 16 1004 da am pirTa Tanxmoba 1005 . piris Tanxmobas, nebas gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qorwinebisas, saqorwino Tanxmoba unda gaices damoukideblad, visime zewolis gareSe, ise, rom piri acnobierebdes qorwinebisa da ojaxuri Tanacxovrebis yvela upi-ratesobasa da uaryofiT mxares1006.
998 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998,
371. 999 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 201. 1000 TF v. Ireland, [1995], 1 Ir 321, [1995] 2ILRM 321 (IESC). 1001 ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1106-e muxli. 1002 iqve, 1107-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqti. 1003 iqve, 1108-e muxlis pirveli nawili. 1004 iqve, me-2 nawili 1005 iqve, 1107-e muxlis „b“ qvepunqti. 1006 Bernard J., The Evolution of Matrimonial Jurisprudence: The Opinion of a French Canonist, The Jurist,
#41, 1981, 107-108.
151
saxelmwifos gadmosaxedidan, qorwinebaSi qalsa da mamakacTan er-Tad saxelmwifoc moiazreba. 1007 amitomac xsenebuli ori savaldebulo elementis garda, arsebobs mesame kumulaciuri piro-bac _ qorwinebis registracia. pirveli oris Sesrulebis miuxedavad, qorwineba saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli ar iqneba (ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT) registraciis gareSe, radganac kanonmdeblobiT, qorwinebis warmoSobisaTvis swored samoqalaqo aq-tebis registraciis organos mier misi registraciaa aucilebeli1008.
samoqalaqo qorwinebas ukavSirdeba meuRleTa ufleba-movaleobebis, maTi sanivTo uflebebisa da saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSoba rogorc erTmaneTis, ise ojaxis sxva wev-rebis mimarT. qorwinebas misi saxelmwifo registracia aqcevs sa-marTlebriv institutad, uflebebisa da movaleobebis warmoSobis safuZvlad da iuridiul faqtad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, pirTa Tanacxovreba ubralo kohabitaciad miiCneva, rasac romaelebi konku-binatad moixseniebdnen1009.
2.2.2. qorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi gageba religiaTa umravlesoba, maT Soris ki gansakuTrebiT qristianoba,
STamomavlobis Seqmnasa da gamravlebas, ojaxis gansxvavebulad maRali statusis gamo, kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs.1010 qor-wineba RvTaebrivi samarTlis erT-erTi uZvelesi institutia 1011 , misi qristianuli arsi da idea bibliur saTaveebSia. eklesia saojaxo sa-marTlis sakiTxebs saojaxo urTierTobebis gansakuTrebuli mniS-vnelobis gamo did yuradRebas uTmobda. 1012 qalisa da mamakacis Tanacxovrebis safuZvlad RmerTis mier qalis Seqmnaa moazrebuli,1013 romelic mamakacis ganuyofeli nawili unda yofiliyo. 1014 Sesabami-sad, adamianis sruli Semecneba da gaazreba mxolod qorwinebaSia SesaZlebeli1015.
210. 1008 „samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 48-e muxli. 1009 ix., metreveli v., romis samarTali, safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 101. 1010 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013,
aRorZndiT da ganmravldiT. da aRavseT queyanaჲ daeufleniT mas. da mTavrobdiT
TevzTa zRჳsaTa, da mfrinvelTa cisaTa, da yovelTa pirutyuTa, da yovelsa qvey-anasa da yovelTa quewarmavalTa, mavalTa qveyanasa zeda.“ dabadeba, 1, 28. 1014 mama paisi mTawmindeli, sityvebi, w.IV, ojaxuri cxovreba, Tbilisi, 2006, 33. 1015 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,
291.
152
wm. grigol RvTismetyvelis ganmartebiT, qorwineba, romelic colqmrobasa da STamomavlobis gagrZelebas efuZneba, RmerTis mosa-wonia. 1016 Tumca, ra Tqma unda, qorwinebis mizani, rogorc Tavda-pirveli, ise Semdgomi, ara mxolod STamomavlobis Seqmna, aramed colisa da qmris ukeTesi da bednieri cxovrebis uzrunvelyofaa. 1017 qorwinebis safuZveli siyvaruli unda iyos, romelsac RmerTi adami-ans unergavs da aiZulebs col-qmars „Cvevaze Zlieri kavSiriT miems-Wvalon erTmaneTs“. 1018 klimenti aleqsandrielis ganmartebiT, Tavad RmerTi aerTebs adamianebs, akavSirebs maT da maTTan sufevs1019.
saqorwino kanonikuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba Tavad qorwinebis sakralurobam da misma gansakuTrebulma religiurma mniSvnelobam ganapiroba, rasac safuZvlad saeklesio saidumloebaTa Sesaxeb qristes swavleba daedo. 1020 wminda werilis Tanaxmad, qorwineba saRmrTo saidumloa, 1021 romelic zneobrivi srulyofilebis misaRwevad, qalsa da mamakacs ara mxolod xorcielad, aramed sulieradac aerTebs. 1022 qorwinebas, rogorc qristianul saidumlos, sami umTavresi mizani aqvs: kacobriobis gamravleba da STamomav-lobis Seqmna; meuRleTa urTierTdaxmareba, megobroba da Semweoba; xorciel vnebaTa dacxroma, 1023 xorcieli codvisken midrekilebis daZleva1024.
1016 Viscuso P., Orthodox Canon Law, 2nd Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011, 33. 1017 Encyclical Letter “Arcanum” of Pope Leo XIII on Christian Marriage to the Patriarchs, Primates, Arch-
bishops, and Bishops of the Catholic World in Grace and Communion with the Apostolic See, 1880, 26. 1018 wm. ioane oqropiri, swavlani, n. belTaZis Targmani, wignSi: bWe siwmindisa, Tbilisi, 2008, 244-245. 1019 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,
293. 1020 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 24. 1021 epistole pavle mociqulisa efeselTa mimarT, 5, 32. 1022 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 186. 1023 Viscuso P., Orthodox Canon Law, 2nd Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011, 34. 1024nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 151. 1025 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 187. 1026 ix., episoteleni pavle mociqulisa korinTelTa mimarT I, 7, 7-10; efeselTa mimarT, 5, 22-33; ebraelTa mimarT, 13,4.
153
saojaxo sakiTxebs, igi pirdapir krZalavs bigamias, poligamiasa da ganqorwinebas1027.
qristianul samarTalSi, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis eklesiaSi, qorwinebis qristianuli koncefcia romis samarTalSi aRiarebuli tradiciuli samarTlebrivi institutisa da ojaxis Sesaxeb sarwmu-noebrivi Sexedulebis sinTezis Sedegad Seiqmna. klasikurma monoga-miurma romaulma qorwinebam qristianuli koncefciisTvis damaxasi-aTebeli mudmivobisa da erTgulebis ideebi gaiTavisa, ris sa-fuZvelzec kanonikuri mowesrigeba Camoyalibda. 1028 qorwineba, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc wminda saidumloeba, ise SeTanxmeba, xelSekrulebaa. 1029 qorwinebis qristianuli gagebisa da samarTlis Serwyma pirvelad iustinianes dros ganxorcielda. 1030 Semdeg ki Sua saukuneebis kanonikuri samarTlis mcodneebma aqtiu-rad gamoiyenes iustinianes mier Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi modeli da qorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi koncefciisTvis, saqorwino SeTanxmebisTvis romis samarTlis klasikuri kons-esualuri xelSekrulebis idea aiRes. 1031 Sedegad, qorwineba ori pi-ris xelSekrulebad miiCneva, romelsac pirTa Tanxmoba sWirdeba da uSualod RmerTis mieraa dafuZnebuli, 1032 misi moSla an Sewyveta SeuZlebelia, garda sagamonakliso SemTxvevebisa. 1033 aqve unda aRin-iSnos, rom eklesiisTvis qorwinebis kanonikuri da samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba meorexarisxovania, Tavad qorwinebis siwmindesTan da mis saidumloebasTan SedarebiT. 1034 rac Seexeba aRmosavleTis eklesias, igi qorwinebas ubralo garigebad an xelSekrulebad naklebad ganix-ilavda, jvriswera yovelTvis kurTxeul, gansakuTrebul sazoga-doebriv institutad moiazreboda, 1035 Tumca romauli samarTlis gavlenas verc is gaeqca da sruliad bunebrivad, jvrisweris miseuli kanonikuri gageba bizantiuri samarTlebrivi sistemis ganviTarebas kvaldakval mihyva.
1027 Hayes P.J., Impediments to Marriage in the Catholic Church, “The North American Review”, Vol.180,
1905, 766. 1028 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 28. 1029 Olshewsky Th.M., A Christian Understanding of Divorce, “Journal of Religious Ethics”, Vol.7, No.1,
1979, 122. 1030 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 188. 1031 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 11. 1032 Cahil E., Notes on Christian Sociology, “The Irish Mothly”, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923, 478. 1033 Meyendorff J., Christian Marriage in Byzantium: The Canonical and Liturgical Tradition, “Dumbarton
Oaks Papers”, #44, 1990, 101. 1034 McManus F.R., Marriage in the Canons of the Eastern Catholic Churches, “Jurist”, Vol.54, 1994, 56-57. 1035 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 10.
154
2.3. jvrisweris aRiareba 2.3.1. jvriswera, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqti da misi aRiareba religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTeba, aseve, saero da
sasuliero institutTa mowesrigeba qveynebisa da konfesia-denominaciebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. 1036 Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba sekularizmis momxrea, Tumca demokratiuli qveynebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi dRemde moqmedebs saxelmwifo an privi-legirebuli religiis sistema. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra doziTa da intensivobiT xdeboda saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis ganviTareba, istoriulad, eklesiis mowesrigebis sfero, romelSic saxelmwifo yvelaze aqtiurad ereoda, saojaxo samarTali iyo1037.
TeoriaSi saxelmwifos mier religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis ram-denime modeli arsebobs da maT Soris gansxvaveba ZiriTadad sax-elmwifoSi gavrcelebuli, aRiarebuli msoflmxedvelobiTaa ganpirobebuli. 1040 SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1. saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqor-wino sakiTxebis gadawyvetaze uflebamosili subieqti Tavad sax-elmwifoa; 2. saqorwino sakiTxebi samoqalaqo samarTlisTvisaa min-dobili; 3. saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqorwino samarTali sekularul da religiur polusebs Sorisaa. 1041 yvelaze zogadi klasifikaciiT, jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis mixedviT, ori ZiriTadi modeli arsebobs: 1. sistema, romelSic samarTlebrivi Sedegebi mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebas aqvs da 2. sistema, romelic samoqalaqo da
1036 Schanda B., Religion and State in the Candidate Countries to the European Union – Issues Concerning
Religoon and State in Hungary, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.64, No.3, 2003, 335. 1037 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998,
367. 1038 CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 115. 1039 Sapir G.,Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6,
2009, 2857. 1040 ix., iqve, 2855-2856. 1041 ix., Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law So-
lutions, “Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 324-325.
155
religiuri qorwinebis formebs Soris arCevanis SesaZleblobas iZleva im pirobiT, rom orives Tanabari samarTlebrivi Sedegi eqne-ba. 1042 am ukanasknels xSirad alternatiulsac uwodeben. 1043 Tavis mxriv, pirvel sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori qvesistema, roca: a) saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs religiur qorwinebas da ar ukavSirebs mas samarTlebriv Sedegebs, Tumca jvrisweris Catareba ar ikrZaleba da es dasaqorwinebel pirTa survilzea damokidebuli; b) saxelmwifo krZalavs religiur qorwinebas da mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebaa nebadarTuli; meoreSi ki _ a) sistema, roca saxelmwifo aRiarebs jvrisweras, magram ara yvela religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT; da b) sistema, romelSic saxelmwifo aRiarebs yvela religiuri gaerTiane-bis mier ganxorcielebuli qorwinebis samarTlebriv Sedegs1044.
samoqalaqo qorwinebis modeli safrangeTis revoluciis dros aR-mocenda, rodesac eklesiisa da saeklesio institutebis mimarT se-riozuli brZola gaCaRda.1045 dResdReobiT es modeli moqmedebs cen-tralur evropaSi, samxreT amerikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi, aziisa da afrikis ramdenime qveyanaSi, romlebSic samarTlebrivi Zala mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebas aqvs1046.
alternatiuli sistema, aseve, moqmedebs saberZneTSi, romelmac XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi saojaxo samarTlis sekularizacia da Sualeduri poziciis dakaveba imiT moaxerxa, rom, marTalia, jvrisweras samarTlebrivi aRiareba SeunarCuna, Tumca igi mxolod iuridiul faqtad ganixila da ara saRmrTo saidumloebad. 1048 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia mkacrad
1042 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 189. 1043 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998,
369. 1044 ix., Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6,
2009, 2855-2856. 1045 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 189. 1046 iqve. 1047 msgavsi alternatiuli sistema moqmedebs israelSi, sadac saojaxo samarTlis mowesrigeba, marTalia, saero doneze arsebobs, Tumca saxelmwifo aRiarebs Ti-Toeuli religiuri gaerTianebis uflebas, gaerTianebis wevrebisTvis Tavad daadginos saojaxo samarTali, romlis farglebSic momavalSi imoqmedeben. aR-niSnuli exeba rogorc sakuTriv ebraelebs, ise muslimebs, qristianebs da sxv. ix., Scharffs B.G., Disparte S., Comparative Models for Transitioning from Religious to Civil Marriage Systems,
“Journal of Law and Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 415; Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Lib-
eral State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6, 2009, 2868. 1048 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998,
2.3.2.1. jvrisweris araRiareba da samoqalaqo qorwinebis erTa-
derToba evropul saxelmwifoTa nawili, romelsac rTuli da winaaRmdego-
bebiT savse religiuri istoria aqvs, erideba eklesiasTan da zoga-dad, religiur gaerTianebebTan mWidro urTierTobas, gansakuTrebiT, saojaxo samarTlis sferoSi. evropul saxelmwifoTagan jvrisweris samarTlebriv Sedegebs ar aRiarebs da mxolod samoqalaqo qorwine-bis formas adgens germania, safrangeTi, avstria, rumineTi da a.S.1052
qorwineba da saqorwino samarTali germaniaSi mTlianad samoqalaqosamarTlebriv sferoSi eqceva da am mimarTulebiT arcerT
1049 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targ-mani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 37. 1050 ix., Encyclical Letter “Syllabus Errorum” of Pope Pius IX to the Venerable Brethren, all Patriarchs,
Primates, Archbishops, and Bishops having favor and Communion of the Holy See, 8 December of 1864. 1051 <http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014] 1052 ix., Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law So-
lutions, “Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 326.
157
eklesias kompetencia ar gaaCnia.1053 religiur qorwinebas aranairi sa-marTlebrivi Sedegi ar ukavSirdeba, radgan qorwineba mTlianad saero institutad ganixileba da saxelmwifo saregistracio orga-noSi sruldeba. 1054 Tumca aRniSnuli eklesiebis mier jvrisweris Catarebas ar krZalavs. germania nebas rTavs nebismier religiur gaerTianebas, Caataros religiuri qorwinebis rituali, Tumca im daTqmiT, rom mas samoqalaqo qorwineba win unda uswrebdes (am debulebis darRvevisaTvis sanqcia araa gaTvaliswinebuli)1055.
safrangeTi, rogorc eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis laici-turi modelis mimdevari, saeklesio da saero qorwinebas srulad ga-nasxvavebs.1056 1975 wlis 11 ivlisis kanonis Tanaxmad, religiuri qor-wineba da religiuri saqorwino samarTali srulad ignorirebulia, qorwineba miCneulia mxolod samoqalaqosamarTlebriv institutad.1057 avstriaSi saeklesio jvriswera samoqalaqo qorwinebis statuss ar atarebs, mas xSirad ekonomikuri miznebidan gamomdinare mimarTaven, radganac saxelmwifosTvis religiuri qorwinebis farglebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi martoxela dedis Svilebad ganixilebian, rom-lebic saxelmwifos mxridan sakmaod maRali socialuri dacviT sargebloben. 1058 ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, avstriaSi nebadarTulia mRvdlis mier morigebis proceduris warmoeba da qorwinebis SesanarCuneblad Sesabamisi konsultaciebi, Tumca es nebayoflo-biTia1059.
1053 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 106. 1054 iqve. 1055 iqve. 1056 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 209. 1057 iqve, 210. 1058 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 453. 1059 iqve. 1060 Catean-Voiculescu L., Hurbean A., Legal Marriage Versus Religious Marriage Act in Light of the New
Regulations of the Civil Code, “Agora International Journal of Juridical Studies”, #2, 2011, 2. 1061 iqve.
2.3.2.2. jvrisweris aRiareba _ alternatiuli modeli 2.3.2.2.1. eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiarebis sa-
marTlebrivi geografia saqorwino urTierTobebSi bevr saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi plu-
ralizmia: erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarsebobs samoqalaqo, CveulebiTi da religiuri qorwinebebi. 1063 evropul saxelmwifoTa nawili qor-winebasTan mimarTebiT dualistur sistemas aRiarebs da religiur qorwinebas samoqalaqo analogis Tanabar samarTlebriv Zalas ani-Webs.1064 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis sakiTxi yvelaze aqtualuri iseT saxelmwifoebSia, sadac saxelmwifo an dominanti eklesia arsebobs. am SemTxvevaSi jvrisweris ganxorcielebac ki, misi religiuri xasiaTis miuxedavad, saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiTaa mowesrigebuli. Tumca alternatiuli modeli gavrcelebulia liber-aluri sekularizmis pirobebSi. saboloo jamSi, religiuri qorwine-bis aRiarebas saxelmwifo sakuTari ideologiuri, religiuri da politikuri warsulis gaTvaliswinebiT axorcielebs.
daniaSi religiuri qorwineba nebadarTulia da igi mowesrigebu-lia „qorwinebis Sesaxeb“ da „ucxoelTa Sesaxeb“ aqtebiT.1065 religi-uri qorwineba SeiZleba Catardes rogorc daniis saxalxo eklesiaSi, ise sxva aRiarebuli religiuri gaerTianebis mier, risTvisac aucilebelia erT-erTi mxare mainc iyos am gaerTianebis wevri da Tavad religiur erTobas hyavdes saqorwino ritualis ganxor-cielebaze uflebamosili sasuliero piri. 1066 SvedeTSi religiuri gaerTianebis mier Sesrulebul qorwinebas samarTlebrivi Zala aqvs, Tuki igi SvedeTis samarTlebrivi, safinanso da administraciuli momsaxurebis saagentos (Kammarkollegiet) mier gacemuli uflebamosilebis safuZvelze sruldeba. 1067 Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis gareSe Sesrulebul religiur qorwinebas sax-elmwifo ar aRiarebs1068.
1062 Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium, 1831, Art. 16. 1063 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,
“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 325. 1064 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Fami-
ly Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 375. 1065 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 82. 1066 iqve. 1067 Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the
Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E.
2.3.2.2.2. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris
aRiareba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiare-
bas xangrZlivi praqtika aqvs, rasac xeli bizantiis imperiam da misma samarTalma Seuwyo. 893 wlidan, imperator leon VI brZenis 89-e noveliT bizantiaSi qorwinebis erTaderT oficialur da samarTle-brivad aRiarebul saxed marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Catarebuli jvriswera gamocxadda. 1076 msgavsi mowesrigeba moqmedebda yvela, is-toriulad marTlmadidebel saxelmwifoSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi, serbeTSi da a.S.
1069 ix., maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: sax-elmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 656-657. 1070 Marriage and Divorce Law of Israel, 1953, Section 1. 1071 iqve, Section 2. 1072 Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6,
2009, 2868. 1073 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,
“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 327. 1074 iqve. 1075 iqve. 1076 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 188;
Gallagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”,
1077 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 152. 1078 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law
Review”, #4, 1996, 825. 1079 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art. 1367. 1080 iqve, Art.1370. 1081 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 193. 1082 Law 590/77 of Greece “Concerning the Charter of the Church of Greece”, art. 49. 1083 Encyclical 2329/20-10-82 of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece. 1084 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art. 1354. 1085 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 286. 1086 iqve, 285. 1087 iqve.
gamorCeuli da TviTmyofadi fenomenia.1104 istoriulad saqarTveloSi saojaxo urTierTobebi da samarTali qristianobis mniSvnelovani zegavlenis qveS iyo, Tumca inarCunebda individualurad misTvis damaxasiaTebel, aseve, romis samarTlidan recefcirebul maxasi-aTeblebs.1105 saojaxo samarTlis sakiTxebi, maT Soris, niSnoba, qor-wineba, ganqorwineba, meuRleTa urTierTdamokidebuleba 1106 da a.S. eklesiis iurisdiqcias ganekuTvneboda. 1107 qarTuli eklesia srulad icavda saxarebiseul debulebas1108 da raime samarTlebriv SezRudvas socialuri mdgomareobis mxriv gansxvavebul pirTa qorwinebaze ar
1097 Dwyer C., Divorce in Italy, “Quis Custodiet”, Vol. 36, 1972, 93. 1098 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 246. 1099 iqve, 244. 1100 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 172. 1101 Morán G.M., The Spanish System of Church and State, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2,
1995, 543. 1102 Civil Code of the Kingdom of Spain, Art.60. 1103 Farrugia R., The Influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Maltese Family Law and Policy, in: The
Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland,
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi saxelmwifos mxridan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris aRiareba mxolod deklaraciul xasiaTs atarebs da kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba-movaleobebisaTvis aucilebeli samarTlebrivi safuZveli ver
1118 Scharffs B.G., Disparte S., Comparative Models for Transitioning from Religious to Civil Marriage Sys-
tems, “Journal of Law and Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 411. 1119 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Aspects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham
Young University Law Review”, #3, 2007, 766. 1120 Sead., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 72.
165
gaxdeba. 1121 jvrisweris aRiarebis wesis arqonis gamo, jvriswera ar-aregistrirebul qorwinebasTanaa gaTanabrebuli. 1122 saqarTvelos ka-nonmdebloba ar iZleva jvrisweris samarTlebriv definicias, ar gansazRvravs misi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebsa da uflebamosilebas, jvrisweris registraciis pirobebs, misi gauqmebis safuZvlebs da a.S. sakanonmdeblo reformis gareSe, arsebuli mowesrigebis pirobebSi, moqmedi kanonmdebloba jvrisweris sa-marTlebrivi Sedegebis aRiarebisaTvis sruliad araadekvaturia.
mowesrigebac ki icvleba. Tu saqme Zalze zust da umkacres dogmat-ikas ar exeba, rogorc wesi, Tanamedrove eklesia ikonomiis wesiT bevri faqtobrivi garemoebisa Tu institutis mimarT Semwynarebelia. saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli „samoqalaqo qorwineba“ romis eklesi-isaTvis ubralo Tanacxovreba, konkubinatia da ara qorwineba. 1123 msgavsadvea marTlmadidebeli eklesiis SemTxvevaSi, romelic, marTalia, ar aRiarebs samoqalaqo qorwinebas, Tumca praqtikaSi mas gverds ver uvlis1124.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi normis implementaciaze saubrisas SeuZlebelia sakiTxis calmxrivad aRqma da ganxilva. jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli normis arsebobis miuxedavad, roca misi praqtikaSi gatareba da Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi asaxva ar xdeba, es mxolod saxelmwifos problema araa. am mimarTulebiT eklesiac mniSvnelo-vani problemebis wyaroa.
samwuxarod, qarTul eklesias ar gaaCnia sistematizebuli doku-menti, romelic qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis sakiTxebs, maTTan da-kavSirebul samarTlebriv Sedegebsa da saqorwino samarTlis sfer-oSi pirTa uflebebs moawesrigebda. marTalia, 1920 wels eklesiam
1121 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saq-meTa palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gadawyvetileba. 1122 iqve. 1123 Cahil E., Notes on Christian Sociology, “The Irish Mothly”, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923, 480. 1124 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,
297.
166
miiRo ori debuleba „qorwinebisa“ da „ganqorwinebisa“, 1125 Tumca isini dRes praqtikulad aRar gamoiyeneba, vinaidan maTi safuZveli _ saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis 1920 wlis debuleba, gauqmebulia. eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis moqmedi debuleba ki sruliad gaumarTavi da arasistematizebulia, misi normebis um-ravlesoba ki _ qaosurad Secvlili da arakodificirebuli. aR-niSnul debulebaSi qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis Tematikaze mxo-lod organaa saubari. pirveli normis Tanaxmad, eparqiis mRvdelmTa-vari, episkoposi uflebamosilia gadawyvitos qorwinebisa da ganqor-winebis sakiTxebi, 1126 Tumca aRniSnuli srulad mis diskreciazea damokidebuli. meore SemTxvevaSi, debuleba saeparqio sabWos, romlis xelmZRvanelic Tavad episkoposia, aRWuravs uflebamosilebiT, ganix-ilos qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi1127.
samwuxarod, qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis aqtebidan irkveva, rom saeklesio saqorwino samarTali qarTul eklesiaSi ZiriTadad zepir, gadmocemiT xasiaTs atarebs da praqtikiT wesrigdeba, mas raime ofi-cialuri dokumentis saxe an samarTlebrivi aqtiT gamoxatuli sa-fuZveli ar gaaCnia. am mxriv, saeklesio kanonmdeblobaSi sruli uwonadobaa, kerZod, ar aris mkacrad dadgenili da detalizebuli: dasaqorwinebel pirTa asaki da daqorwinebisaTvis aucilebeli wina-pirobebi, qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi, jvrisweris Catarebaze uflebamosili piris statusi da saeklesio qorwinebis ganxorcielebis samarTlebrivi procedura, ganqorwinebis safuZvlebi da procesi, saqorwino xasiaTis samarTlebrivi davis ganxilvis sa-marTlebrivi aspeqtebi, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis kanonikursa-marTlebrivi Sedegebi, meore da mesame qorwinebis samarTlebrivi statusi, saeklesio da samoqalaqo qorwinebaTa urTierTmimarTeba da a.S.
qarTuli eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, sakmaod detaluri mowesrigeba aqvs saberZneTis eklesias, romelic rogorc sakuTari saeklesio ka-nonmdeblobiT, ise samoqalaqo samarTlis normebiT detalurad adgens qorwineba-ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. igi iT-valiswinebs, rom jvrisweris ganmaxorcielebeli sasulieri piri un-da iyos uflebamosili, „moqmedi“, radganac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qorwineba baTilad miiCneva. 1128 rusul eklesiaSic sasuliero piri valdebulia jvrisweris ceremoniamde gamoikvlios, xom ar arsebobs qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi. 1129 msgavsi danawesebi
1125 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 439. 1126 saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba, 1995, VII Tavis me-4 paragrafi. 1127 iqve, VIII Tavis me-12 paragrafis me-3 punqti. 1128 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art.1371. 1129 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,
marTlebrivi statusi, procedura da samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. ganqowinebas, rogorc iuridiul faqts, aranaklebi frTxili da sapasuxismgeblo midgoma sWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, umTavresia, erTma-neTisgan gaimijnos ganqorwinebis Teologiuri da samarTlebrivi mxare.
1141 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 101. 1142 iqve, 103. 1143 Encyclical 2320/19-5-82 of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece.
170
romis samarTali qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebas kerZo, pirad sa-kiTxad ganixilavda. 1144 iustinianem 117-e noveliT akrZala meuRleTa SeTanxmebiT ganqorwineba. 1145 noveliT ganqorwineba mxolod gan-sazRvrul SemTxvevebSi daiSveboda da es garemoebebi srulad efuZ-neboda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gamocdilebasa da praqtikas. 1146 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesia Seuwynarebeli iyo ganqorwinebis mimarT da moqmedebda ra, saxarebiseuli
qarTulma eklesiam ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT unda SeimuSaos sakmaod detaluri da vrceli mowesrigeba. msgavsi debulebebis ar-arseboba mniSvnelovnad aferxebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, SeuZlebelsac ki xdis jvrisweris samarTlebriv aRiarebas. ganqorwineba, Tavis mxriv, momavali, axali qorwinebisa da sxva samarTalurTierTobeb-isaTvis mniSvnelovan damabrkolebel garemoebad SeiZleba iqces. 1155 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 244. 1156 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 172-173. 1157 Civil Code of Spain, Art.80. 1158 Harding M., Religion and Family Law in Ireland: From A Catholic Protection of Marriage to A “Catho-
lic” Approach to Nullity, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair
and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 177. 1159 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 286. 1160 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 153. 1161 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983,
300.
172
aucilebelia numerus clausus principiT ganisazRvros ganqorwinebis safuZvlebi, procedura, ganqorwinebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebaze uflebamosili piri an organo, aseve, samarTlebrivi Sedeg-ebi, romelic mis, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqtis, gauqmebas ukavSirdeba.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom im saxelmwifoebSic ki, romlebic religi-uri qorwinebis samarTlebriv Sedegebs aRiareben, ZiriTad SemTxveva-Si religiuri gaerTianebebi ar arian uflebamosili, Sewyviton maT mier Sesrulebuli qorwineba saxelmwifos winaSe.1162 religiuri qor-winebis aRiarebis miuxedavad, ganqorwineba srulad saxelmwifos iu-risdiqciis qveSaa da religiuri gaerTianebis gadawyvetilebas am sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebiT araviTari gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia. 1163 saqarTveloSi, riskebis Tavidan acilebisa da samoqalaqo ur-TierTobaTa stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia qorwinebis Sewyvetaze gavrceldes saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesi, romelic eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT metad Semwynarebelia da mxareebs met Tavisuflebasac aniWebs. ramdenad mimarTaven ganqor-winebis msurvelni eklesiasa da kanonikurad gaauqmeben Tu ara damatebiT maT qorwinebas, es srulad maTi nebis Tavisuflebas unda iyos mindobili.
2.4.3. saeklesio faqtebi da maTi registracia jvrisweris aRiarebis procesSi mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba saekle-
sio, kanonikursamarTlebrivi faqtebis erTiani registraciis ar-arsebobacaa. es yovelive ki ara mxolod saxelmwifos mxridan jvrisweris aRiarebis, aramed Zalian bevri sxva mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemis wyaroa.
qarTuli samociqulo eklesia ar awarmoebs saeklesio faqtTa er-Tian reestrs da es yovelive taZrebisTvisaa mindobilia. konkretuli eklesia Tavad axorcielebs naTlobis, jvriswerisa da sxva iuridi-uli mniSvnelobis faqtebis aRricxvas, Tumca es araa sistema-tizebuli da mkacrad kontrolirebadi. saqarTvelos marTlma-didebeli eklesia gascems jvrisweris damadasturebel mowmobas, ro-melzec aRibeWdeba taZris beWedi da im uflebamosili sasuliero piris xelmowera, romelmac qorwinebis ritualuri aRasrula. 1164
1162 Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the
Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E.
Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 93. 1163 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solu-
tions, “Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 327; mag., SvedeTSi nebismieri wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwinebis Sewyveta ganqorwinebis gziT mxolod sasamarTlos gad-awyvetilebis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. ix., Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Reli-
gious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Fam-
ily Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 93. 1164 <http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014]
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qarTul sinamdvileSi yofila da axlac xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca erTi da igive piri imyofeba registrirebul qorwinebaSi da imavdroulad, sxva pirzea jvardawerili. 1165 gacilebiT uaresi da amoraluria SemTxveva, rodesac piri erTsa da imave dros or saeklesio qorwinebaSi imyofeba, rac saeklesio samarTliTa da dog-matikiT akrZalulia. Tavisuflad SeiZleba eklesiis wevrma erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime qalaqSi ise daiweros jvari, rom amis Sesaxeb arc saeklesio qorwinebis ganmaxorcielebelma sasuliero pirma da arc sxva adamianebma icodnen. samwuxarod, eklesia srulad mindobilia konkretuli individis sindissa da patiosnebaze, rac XXI saukuneSi samarTlebriv argumentad ver miiCneva. jvrisweris ceremo-niis Catareba umravles SemTxvevaSi ise xdeba, rom ganmaxorciel-ebeli piri saerTod ar interesdeba dasaqorwinebeli pirebi arian Tu ara eklesiis wevrebi. praqtikaSi Tavisuflad SesaZlebelia, jva-ri mounaTlavmac ki daiweros, rac kanonikis uxeSi da yovlad gau-marTlebeli darRvevaa. am yvelafris gamomwvevi mizezi ki ZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiT warmoCindeba: 1. erTiani sistematizaciis, reestris ararseboba da 2. faqtebis gadamowmebis SeuZlebloba da arasavaldebulooba.
eklesia ver iqneba ganyenebuli da ver gaemijneba saxelmwifoSi mimdinare movlenebs, ufro metic, igi erovnul interesebs unda em-saxurebodes, xandaxan ki politikur-ekonomikur tendenciebsac ki SeiZleba asaxavdes. 1167 Sesabamisad, eklesias mouwia saxelmwifo politikis gaTvaliswineba da ra Tqma unda, iTvaliswinebs gare-moebas, rom yvela religiur dResaswaulze uqmobis SemTxvevaSi, sax-elmwifo saero ki ara sasuliero wyobaze iqneba damyarebuli, rac qveyanaSi elementarul sawarmoo, SromiT da ekonomikur ur-TierTobebs gaanadgurebs.
dominanti religiuri jgufis dResaswaulebis oficialur uqmeebad gamocxadeba sruliad bunebrivia, mTavaria, saxelmwifos Seqmnas iseTi samarTlebrivi garemo, sadac dasaqmebulebs SeeZlebaT Tavi-anTi religiis didi dResaswaulebze uqmoba Sesabamisi wesiTa da alternativis SesaZleblobiT. 1168 aseve, miCneulia, rom saxelmwifos dResaswaulTa da uqme dReTa umravlesoba mosaxleobis umravleso-bis religiur dResaswaulebs emTxveva. 1169 amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom evrosasamarTlo aRiarebs religiur dReebze uqmobis SesaZleblobas Sesabamisi pirobebisa da samsaxuris specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, alternativis SeTavazebiT, 1170 rac imas gulisxmobs, rom ara aqvs mniSvneloba konkretuli religiuri dResaswauli uqme dRea Tu ara saxelmwifoSi, damsaqmebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos dasaqmebulis Txovna da samsaxurebrivi valdebulebebisgan droebiT gaa-Tavisuflos, gacdenili saaTebis sxva, alternatiul dRes anaz-Raurebis pirobiT.
1167 kurtaniZe k., esqatologiuri politologia, arsebobs Tu ara eklesiuri ideo-logia?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(35), 2010, 74. 1168 Ringelheim J., Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in Search of
a Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge,
2012, 298. 1169 ix., X v. the United Kingdom, [ECHR], App. no. 8231/78, 6 March 1982, D.R.28. 1170 ix., Kosteski v. the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, [ECtHR], App. no. 55170/00, 13 April
saxelmwifo uflebamosilia konkretul an yvela religiur gaer-Tianebas sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi daudginos, ra Tqma unda, es sxvadasxva moculobiTa da sxvadasxva gadasaxadis mimarT SeiZleba ganisazRvros. amasTan, aucilebelia es yovelive aradiskriminaciul safuZvlebze ganxorcieldes. evrokomisiam diskriminaciad ar cno konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebisaTvis SeRavaTebis miniWebis faqti, radganac igi saxelmwifos mier samarTlebrivad aRebuli valdebulebebis SesrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.1204 aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom religiur gaerTianebebisTvis konkretuli sagadasaxado SeRa-vaTebi yvela gadasaxadisgan avtomatur gaTavisuflebas ar gulisx-mobs, SeRavaTebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, religiuri gaerTianeba
1200 Jensen D., Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law and Reli-
gion in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 17. 1201 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October
1990. 1202 ix., iqve, Paras 34-35. 1203 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 113. 1204 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no.
eklesiebi dRemde gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargebloben, maTTvis dadgenilia saeklesio qonebis begarisgan gaTavisufleba, aseve, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da specialuri sagadasaxado privilegiebi sasuliero pirebisa da eklesiis saqmianobisaTvis. 1208 Tumca, aRsaniS-navia, rom SeRavaTebi religiur saqmianobas exeba, romladac uSu-alod religiuri miznebiT ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba miiCneva da ara raime momijnave. mag., aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom religiuri saavadmyofo gamoricxa eklesiis saqmeebidan da aRniSna, rom igi ara-konfesiuri da sajaro miznis mqone dawesebuleba iyo. 1209 feder-aluri kanonmdebloba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis mqone organizaciis statusis misaRebad mTel rig moTxovnebs adgens, maT Soris, sajaro miznebis qona, arakomerciuli, arapolitikuri saqmianobis ganxor-cieleba da a.S.1210 saSinao Semosavlebis samsaxurma (IRS) 14 principi, kriteriumi SeimuSava, romelTa dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi organi-zacia religiur gaerTianebad miiCneva. 1211 aRniSnuli kriteriumebi sasamarTlo praqtikamac gaiziara da maT damxmare mniSvneloba miani-Wa. 1212 aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesia araa valdebuli, moiTxovos sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, is mas avtomaturad iRebs, eklesia, agreTve, gaTavisuflebulia yovelwliuri sagadasaxado deklaraciis
1205 ix., Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990). 1206 Greenawalt K., Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 352-
353. 1207 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 58. 1208 ix., Hoff T., Religion’s Accomodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious
Practices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 62;
Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 278. 1209 Bradfield v. Roberts, 175 U.S. 298 (1899). 1210 ix., Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 52-53. 1211 iqve, 58. 1212 ix., Spiritual Outreach Society v. Commisssioner, 972 F.2d335 (8th Cir. 1991).
183
Sevsebisgan da ar eqvemdebareba Semosavlebis samsaxuris audits, garda gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa1213.
Statisa da federalur doneze ikrZaleba erTi an yvela religiis dafinanseba, raime kanonis miReba, romelic religiuri gaerTianebeb-isTvis raime finansur daxmarebas daadgens.1214 aseve, ikrZaleba raime specialuri gadasaxadis dadgena romelime religiuri organizaciis sasargeblod. 1215 pirdapiri akrZalva kvlavac moqmedebs, Tumca ara-pirdapir religiur gaerTianebebs mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebi da dax-mareba aqvT sajaro xelisuflebis mxridan, 1216 ardaxmarebis politi-kis miuxedavad, kanonmdebloba savsea sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT. 1217 amasTan, kanonTa umravlesoba, romelic sagadasaxado SeRavaTebsa da gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebul organizaciebs exeba, federalur doneze moqmedebs. 1218 sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da saeklesio qonebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba araerTxel yofila davis sagani, Tumca umaRlesma sasamarTlom konstituciurad cno msgavsi SeRa-vaTebi da maTi arseboba `qveli neitralurobiT~ (qvelmoqmedebiT, gulisxmierebiT) daasabuTa. 1219 xelisufleba neitraluri da miuker-Zoebeli unda iyos religiuri Teoriis, doqtrinisa da praqtikis sa-kiTxebSi1220.
aSS-Si religiuri da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebisTvis gaRebuli Semowirulobebi dasabegr Semosavlad ar ganixileba _ isini gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufalia. 1221 eklesia da religiuri gaerTiane-bebi gaTavisuflebulebi arian adgilobrivi qonebis gadasaxadisgan, maT ar evalebaT saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxda, aseve, gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebulia nebismieri Semowiruloba, rome-lic raRac formiT mainc ukavSirdeba religiuri funqciebis ganx-orcielebas. 1222 religiuri gaerTianebebi ar ixdian umuSevrobisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadebs. 1223 umaRlesma sasamarTlom sasuliero literaturis kardakar gayidva, misi wina praqtikisgan gansxvavebiT 1224 , Semowirulobis Segrovebas gauTanabra da gadasaxadebisgan gaaTavisufla1225.
1213 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 66. 1214 Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947). 1215 ix., iqve, 15-16. 1216 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 57. 1217 iqve. 1218 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 37. 1219 ix., Walz v. Tax Commisssion, 397 U.S. 664 (1970). 1220 Epperson v. Arkansas, 193 U.S. 97, 103-4 (1968). 1221 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationships, Santa Bar-
bara, 2009, 86. 1222 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 278. 1223 iqve. 1224 Jones v. Opelika, 316 U.S. 584 (1942). 1225 ix., Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943); sasamarTlom msgavsi pozicia Semdeg saqmeSic ganaviTara: Follet v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944).
1226 Greenawalt K., Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 361. 1227 mag., qvelmoqmedebis aqtis miznebisTvis avstraliaSi `religia~ yovelTvis garTod ganimarteba, raTa religiur organizaciebze maqsimalurad gavrceldes SeRavaTebis damdgeni Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba. Dal Pont G.E., Charity Law and Religion, in:
Law and Religion, God, the State and the Common Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyersen and R.F.
Croucher, London, 2005, 221. 1228 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 70. 1229 Arribas S. C., Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law, Religion, Constitution
(Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D.
Thayer, 2013, 311. 1230 iqve, 313. 1231 iqve, 311. 1232 iqve, 312. 1233 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 114. 1234 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no.
17522/90, 11 January 1992.
185
germaniis ZiriTadma kanonma saxelmwifosa da religias Soris ur-TierTobebis mudmivi da myari forma SearCia: saxelmwifo, religiuri gaerTianebis saxeliTa da misi xelSewyobis mizniT, uzrunvelyofs ssip-ad registrirebuli religiuri gaerTianebebis wevrebidan e.w. `saeklesio gadasaxadis~ amoRebasa da administrirebas.1235 am formiT registrirebul religiur gaerTianebas Tavad SeuZlia mosTxovos saxelmwifos, misi wevrebis saeklesio gadasaxadis Segroveba da ad-ministrireba uzrunvelyos. 1236 marTalia, germaniaSi eklesiebsa da religiur gaerTianebebs registracia ar moeTxovebaT, 1237 Tumca reg-istraciis SemTxvevaSi eklesiebi sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs iReben. 1238 sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miReba ki sakmaod rTuli procesia, Tumca qristianul da ebraul religiur gaerTianebaTa umravlesoba msgavsi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs. 1239 germanuli modelis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli isicaa, rom saxelmwifoSi saeklesio gadasaxadi yvela moqalaqisaTvis savaldebuloa, Tumca misgan gaTavisufleba konkretuli eklesiis wevrobis datovebiT an sindisis Tavisuflebi-dan gamomdinare, masze uaris TqmiT aris SesaZlebeli1240.
aRmosavlur qristianobaSi saeklesio kanonmdeblobas, rogorc we-si, saero xelisufleba qmnida: jer kidev IV saukunidan moyolebuli bizantiis imperatorebi gamoscemdnen specialur konstituciebs eklesiisa da mRvdelmsaxurTa statusis, maTTvis privilegiebis mini-Webisa da eklesiis finansebis administrirebis Taobaze. 1241 vinaidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi, ZiriTadad, nacionalur eklesiebia, maTi roli xSirad erovnul identobasTanac aris gaigivebuli, amitomac aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi eklesiis saxelmwifosgan dafinanseba gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa. 1242 mag., saberZneTSi araa dawesebuli calke saeklesio gadasaxadi da amis saWiroebac ar arsebobs, radgan saxelmwifo mTlianad sakuTar Tavze iRebs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dafinansebas1243.
1235 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 97. 1236 ix., McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 94-95. 1237 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Bar-
bara, 2009, 178. 1238 iqve. 1239 iqve. 1240 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.
Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 392. 1241 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edit-
ed by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 386. 1242 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 64. 1243 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36.
4.2.2. religiuri gaerTianebebi da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado
sistema marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan da sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan
dakavSirebul sagadasaxado mowesrigebas saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi adgens. Tumca konstituciuri SeTanxmeba marTlmadidebel eklesias damatebiT sakanonmdeblo berketebs aZlevs da mis mier warmoebul saRvTismsaxuro produqcias (damzadeba, Semotana, miwode-ba), Semowirulobas, araekonomikuri mizniT arsebul qonebasa da mi-was gadasaxadebisgan aTavisuflebs1250.
sagadasaxado kodeqsi religiur saqmianobas ekonomikur saqmiano-bad ar miiCnevs da mis mimarT sruliad gansxvavebul samarTlebriv reJims adgens. 1251 religiur saqmianobad ki aRiarebulia dadgenili wesiT registrirebuli religiuri organizaciis saqmianoba, romlis mizania aRmsareblobisa da sarwmunoebis gavrceleba. 1252 religiur saqmianobas uTanabrdeba am organizaciebis sawarmoTa saqmianoba, Tuki isini gamoscemen religiur literaturas an awarmoeben religi-uri daniSnulebis sagnebs; saqmianoba, romelic religiuri litera-
1244 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise
on Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 266. 1245 amJamad, saxelmwifo doneze aRiarebuli religiur-aRmsarelobiTi gaerTiane-bebia: anglikanizmi, islami, marTlmadidebluri qristianoba, romaluri kaToli-cizmi, iudaizmi da sekularuli humanizmi. ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and
Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 98. 1246 iqve. 1247 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91. 1248 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by
J.C. Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 153. 1249 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
4.3. eklesiisTvis qonebis dabruneba da gadacema eklesiisTvis qonebis gadacemisa da didZali Sewirulobis praqti-
ka IV saukunidan modis. jer kidev milanis ediqtiT, qristianuli samlocveloebi, eklesiebi da wminda adgilebi qristianebs usasyid-lod gadaecaT. 1263 321 wlidan SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiisTvis qone-bis memkvidreobiT datoveba an saCuqrad gadacema. 1264 V saukunis da-sawyisSi eklesia ukve didZali qonebis mesakuTre iyo da romis ka-nonebis mixedviT, beiTalmani qoneba da umemkvidreo sakuTreba ekle-sias gadaecemoda1265.
marTalia, eklesiis arsi sulierebis samsaxuria da misi saqmiano-bac am mimarTulebiT unda viTardebodes, Tumca materialuri sa-kiTxebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sakuTreba, aranakleb mniSvnelovania. 1266 eklesia sargeblobs sruli TavisuflebiTa da avtonomiiT sakuTari finansebis gankargvis saqmeSi, ganurCevlad konfesiebisa Tu religi-uri mimdinareobisa. 1267 saero sasamarTloebi uflebamosilni arian, ganixilon eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo davebi, maT Soris qonebrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, Tumca es yovelive am Tematikas ar unda gacdes.1268 msgavs davebSi eklesia samoqalaqo urTierTobebis erT-erT rigiT monawiled gamodis da mis mimarT, sxvebis msgavsad, kerZo samarTliT dadgenili wesrigi moqmedebs.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri principia, rom mas aqvs ufleba, flobdes da gankargavdes sakuTrebas, rogorc nebismieri sxva piri, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. 1269 marTlma-didebluri tradiciiT, saeklesio sikeTesa da wminda nivTebs ganekuTvneba eklesiebi, taZrebi, saeklesio siwmindeebi, maT Soris, xatebi, liturgiuli wignebi, sagnebi da a.S. 1270 XIX-XX saukuneSi, rogorc pirveli respublikis, ise okupaciis periodSi marTlmadide-
1263 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 14. 1264 iqve. 1265 iqve, 19. 1266 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 310. 1267 ix., iqve, 326-327. 1268 Fennelly J.E., Property Disputes and Religious Schisms: Who Is the Church?, “Saint Thomas Law Re-
view”, Vol.9, 1997, 327. 1269 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 311-312. 1270 iqve, 320.
189
bel eklesias qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili CamoarTves. maTi dabru-nebis procesi ki mxolod XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo. 1990 wlis 12 aprils saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWom mniSvnelovani dadgenileba miiRo, romliTac eklesias qoneba gadas-ca. 1271 dadgenilebiT, respublikis teritoriaze arsebuli marTlma-didebeli eklesiis yvela sakulto nageboba (Tavisi uZrav-moZravi qonebiT) saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad iqna aRiarebuli. 1272 Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoebs daevalaT qonebis sapatriarqosTvis gadacema, am ukanasknels ki mieniWa ufleba, damoukideblad aRewera eklesiebi da maTi qoneba, eklesiaSi arsebuli wesebisa da tradiciebis Sesabamisad. 1273 konstituciurma SeTanxmebam kidev erTxel marTlmadidebluri taZrebi, nangrevebi, monastrebi da miwebi, romlebzec isini mdebareobs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad aRiara. 1274 samwuxarod, am procesma, erTgvarad, umarTavi xasiaTic ki miiRo da seriozuli problemebi gamoiwvia. problemebi Seexeba rogorc sakulto nagebobebis, ise miwebisa da sxva materialuri qonebis gadacemas. dReis mdgomareobiT marTlma-didebeli eklesiisTvis simbolur fasad (1 larad) an sruliad usasyidlod didi raodenobiT uZravi qoneba da aTasobiT heqtari sa-soflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTia gadacemuli. 1275 sax-elmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos informaciiT, mxolod 2012 wlis 17 seqtembridan 2015 wlis 19 agvistomde marTlmadidebel eklesias 64 erTeuli sxvadasxva saxis qoneba gadaeca1276.
1271 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002, 14. 1272 `religiis saqmeTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~ sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180 dadgenilebis me-3 punqti. 1273 iqve, me-4 punqti. 1274 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti. 1275 ix., Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversi-
ty Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 30-31. 1276 saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos 2015 wlis 10 agvistos werili #14/50253. 1277 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity
Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 19; ix., Isakhanyan L., Analysis of Legal Issues Related to the Armenian Diocese in
Georgia, in: Freedom of Religion in Georgia and Armenia, Regional Conference on the Freedom of Religion
or Belief, Conference Report, July 2013, Tbilisi, 21.
190
surb minasis eklesiebis gadacemas.1278 es pretenzia arsebobs rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, ise saxelmwifos misamarTiT, romelmac eklesi-ebis sakiTxi Seswavlis gareSe gadawyvita. ra Tqma unda, aq saubari araa imaze, romelia am pretenziaTagan dasabuTebuli da romeli ara. miuxedavad imisa, rom Seqmnilia religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saa-gento, msgavsi davebi kvlavac aqtualuria. saagento aRiWurva spe-cialuri uflebamosilebiT, gasces rekomendaciebi sxvadasxva Senoba-nagebobis religiur-sakulto daniSnulebis Senobad gardaqmnis Taobaze, 1279 aseve, saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxeliT, Seasrulos Suamavlis funqcia da monawileoba miiRos im davebisa da sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi, romelic SeiZleba saqarTveloSi moqmed religiur gaerTianebebs Soris gaCndes1280.
saxelmwifo valdebulia aqtiurad CaerTos problemuri qonebis istoriuli mesakuTris dadgenis procesSi, aucilebelia saagentom samuSao reJimSi Seajeros mxareTa poziciebi da qmediTi rekomenda-cia SeimuSavos. samwuxarod, Zalze rTulia ukve gadacemul qonebaze dava. gacilebiT ioli iqneboda, saxelmwifos windaxeduleba gamoe-Cina da gulmodgine gamokvlevis Sedegad mieRo gadawyvetileba. nebismieri myife Careva davis gadawyvetaSi dainteresebul mxareebs gacilebiT uaryofiT Sedegamde miiyvans. amasTan, aucilebelia kontroli dawesdes saxelmwifo qonebis ukidegano gadacemasTan da-kavSirebiT da daiSvas eklesiisTvis mxolod im qonebis gadacema, romelic istoriulad misi iyo, an misi istoriuli sakuTreba Canacvldes gadasacemi alternatiuli qonebiT. am procesis dasrulebis Semdeg ki aucilebelia Seicvalos `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, raTa momavalSi saxelmwifo qonebis marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis usasyidlo gadacemis SesaZlebloba gamoricxos.
vneloba da maRalmxatvruli Rirseba aqvT. 1282 samwuxarod, sulieri daniSnulebis siwmindeebSi zedmiwevniTi sizustiTaa CamoTvlili, Tu ra eqceva am kategoriaSi da sruliad amovardnilia olarebi, naqargi xatebi da msgavsi nakeTobebi, romelTa raodenobac saqarTvelos muzeumebSi sakmaod didia. am SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul unda iqnas normis gafarToebuli miznobrivi interpretacia da saganZuris yvela is nivTi, romelic eklesiasTanaa dakavSirebuli, am ganmartebaSi mo-Tavsdes.
marTalia, saxelmwifo saeklesio saganZurze eklesiis sakuTrebis uflebas aRiarebs, Tumca yovelive es saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebul muzeumebSi inaxeba. samwuxarod, im nivTebis gancalkevebuli aRniSvna da katalogizeba, romlis mesakuTrec eklesiaa, dRemde ar momxda-ra. 1283 aucilebelia aRiweros TiToeuli nivTi da dadgindes misi zusti mesakuTre. garda amisa, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saeklesio saganZuri (wmida relikviebisa da wmida nawilebis garda), rogorc erovnuli saganZuris nawili, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia. 1284 aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi nonsensia, radgan samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, aRniSnuli SemTxveva mflobelobis SinaarsSi veranairad Cajdeba. 1285 saeklesio saganZuri saxelmwifos faqtobriv mflobelobaSia _ ganTavsebulia muzeumebSi. marTalia, eklesia mesakuTrea da gankargvis uflebiTaa aRWurvili (am Sem-TxvevaSi am uflebis klasikuri ganxorcielebac SezRudulia), Tumca mflobelobas saxelmwifo axorcielebs. aRniSnuli Tanamflobelo-bis konteqstSic ver ganixileba. 1286 ra Tqma unda, saeklesio sa-ganZuris dacvisa da movlis miznidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi ganaxorcielos da maT mouaros saxelmwifom. amisTvis gamarTlebulia saeklesio saganZuris am ukanasknelis mflobelobaSi datoveba.1287 amitomac konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 muxlis me-2 punqti unda Seicvalos da samarTlebrivad gamarTulad Camoyalibdes: `zemoaRniSnuli saeklesio saganZuri (wmida nawilebisa da wmida relikviebis garda), rogorc saerTo erovnuli saganZuris nawili, kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, aris saxelmwifos mflobelo-baSi.~ am SemTxvevaSi, norma rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise samarTle-brivi teqnikis TvalsazrisiT gaimarTeba. mesakuTre kvlavac eklesia iqneba, mflobeli ki _ saxelmwifo.
qristianuli eklesia evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi institutia da dResac aqvs pretenzia, rom qmediTi iyos, igi verasdros dakmayofildeba `samuzeumo sivrceSi gadanacvlebiT~ 1296 . eklesia, sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis msgavsad, cdilobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoebi, romlebic tradiciulad misi gavlenis qveS arsebobda da misi karnaxiTve warimarTeboda, kvlavac mas darCes. erT-erTi aseTi sfero ki, udavod, ganaTlebaa. ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi religiuri institutebisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobas mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. Tumca rac ufro viTardeboda sax-elmwifos, rogorc organizaciuli da instituciuri warmonaqmnis, misiisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi da Sexedulebebi, miT ufro ganaTleba saxelmwifos gamgeblobis qveS eqceoda. Tanamedrove samyaroSi, sadac codnis miRebis uamravi alternatiuli saSualeba arsebobs, eklesiam ganaTlebis sistemaze monopolia dakarga. 1297 XXI saukuneSic ki, sadac ganaTleba ZiriTad uflebaTa Sorisaa moqceu-li da am sferos sruli privatizacia mometebuli sajaro interesis gamo ver ganxorcielda, religiuri gaerTianebebi Zalze xSirad ari-an ganaTlebis sferoSi aqtiuri subieqtebi.
1293 ix., aladaSvili g., religiis cnebis samarTlebriv-Teoriuli gansazRvra (upi-ratesad aSS-is samarTlis magaliTze), Jurn. `Tanamedrove samarTlis mimoxilva~, #1(2), 2014, 39-49. 1294 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 139. 1295 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,
2013, 175. 1296 barTolomeos I, interreligiuri dialogis aucilebloba da mizani, sityva, warmoTqmuli 2006 wlis 22 ianvars, evropis sabWos saparlamento sxdomaze, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(11)’07, 2007, 34. 1297 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013,
228.
194
pluralistul sazogadoebaSi mSvidobisa da erTianobis propagan-da saxelisuflebo politikis amosavali ideaa. 1298 saxelmwifos religiuri neitraliteti ganaTlebaSi ki sazogadoebrivi plural-izmis erT-erTi mTavari pirobaa. 1299 religiisa da eTikis Sesaxeb swavleba skolebSi mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels indiferentulobis, fanatizmis, dogmaturobis, Seuwynareblobisa da Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. 1300 man SesaZloa mniSvnelovani daxmareba gaswios imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor ayalibebs religiuri rwmena, Rirebulebebi da aRmsarebloba sazogadoebebs da individTa qcevis mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs1301.
religiuri ganaTlebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani moqalaqeobisTvis momzadeba unda iyos, radgan religia Tanamedrove kulturisa da sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. 1302 skolebSi religiis gakveTilebis dadebiT socialur, sa-ganmanaTleblo da politikur mxareebs aTeistebisa da sekular-istebis nawilic aRiarebs. 1303 swored amitomac, Tuki religiis Sesaxeb swavlebis programa kargadaa dagegmili da miznad calkeuli religiuri Tu arareligiuri gagebis, msoflmxedvelobis mxardaW-eras ar isaxavs, msgavsi gakveTilebisgan gaTavisuflebis SesaZle-bloba Zalze minimaluri unda iyos an saerTod ar arsebobdes. 1304 nebismier adamians, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nawilad aRiqvams Tavs, sWirdeba codna religiis, rogorc movlenis, misi is-toriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. am codnis miRebis uamravi saSualeba da aprobirebuli modeli arsebobs, rac adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis doqtrinasTan srul TanxvedraSia.
5.2. eklesia-saxelmwifos instituciuri urTierTobebi da ga-
li saxelmwifoebis praqtika xuT models gamoarCevs: 1. qristianuli
1298 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 179. 1299 Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011, Para. 17. 1300 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 181. 1301 iqve, 178. 1302 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European Pub-
lic Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge,
2012, 197. 1303 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:
Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von
Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 197. 1304 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European
Public Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cam-
bridge, 2012, 201; Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching about Religions and Beliefs in Public Schools,
Prepared by the ODIHR Advisory Council of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief, OSCE, Warsaw,
2007, 70, 72.
195
religiis swavleba saganmanaTleblo programis savaldebulo na-wilia, romelsac afinansebs, adgens da organizaciul mxares sax-elmwifo uzrunvelyofs. amasTan, moswavleebsa da mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, msgavs mecadineobebSi monawileoba ar miiRon; 2. saxelmwifo afinansebs religiur ganaTlebas, romelic savaldebuloa, Tumca swavlebas gegmavs da axorcielebs Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianeba, saxelmwifo ki finansur mxares uzrunvelyofs, mSoblebsa da mos-wavleebs arCevanis Tavisufleba aqvT; 3. arCeviTi religiuri swavleba, romelsac Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianebebi adgenen da gansazRvraven saxelmwifosTan erTad, es ukanaskneli ki afinansebs; 4. arCeviTi aradenominaciuri swavleba religiis Sesaxeb, romelsac mTlianad saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs da afinansebs; 5. religiis Sesaxeb swavlebis akrZalva sajaro saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebeb-Si.1305
1305 ix., Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 379-380. SesaZloa religiuri ganaTlebis oTx modelis gamorCeva: 1. religiuri ganaTlebis uaryofa (safrangeTi, albanebiT); 2. ganaTlebis denominaciuri modeli (avstria, belgia, es-paneTi); 3. religiuri ganaTleba religiuri gaerTianebebTan saxelmwifos TanamSromlobiT (ungreTi, fineTi, germania); 4. religiuri ganaTlebas eqsk-luziurad saxelmwifo iRebs sakuTar Tavze (dania, gaerTianebuli samefo). ix., Lozano R.P., Religion and Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Reli-
gious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edit-
ed by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 370-371. 1306 iqve, 371. 1307 iqve, 370. 1308 ix., Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013,
189. 1309 iqve, 188.
196
5.2.2. religiis swavleba da saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebulebebi ganaTlebis sistema adamianis uflebebs Seesabameba da gamarTulia,
Tu saxelmwifo sajaro saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi uzrun-velyofs neitraluri, arareligiuri garemos arsebobas, saWiroebisas ki uSvebs religiis Sesaxeb sagnebs kurikulumSi da moswavleebs uflebas aZlevs, survilis mixedviT, ar gaiaron isini. 1310 adamianis uflebaTa komiteti erTmaneTisgan mijnavs religiur moZRvrebaTaAswavlebasa da religiur praqtikas, amasTan, ganmartavs, rom religiis swavlebisas daculi unda iyos neitralitetisa da obieqturobis moTxovnebi1311.
sajaro saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri ganaTleba, sasurvelia, moicavdes religiis istoriisa da eTikis Sesaxeb swavlebas. 1312 religiebis istoriisa da filosofiis zomieri da obieqturi swavleba fanatizmTan brZolis erT-erT yvelaze efeqtur meqanizmadaa miCneuli. 1313 evrosabWos rekomendaciiT, im sax-elmwifoebSic ki, sadac erTi konkretuli religiaa dominanti, aucilebelia sxva religiebis safuZvlebic aswavlon1314.
evrosasamarTlos praqtikiT, religiuri ganaTlebis aucilebeli ori elementi gamoiyofa: 1. saxelmwifos mier mowodebuli informa-cia unda iyos obieqturi, kritikuli da pluralistuli; 2. sax-elmwifom ar unda dauSvas indoqtrinizacia. 1315 saxelmwifos mier sajaro skolebSi religiis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba legiti-muria, mTavaria, swavlebisas daculi iyos informaciis obieqturoba da neitralurad miwodebis principi. 1316 Tuki saxelmwifos religiis Sesaxeb swavlebisas mkacrad obieqtur, kritikul da pluralistul garemos ar uzrunvelyofs, moswavleebs TavianTi mrwamsis Sesabami-sad, ufleba aqvT, msgavs swavlebaSi monawileoba ar miiRon.1317 adami-anis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifos SeuZlia damoukideblad gadawyvitos religiis swavlebis meTodebi, Tavadve
1310 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 278. 1311 Leirvåg and Ors v. Norway, UNHRC, Comm. No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003, 23 November
2004, Para.14.3;14.6. 1312 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.6. 1313 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.13. 1314 iqve, Para.14. 1315 Lozano R.P., Religion and Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Re-
ligious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Ed-
ited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 378. 1316 ix., Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December 1986 1317 Ringelheim J., Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in Search of
a Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge,
2012, 290; ix., Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007.
197
SearCios am sagnis maswavleblebi da a.S. 1318 rac mTavaria, konkretuli religiis moZRvrebis swavleba unda ganxorcieldes ar-adiskriminaciul safuZvelze. 1319 marTalia, religiis neitraluri swavleba Tanamedrove midgomaa, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom araTu humanitarul sagnebSi, aramed tenqikur disciplinebSic ki obieqturi da neitraluri swavleba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia1320.
`indoqtrinizacia~ 1321 konkretuli doqtrinis gavlenis qveS raimes an vinmes moqcevas gulisxmobs 1322 da igi religiuri ganaTlebis mTavar safrTxedaa miCneuli. 1323 XXI saukuneSi bavSvi saskolo ga-naTlebis mTavari subieqtia. 1324 samoqalaqo liberalizmis mixedviT, ganaTlebis mizani unda iyos bavSvis, rogorc liberaluri sazoga-doebis momavali moqalaqis, avtonomiurad arCevanis gakeTebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris ganviTareba. 1325 Sesabamisad, sax-elmwifom unda uzrunvelyos iseTi saganmanaTleblo sistemis arseboba, sadac bavSvs romelime konkretul religiasa Tu mrwamss Tavs ar moaxveven. 1326 bavSvma skolaSi unda miiRos informacia religiis Sesaxeb da ar unda gaxdes religiuri ganaTlebis na-wili.1327 sajaro skolebSi religiuri pluralizmis principis dacva imas gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi romelime religiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebisgan da pativi sces araqristiani moswavleebis uflebebs1328.
saxelmwifo valdebulia pativi sces mSobelTa religiur Sexedulebebs ganaTlebis nebismier safexursa da doneze, 1329 ga-naTlebis politikis dagegmvisa da rac mTavaria, ganxorcielebis
1318 ix., William Eduardo Delgado Páez v. Colombia, UNHRC, Comm. No. 195/1985,
Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Religious Teaching? in: Law, Reli-
gion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C.
Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 381. 1322 ix., iqve, 378-379. 1323 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:
Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von
Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 197. 1324 van buerni j., bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(10)’07, 2007, 32. 1325 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European Pub-
lic Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge,
2012, 195. 1326 van buerni j., bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(10)’07, 2007, 32. 1327 ix., Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December 1986. 1328 ix., Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 3 November 2009. 1329 ix., Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen and Pedersen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], Application no. 5095/71; 5920/72;
5926/72, 7 December 1976.
198
procesSi, 1330 aseve, maqsimalurad gaiTvaliswinos isini sa-ganmanaTleblo programebSi. 1331 mSoblebs ara mxolod gansakuTrebu-li statusi aqvT, aramed mniSvnelovani uflebebic eniWebaT bavSvebTan mimarTebiT, maT Soris, maT momavlis dagegmvisa da cxovrebis warmarTvis mxrivac. 1332 mSoblebma TavianTi Sexedulebis-amebr unda gadawyviton, Tu ra tipis skolaSi Seiyvanen Svilebs, sax-elmwifo ki mxolod aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, isic minimalurad unda Caerios am gadawyvetilebaSi1333.
sajaro xelisuflebas ar moeTxoveba, rom sajaro skolebSi swavleba romelime religiuri doqtrinis principebTan iyos Sesabam-isi. 1334 saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos iseTi sajaro skolebis arseboba, romlebSic religiur moZRvrebaTa Sesaxeb gakveTilebi ne-bayoflobiTi iqneba, imavdroulad, saxelmwifos movaleobaa iseTi garemo Seqmnas, sadac kerZo skolebSi nebadarTuli iqneba konkretuli religiuri Tu moraluri Sexedulebebis swavleba, raTa aRmsarebel mSobelTa da moswavleTa uflebebic iyos daculi. 1335 Tuki saxelmwifoSi religiis denominaciuri swavlebaa, maTTvis, vi-sac masSi monawileobis miReba ar surs, saxelmwifo religiis Sesaxeb aradenominaciuri sagnebis an eTikis swavlebis SeTavazebas uzrunvelyofs1336.
1330 ix., iqve. 1331 Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007, Para.84. 1332 Nielsen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], App. no. 10929/84, 28 November 1988. 1333 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 251. 1334 Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 106 (1968). 1335 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neu-
tral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 280-281. 1336 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 190. 1337 Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999, Pa-
ra.10.6.
199
ar ewinaaRmdegeboda.1338 dResdReobiT aSS-Si Stati TiToeuli bavSvis ganaTlebas afinansebs, Sesabamisad, mSoblis gadasawyvetia mos-wavlisTvis gamoyofil vauCers sad gamoiyenebs _ kerZo (maT Soris, religiur) Tu sajaro skolaSi1339.
belgiaSi dafinansebulia rogorc religiuri, ise arareligiuri ganaTleba. 1340 niderlandebis samefo afinansebs rogorc sajaro, ise specialur, religiur dawyebiT skolebs da maT mimarT saerTosax-elmwifoebriv standarts adgens. 1341 miuxedavad imisa, rom safrang-eTSi laicituri midgomaa, 1958 wlidan dRemde safrangeTi kaTolikur dawyebiT skolebs afinansebs. 1342 ra Tqma unda, ofi-cialurad es ganaTlebis xelSewyobis mizniT keTdeba, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, am skolebSi romis eklesiis dogmatika iswavleba saeklesio tradiciebis Sesabamisad. religiuri skolebis did nawils saxelmwifo afinansebs gaerTianebul samefoSic1343.
germaniaSi religiuri ganaTleba ZiriTadad sajaro sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSia, romlebSic religiis swavlebasa da Teologias eklesiebsa da sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan
1338 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,
Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 181. 1339 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Bar-
bara, 2005, 1340 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 98. 1341 iqve, 98-99; Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherland, 1983, Art.23; Title II of the Law of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands on “public Schools and Special Schools Financed by the State”, 1981. 1342 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 62. 1343 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91. 1344 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 35. 1345 iqve, 36. 1346 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by
J.C. Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 153.
200
TanamSromlobiT axorcieleben. 1347 germaniis SemTxvevaSi rogorc zogadad religiuri, ise konkretuli religiis swavleba xdeba `garedan~ da ara Tavad saganmanaTleblo instituciis mier `Signi-dan~1348.
5.2.5. religiuri simboloebi da ganaTleba religiisa da ganaTlebis urTierTkavSiris kuTxiT Zalze mniSvne-
lovani da aqtualuria sajaro sivrceSi, kerZod, sajaro sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri simbolikis ganTavsebisa da gamofenis sakiTxi. am mxriv, rogorc evropuli, ise, zogadad, er-Tiani, ZiriTadi uflebebiseuli standarti ar arsebobs. Tematika im-denad mgrZnobiarea, rom bevri saxelmwifo ubralod Tvals xuWavs am sakiTxze, Tumca es gacilebiT ufro did usamarTlobasa da uflebebis darRvevas ganapirobebs.
gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom sajaro skolebSi religiur sim-boloTa gamofena araaRmsarebel mSobelTa da moswavleTa uflebebs arRvevs, adekvaturi ganaTlebis miRebis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba. 1349 religiuri simboloebis tarebasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis uflebaTa komitetsa da evrosasamarTlos gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT. 1350 Tuki pirveli maTgani maT tarebaze dawesebul SezRudvebsa da akrZalvebs xSirad adamianis ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevad ganix-ilavs 1351 , meore amas amarTlebs 1352 . azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa sajaro da erToblivi locvebis CatarebasTan dakavSirebiTac1353.
safrangeTSi akrZalulia nebismieri saxis religiuri simboloebi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, msgavsi akrZalva religiur skolebzec vrceldeba. 1354 rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetma safrangeTSi dawesebuli akrZalva saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri tansacmlis tarebaze, diskriminaciad da 1347 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and
Germany, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Wal-
ter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 210. 1348 ix., iqve, 219. 1349 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 282. 1350 iqve, 283. 1351 UN Religious Tolerance Declaration (1981), Art.6(c), UNHRC, General Comment No.22., Para.4. 1352 ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005. 1353 aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad da sekularizmis principis darRvevad cno skolis politika, romelic kursdamamTavrebulTa ceremoniaze locvas iTvaliswinebda. ix., Lee v. Weismann, 505 U.S. 577 (1992); msgavsadme Seafasa safexburTo matCebis win saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis politika `arase-qtanturi, araprozelituri~ locvis Taobaze. ix., Santa Fe Independent School District v.
Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000). 1354 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Bar-
bara, 2009, 53;Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the
21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen,
2010, 28.
201
ganaTlebis uflebis sayovelTaobis darRvevad miiCnia. 1355 Tumca ev-rosasamarTlom safrangeTis msgavsi damokidebuleba da politika gaamarTla.1356 aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifoebSi, maT Soris, safrang-eTSic, sadac sekularizmi sakonstitucio doneze aRiarebuli prin-cipia, religiuri niSnebi da simboloebi ara mxolod religiuri kuTxiT ganixileba, aramed politikur datvirTvasac iZens1357.
italiurma sasamarTloebma ganmartes, rom saklaso oTaxebSi gan-Tavsebuli jvarcma ara imdenad religiuri, ramdenadac italiuri identobis simbolo da gamovlineba iyo. 1358 gansxvavebuli iyo ev-rosasamarTlos azri, romliTac sajaro sivrceSi religiuri sim-bolikis gamofena adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs arRvevda. 1359 aRsaniS-navia, rom saklaso oTaxebis, sasamarTloebis, saavadmyofoebisa da sxva sajaro dawesebulebaTa kedlebidan jvarcmis Camoxsnasa da ev-rosasamarTlos Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas italiaSi mosaxleobis didi nawilis seriozuli protesti mohyva1360.
germaniaSi religiur simboloebTan damokidebuleba Semwynarebluria da maTi sajarod tareba an gamofena, kanonis far-glebSi, saxelmwifosaTvis misaRebia. 1361 Tumca saklaso oTaxebSi religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba germaniis sakosntitutio sasa-marTlom arakonstituciurad da ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevad cno1362.
adamianis uflebaTa komiteti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri samosis akrZalvis gasamarTleblad aucilebelia saTanado dasabuTeba, amas-Tan, es xels unda uSlides saqmianobis ganxorcielebas, an xelyofdes sxvaTa uflebebs. 1363 msgavsi pozicia gaiziara gaer-Tianebuli samefos lordTa palatam, romelmac religiuri samosis tarebaze akrZalva gaauqma. 1364 evrosasamarTlos rekomendaciiT, maswavleblebma Tavi unda Seikavon religiuri simboloebis an
1355 Report of the Committee on the UN Elimination of Racial Discrimination A/60/18 (2005)26, Para.112;
Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 285. 1356 S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1 July 2014. 1357 ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005; Sir Bratza N., The “Pre-
cious Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights, in: Religion and Dis-
crimination Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 20. 1358 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 29. 1359 Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011. 1360 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 25. 1361 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 307. 1362 ix., Svabe i., germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gad-awyvetilebebi, e. CaCaniZis Targmani, k. kublaSvilis, T. niniZis, b. lolaZisa da q. eremaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2011, 69-77. 1363 ix., Raihon Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan, UNHRC, Comm. no.931/2000, CCPR/C/82/D/921/2000, 8
December 2004, Para.6.2. 1364 ix., Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 261-262.
1365 ix., Dahlab v. Switzerland, [ECtHR], App. No. 42393/98, 15 February 2001. 1366 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28. 1367 Illegal Activities of Sects, Recommendation 1412 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.10.2. 1368 ix., Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989;
McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 103. 1369 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28. 1370 Hasen and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App.no. 1448/04, 9 January 2008, Para.31; Cumper P.,
The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transformation of
Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-
Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 195. 1371 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 30. 1372 iqve. 1373 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011,
91;Sandberg R., Law and Religion, New York, 2011, 155.
203
religiuri skolebi 1374 , sadac konkretuli religia upiratesia da religiis swavlac am mimarTulebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. 1375 gaer-Tianebul samefosa da germaniaSi religiuri ganaTleba ar ganix-ileba mxolod kerZo, pirad sferod, igi mniSvnelovnadaa integri-rebuli sajaro da saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.1376 CexeTSi, estoneTSi, ungreTi, litvaSi, latviaSi, moldaveTSi, slo-vakeTsa da ukrainaSi konfesiuri religiuri ganaTleba im SemTxveva-Sia SemoTavazebuli, Tuki moswavleebi amas Tavad moiTxoven1377.
religiis savaldebulo swavleba ar gulisxmobs moswavleTa valdebulebas, aucileblad erTi konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb mecadineobebSi miiRon monawileoba.√religiuri swavleba, sasurvel-ia, iyos arCeviTi da im mSoblebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom religi-uri ideebi maTTvis mniSvnelovani araa, hqondeT ufleba, Svilebi msgavs mecadineobebs ar daaswron.1378 religiis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda iqnas dadgenili aradiskriminaciuli gamonaklisi an alternativa, romlebic mSoblebis survilsa da interesebs daakmayofilebs. 1379 Tu mSobeli uars acxadebs, Svili religiis gakveTils daeswros, saxelmwifom da skolam unda uzrunvelyon aseTi moswavlis alternatiul mecadineobebze datvirTva. 1380 sax-elmwifo srulad asrulebs sakuTar valdebulebebs ganaTlebisa da religiis Tavisuflebis sferoSi, Tuki arsebobs sajaro skolebi, amasTan, igi uSvebs alternatiul skolebs, maT Soris, religiur sa-
1374 gaerTianebul samefoSi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba religiuri skolis statuss iZens saxelmwifo mdivnis mier registraciis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki skola da-fuZnebulia religiuri gaerTianebis mier an religiuri motiviT. ix., Sandberg R., Law
and Religion, New York, 2011, 161. 1375 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in:
Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von
Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 191. 1376 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and
Germany, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Wal-
ter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 209. 1377 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 193. 1378 Leirvåg and Ors v. Norway, UNHRC, Comm. No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003, 23 November
2004, Para.14.7. 1379 ix., UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993). 1380 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91.mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi, sadac religiuri ganaTleba skolebSi savaldebuloa, mSoblebs aqvT ufleba, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, moiTxovon Svilebis religiis gakveTilebisgan gaTavisufleba; xolo fineTSi, sadac sajaro skolebSi evange-lur-luTeranuli religiis gakveTilebi tardeba, sxva religiis warmomadgenlebs alternativis ufleba aqvT. ix., Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public
Life – The British Experience, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germa-
ny, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 195; Slotte P., Freedom of Reli-
gion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer,
1381 ix., Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999,
Para. 10. 6. 1382 Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007, Para. 86. 1383 boxaSvili b., religiis Tavisufleba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 61. 1384 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.10. 1385 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 288. 1386 Report of The UNHRC, A/60/40 Vol. I (2005)60, Para.90(14). Temperman J., State-Religion Relation-
ship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 288. 1387 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 39. 1388 Sandberg R., Law and Religion, New York, 2011, 154.
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konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb codnis miwodebas gulisxmobs am religiis Rirseuli da mcodne warmomadgenlis aRzrdisa da ganvi-Tarebis mizniT. es ki religiuri ganaTlebis Tanamedrove koncefciisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. amasTan, aRniSnuli konkretuli religiis swavlebis avtomatur diskriminaciul xasiaTs ar gulisxmobs. mag., italiasa da espaneTSi, konkordatiT aRebuli valdebulebebis gamo, kaTolicizmi yvela skolaSia SeTavazebuli, Tumca saxelmwifo alternatiul gakveTilebsac sTavazobs maT, visac kaTolicizmis gakveTilebze daswreba sakuTari rwmenisa da mrwamis gamo ar surT. 1389 konkretuli religiis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesa-bamisma eklesiam an religiurma gaerTianebam SesaZloa daamtkicos an piriqiT, uaryos universitetis leqtoris Tanamdebobaze daniSvna religiuri safuZvliT, misi swavlebis an piradi cxovrebis gamo1390.
religiis swavleba da religiis Sesaxeb swavleba erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba da isini erTmaneTis alternatiuli formebi araa. 1391 religiis Sesaxeb swavleba mravalgvaradaa Sesa-Zlebeli, aucilebelia igi mxolod calkeul religiur Sexedulebebs ar moicavdes. 1392 religiis Sesaxeb swavlebisas saswav-lo masala da maswavleblebic zogadabstraqtul, agnostikur mimar-Tulebebs unda aviTarebdnen. 1393 mas SesaZloa uzrunvelyofdes religiuri gaerTianeba, saxelmwifo an orive erToblivad1394.
religiis Sesaxeb sagnebis Sinaarsi da swavlebis meTodika sax-elmwifoTa mixedviT gansxvavdeba. XX saukuneSi religiuri ga-naTlebis kuTxiT mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda, meore msoflio omamde marTlmadideblur Teologiur skolebSi sxva religiebis Seswavlac daiwyes da axali disciplina SemoiRes _ `religiis is-toria~.1395 religiis istoria civilizaciebis ganviTarebaSi religiis rolisa da gavlenis Sesaxeb informacias unda Seicavdes. 1396 fineTma jer kidev 1922 wlis `religiis Tavisuflebis aqtiT~ daadgina religiuri ganaTlebis alternativa da moswavleTaTvis, romlebsac religiis gakveTilebze daswreba ar surdaT, skolebSi axali sagani
1389 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 192-
193. 1390 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and
Germany, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Wal-
ter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 220. 1391 Education and Religion, Reccomendation 1720 (2005), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.9. 1392 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 122. 1393 iqve, 127. 1394 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 185. 1395 mTavarepiskoposi anastasiosi, marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba sxva reli-giebTan, z. juRelis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #7’06, 2006, 39. 1396 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 124.
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_ `religiisa da eTikis istoria~ SemoiRo. 1397 1997 wlidan norvegiam qristianuli religiis Sesaxeb swavleba Caanacvla savaldebulo sagniT _ `qristianuli codna da religiuri da eTikuri ga-naTleba~. 1398 aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT ki, kon-stituciis pirveli Sesworeba uSvebs mxolod `SedarebiTi religiis an religiis istoriisa~ da bibliis, rogorc werilobiTi da isto-riuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone dokumentis, swavlebas1399.
saswavleblebma saRvTo sjulis swavleba Tavisi iniciativiT aRadgines skolebSi. 1400 qarTuli ganaTlebis aramdgradi sistemis cvlilebaTa paralelurad, icvleboda da viTardeboda damokidebuleba religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmwifom TandaTan Camoayaliba adekvaturi, marTebuli midgoma am sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT. religiis swavleba imdenad mgrZnobiare Temaa, saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi da ar aiRos sakuTar Tavze pasuxismgebloba, aswavlos konkretuli religia. amasTan, mas ekrZaleba prozelitizmi da romelime moZRvrebis privilegirebuli qadageba saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, maT Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, aRiarebs, rom religiis swavleba nebayoflobiTia. avtorizaciis standartebis Tanaxmad, skola unda axorcielebdes erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamis saganamanaTleblo programas. es ukanaskneli ki religiis sakiTxebis Seswavlas aqcevs erTi didi, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis sagnobrivi jgufis programis far-glebSi da moswavleebs religiis istoriis, eTikisa da Teologiis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb informacias awvdis.1401 aRsaniSnavia, rom skolas ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaT-valiswinebuli an gauTvaliswinebeli damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo da saaRmzrdelo momsaxureba, 1402 moiwvios Sesabamisi ganaTlebis mqone piri am kursis gasaZRolad. mTavaria, skolas hqondes damatebiTi sagnis saswavlo gegma, romelic sagnis miznebs, Sefasebis 1397 Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Re-
ligion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C.
Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 338. 1398 Scheinen M., Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion Solutions,
in: in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér,
S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 552. 1399 Abidgton School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 225 (1963). 1400 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 12. 1401 erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016, Tavi XXXV, sagnobrivi programebi sazoga-doebriv mecnierebebSi. 1402 `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 33-e muxlis me-4 punqti.
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principebs, saWiro saganmanaTleblo resursebis CamonaTvals moi-cavs. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb swavlebasac gulisxmobs, Tumca es nebayoflobiT, moswavleTa religiiis Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis principis dacviT unda ganxorcieldes. 1403 kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sajaro skolis mos-wavleebs ufleba aqvT saskolo droisgan Tavisufal dros ne-bayoflobiT Seiswavlon religia an Caataron religiuri rituali, Tu igi religiuri ganaTlebis miRebas emsaxureba1404.
rac Seexeba umaRles saganmanaTlebo da profesiul dawesebulebebs, TiToeuli maTganis saganmanaTleblo programa damoukideblad gadis akreditaciis process, Sesabamisad, dawesebuleba programas misaniWebeli kvalifikaciis miznebis gaT-valiswinebiT qmnis da mas SeuZlia, programis arsidan gamomdinare, gaiTvaliswinos religiis Sesaxeb savaldebulo an arCeviTi kursebi, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.
locva da a.S. samwuxarod, ganaTlebis saministro saxelmwifos masStabiT ver uzrunvelyofs am mimarTulebiT kontrols. es skole-bisa da maswavleblebis donezea gadasawyveti da pirdapir marTlSegnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
TiToeuli saxelmwifos praqtika gansxvavebulia, Tumca, ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi yvela qveyana dominanti religiis warmomadgenlebs maqsimalurad aZlevs saSualebas, sakuTari religiuri uflebebi praqtikaSi ganaxorcielon. ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia, amis parale-lurad, sxva religiis aRmsarebelTa da aTeistTa uflebebi iyos daculi da yovelive es aradiskriminaciul safuZvelze ganxor-cieldes.
6.2. religia da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sistema 6.2.1. samxedroTa rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samxedro mosamsaxureTa
religiur Tavisufleba kanonmdeblobaSi Zalze zogadadaa mowesrigebuli. rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis uflebis realizaciis sa-kiTxs `samxedro mosamsaxuris statusis Sesaxeb~ kanoni gansazRvravs, romlis mixedviTac, samxedro mosamsaxures ufleba aqvs, aRiaros nebismieri religia, aRasrulos religiuri wes-Cveulebebi, mTavari pirobaa, rom am yovelivem xeli ar SeuSalos samsaxurebrivi mo- 1426 Furseth I., The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System, in:
Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by
R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 156. 1427 iqve, 161. 1428 iqve, 154. 1429 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 36. 1430 Arribas S. C., Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law, Religion, Constitution
(Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D.
Thayer, 2013, 309. 1431 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise
on Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 267.
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valeobis SesrulebaSi. 1432 amasTan, aucilebelia, religiuri wes-Cveulebebis aRsruleba aradiskriminaciulad ganxorcieldes da aman damatebiTi SeRavaTebisTvis pirobebi ar Seqmnas1433.
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi rogorc marTlmadidebeli, ise aramarTlma-didebeli samxedro mosamsaxureebi sargebloben SesaZleblobiT, sadResaswaulo dReebSi monawileoba miiRon sazeimo RonisZiebebSi maTi aRmsareblobis sulier centrebsa da sakulto dawesebulebeb-Si.1434
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasjelaRsrulebis sferoSi saxelmwifos mier konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebuleba da Sesabami-sad, am kuTxiT konstituciuri SeTanxmeba sruldeba, amasTan,
aRsaniSnavia, rom es sxva pirTa Tu religiur organizaciaTa uflebebis SezRudvisa Tu darRvevis gareSe ganxorcielda.
daskvna saukuneebis manZilze gamocdil da kargad aprobirebul ur-
TierTobebs XXI saukune uamrav axal gamowvevas usaxavs. erTi SexedviT martivi institutebi, romlebic saxelmwifoebriv sistemasa da samarTlebriv sivrceSi aprobirebulia, SesaZloa uamrav prob-lemas warmoSobdes. am mimarTulebiT erT-erTi yvelaze mgrZnobiare sfero saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTobaa. Tanamedrove samyar-oSi miRebuli sekularizmi, samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi uaryofiTad aRiqmeba da es ara imdenad misi Sinaarsis, ramdenadac Tavad ter-minisa da zogierTi marginalizebuli jgufis mier am cnebis inter-pretaciisadmi damokidebulebaa, rac ufro metad Seucnoblis SiSs hgavs, vidre argumentirebul, sinamdvilis obieqtur aRqmaze dafuZ-nebul grZnobas.
kvlevis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sekularizmi mravaldoniani movlenaa da misi erTi mimarTulebiT warmoCena arasworia. religiis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos neitraluri da miukerZoebeli pozicia ar unda iqnes imgvarad gagebuli, TiTqos amiT saxelmwifo istoriulad aRiarebul da damkvidrebul, mosaxleobis umravlesobis eklesiis rolis an rwmenis daknineba xdeba. 1459 amasTan, neitraliteti ar ir-Rveva, Tuki upiratesoba TanamSromlobis models eniWeba. mTavaria, sxva pirTa religiuri uflebebi da Tanasworobis principi ar dairRves.
saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas srulyofilebamde bevri uklia, ufro metic, igi terminologiurad, Sinaarsobrivad da sa-marTlebrivad uamrav problemas moicavs da warmoSobs kidec. aucilebelia maTi gamosworeba da ukeTesi mowesrigebis dadgena, ra-Ta konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili wesrigi srulad Seerwyas erTian qarTul saxelmwifoebriv organizmsa da samarTlebriv sivrces, amasTan, am procesSi sxvaTa uflebebi maqsimalurad iyos daculi.
1. upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas, rogorc samarTlebriv aqts, unda Seecvalos aqtis formaluri sax-elwodeba. `konstituciuri~ unda Caanacvlos `sakonstituciom~, riTac sabolood dadgindeba SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi buneba da idea, _ igi konstituciaze dafuZnebuli, konstituciiisken mimarTuli gaxdeba, nacvlad imisa, rom ubralod konstituciasTan Sesabamiss aRniSnavdes. miT umetes, rom `konstituciuri SeTanxmeba~ SeiZleba ewodos nebismier SeTanxmebas, romelic Tavisi arsiT konstitucias
1459 97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR]
App.no. 71156/01, 3 May 2007, Paras. 131-132.
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Seesabameba, rac Tavad konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobasa da statuss mniSvnelovnad akninebs.
2. saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili normatiuli aqtebis sistema kon-stituciur SeTanxmebas ierarqiaSi meore adgils aniWebs, riTac xa-zgasmulia misi upiratesoba rogorc Sidaerovnul kanonmdeblobas-Tan, ise saerTaSoriso aqtebTan. amasTan, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTliT sayovelTaod aRi-arebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rac ier-arqiul urTierTobebs sruliad bundovansa da absurduls xdis. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTao normebi da principebi adamian-is ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sferoSi aucileblad iqneba pozitiursamarTlebrivi formiT, saerTaSoriso aqtebSi moce-muli. imavdroulad, es ukanaskneli Tavad eqvemdebareba SeTanxmas.
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodes saqarTvelos kon-stitucias, rac avtomaturad gulisxmobs imis aucileblobasac, rom igi unda iyos konstituciis meore TaviT aRiarebul adamianis Zi-riTad uflebebTan TanxvedraSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konstituciur SeTanxmebasa da konstituciiT aRiarebul ZiriTad uflebebs Soris winaaRmdegoba iqneba, dainteresebuli piris sarCelis/wardginebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis saSualebiT gadawyvets davas. aqedan gamomdi-nare,aucilebelia cvlileba Sevides saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtSi da amoRebul iqnes me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba, romlis arseboba, sakanomdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, arc valdebulebas da arc uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmis qmediTobas ar ukavSirdeba. sakonstitucio cvlileba unda aisaxos `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-4 punqtSi, rom-lis pirveli winadadeba, aseve, amoRebuli unda iqnes.
xasiaTs ar atarebs, kvlavac formalur debulebad rCeba. marTalia, jer prezidentis, Semdeg ki mTavrobis mier ramdenime samarTlebrivi aqti iqna miRebuli da aRsrulebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ram-denime komisiac Seiqmna, Tumca qmediTi nabijebi ar gadadgmula.
sakanonmdeblo teqnikisa da politikur-samarTlebrivi kulturis uaRresad dabali donis maCvenebelia is garemoeba, rom normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi me-2 donis aqti TiTqmis formaluria. misi qmedi-TobisaTvis aucilebelia Seiqmnas ara formaluri, Tanamdebobis pirebisgan, aramed Sesabamisi sferos profesionalebisa da SeTanx-mebis mxareTa oficialuri warmomadgenlebisgan dakompleqtebuli muSa jgufebi, romlebic realur rekomendaciebs gaweren da praqtikul rCevebs miscemen rogorc saxelmwifos, ise qarTul ekle-sias. amasTan, aucilebelia dadgindes zusti da myari vadebi, Sesa-bamisi pasuxismgeblobiT, rac aRsrulebis procesis realur dawyebas ganapirobebs.
8. jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Zalis aRiarebisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis am nawilis aRsrulebisaTvis aucilebelia SemuSavdes iseTi sistema, romelic uSualod adamianze iqneba morgebuli. Tanamedrove samyaroSi nebismieri saxelmwifo momsaxureba, maT So-ris, qorwinebis registracia, maqsimalurad gamartivebuli da dainteresebul pirze orientirebuli unda iyos. amitomac jvrisweris aRiarebisas saqarTvelom unda airCios efeqturi da gamarTuli modeli, romelic am procesSi piris minimalur CarTvas moiTxovs.
aucilebelia, ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqssa~ da `samoqalaqo aq-tebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi, romliTac jvrisweris aRiare-bisTvis samarTlebriv pirobebad samoqalaqo qorwinebis namdvilobis safuZvlebi iqneba miCneuli. amasTan, arsebuli registrirebuli samoqalaqo qorwineba jvrisweris damabrkolebel garemoebad unda iqnes aRiarebuli sakanonmdeblo doneze. aucilebelia, Seiqmnas eklesiis reestri, romelze wvdomac saxelmwifos Sesabamis saregis-tracio organoebs eqnebaT, rac faqtebis dublirebasa da Secdomis daSvebis albaTobas minimumamde Seamcirebs. amasTan, eklesiam unda Seqmnas gamarTuli sistema, romlis meSveobiTac yoveli saqorwino ritualis win samoqalaqo reestris bazebidan miiRebs utyuar da gadamowmebul informacias dasaqorwinebel pirTa ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. iusticiis ministris aqtiT detalurad unda mowesrigdes eklesiasa da saxelmwifo organoebs Soris informaciis gacvlisa da miwodebis sakiTxi. jvrisweris Sesaxeb monacemebi da dokumentacia eklesiam avtomatur reJimSi, dauyovnebliv unda mi-awodos Sesabamis saregistracio organoebs, romlebic maT erTian bazaSi moaqceven.
ganqorwinebis sakiTxi msoflioSi gavrcelebuli praqtikiT unda mowesrigdes da am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba saxelmwifos organoebis mxridan Sesabamisi wesiT daregistrirebul ganqorwinebas mieniWos.
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marTalia, aRniSnuli eklesiisTvis mboWavi Zalis ar iqneba da mas mxolod saxelmwifo aRiarebs, Tumca msgavsi modeli samoqalaqo urTierTobebis stabilurobisTvis gacilebiT xelsayrelia.
informaciis gamWvirvaleoba, saeklesio da saxelmwifo organoTa Soris efeqturi komunikacia, monacemTa da dokumentaciis gacvlis uzrunvelyofa da rac mTavaria, dauyovnebliv aRsruleba, saboloo jamSi, rogorc konstituciuri SeTanxmebis debulebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas, ise misi debulebis deklaraciuli xasiaTis norma-tiulad transformacias ganapirobebs. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan am sakiTxSi TanamSromlobisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis Semdeg, Tavisuflad SesaZlebelia sxva `tradiciuli~ religiuri gaerTianebebis mier Sesrulebuli religi-uri qorwinebis samarTlebrivi Zalis aRiarebac, rac gacilebiT dem-okratiul, pluralistul da Tavisufal marTlwesrigs uzrun-velyofs.
9. religiuri dResaswaulebis uqmobis uzrunvelyofasTan da-kavSirebiT saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi srulad Tavsdeba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis procesis dadebiT konteqstSi, miT umetes, rom SeTanmebis pirveli muxlis me-6 punqtis debuleba mxolod deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa da raime valdebulebas ar Seicavs. igi saxelmwifos keTil nebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da misi mxridan religiuri dResaswaulebis uqme dReebad gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas da ara valdebulebas adgens. Sesabamisad, mcdaria saxelmwifosgan damatebiT religiuri dResaswaulebis uqmeebad gam-ocxadebis moTxovna konstituciur SeTanxmebaze miTiTebiT, miT umetes, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sadResaswaulo dasvenebis dReebi Sromis kodeqsSi isedac dasaSvebze gacilebiT metia.
cielebula. mniSvnelovania kompensaciis raodenobisa da asanaz-Raurebeli moculobis dadgena ganxorcieldes saxelmwifosa da eklesiis SeTanxmebiT, aRniSnulis safuZvelze ki moxdes kompensaci-is saboloo odenobisa da misi gadaxdis periodis gansazRvra. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis miyenebuli zi-anic am konteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli da ara ganyenebulad, ziani ki anazRaurdes proporciulad.
12. saxelmwifo biujetidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sasar-geblod yovelwliurad aTeulobiT milioni lari ixarjeba. mxareTa SeTanxmebiTa da normaTa sistemuri analiziT, SeiZleba mas kompensa-ciac ewodos. Tumca misi zusti odenobisa da periodis ar-gansazRvris gamo, SeuZlebelia imis varaudi, Tu ra xnis manZilze SenarCundeba msgavsi praqtika. aucilebelia, eklesiis sasargeblod gamoyofil Tanxas oficialurad daerqvas kompensacia da sakanon-mdeblo doneze aikrZalos biujetidan eklesiis an romelime religiuri gaerTianebisaTvis uSualod religiuri saqmianobis ganx-orcielebisaTvis raime finansuri saxsrebis gamoyofa.
finansebTan dakavSirebiT, erTaderTi, razec SeiZleba eklesia da saxelmwifo SesaZloa SeTanxmdnen, es raime formiT saeklesio gadasaxadis an misi msgavsi institutis SemoRebaa. am SemTxvevaSi es-panuri modelis recefcia yvelaze adekvaturi iqneba. nacvlad pir-dapiri dafinansebisa, moqalaqeebis religiuri kuTvnilebis Sesabami-sad, winaswari Tanxmobis safuZvelze, maT mier saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod gadaxdili gadasaxadidan (rogorc wesi, saSemosavlo) gansazRvruli procenti Caericxeba Sesabamis religiur gaerTianebas. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubaria maqsimum 0,1-dan 0,5%-ze. amasTan, aucilebelia, daculi iyos im adamianTa uflebebi, visac gadasaxadis gadaxda ar surs, an ar miakuTvnebs Tavs romelime religiur gaer-Tianebas. maTi gadaxdili saSemosavlo srulad Cairicxeba sax-elmwifo biujetSi. am modelis pirobebSi saxelmwifo mxolod gadasaxadebis administrirebaSi daexmareba religiur gaerTianebebs da Suamavlis rols Seasrulebs, rogorc es gavrcelebulia civi-lizebul samyaroSi. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom es Soreuli perspeqtivaa da amisaTvis ara mxolod sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, aramed sazogadoebis mentaluri mzaobac aucilebelia.
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