Dimensions of Environmental Engineering for Design of Commercial Buildings in India

8/14/2019 Dimensions of Environmental Engineering for Design of Commercial Buildings in India

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DIMENSIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING FOR THE DESIGN OFCOMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

Project Progress Report By

NITIN M. DEODHAR

Roll No. 2008503 Second Year

M.Tech. in Environmental Engineeringunder the guidance of

Dr. P V VIJAYBABU


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Dimensions of Environmental Engineering for Design of Commercial Buildi2

PROJECT OBJECTIVE

To research on the Issues affecting

Environment due to Development.

To device a methodology for measurement of

sustainable development.

To identify a major contributor of

Environmental Concern and analyse its

potential for reduction.


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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

MOST OF THE POLLUTION AGENTSOR ENVIRONMENT DESTABILISERSARE DUE TO HUMAN INTERVENTION.

A MAJORITY OF THESE ARE DUE THENEED FOR INCREASED COMFORT OFHUMANS.

CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IS AMAJOR FACTOR AFFECTINGENVIRONMENT.


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ENERGY USERS

URBANISATION IS A MAJOR FACTOR

FOR INCREASED ENERGY USE.

ENERGY USE OF URBAN POPULATIONIS MAINLY DUE TO:

AUTOMOBILES

URBAN SPACES AIRCONDITIONING


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URBAN SPACES

URBAN SPACES AND ENVIRONMENT

HAS INCREASED USAGE OF AIR

CONDITIONING.

AIR CONDITIONING ACCOUNTS FOR

40% - 60% OF THE BUILDINGS

ENERGY NEEDS.


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ENERGY CONSUMTION

ENERGY CONSUMPTION CAN BE

ANALYSED BASED ON VARIOUS

PARAMETERS VIZ:

CONSTRUCTION

URBANISATION

ECONOMIC GROWTH

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH


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CONCEPT OF LCC

LIFE CYCLE COSTING IS AN IMPORTANTTOOL IN ANY BUYING DECISION.

LOWER ENERGY CONSUMPTION RESULTS

IN LOWERING THE ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT. A kilowatt OF ELECTRIC POWERSAVED RESULTS IN APPROX. 2 kW OFSAVING IN FUEL.

INITIAL COSTS COUPLED WITH OPERATINGCOSTS AND REPLACEMENT COSTS NEEDTO BE OPTIMISED THRU A LCC ANALYSIS.


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DYNAMIC METHODS OF LOAD

CALCULATION OF COMMERCIAL

BUILDINGS

PROVIDES A SNAPSHOT OF LOAD AT

THE DESIRED TIME FRAME.

AVOIDS OVER DESIGN.

ALLOWS MATCHING OF LOAD SIDE

DEMAND MANAGEMENT.

PROVIDES OPPORTUNITY FORMANAGING LOADS W.R.T. TIME OF

THE DAY.


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LOGICAL APPROACH TO THE

PROBLEM

A BUBBLE DIAGRAM APPROACH

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

DRINKING

WATER

AVAILABILITY AIR

POLLUTION

FOSSIL

FUEL

LIMITATION

SOIL

CONTAMATION

SOLID

WASTE

MGMT.

AVOID URBANISATION, INSTALL ENERGY EFFICIENT PLANTS & EQUIPMENTS


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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainable Developmentis thedevelopment that meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their ownneeds.

Environmental Sustainabilityrequiresthat human activity only uses naturesresources at a rate at which they can bereplenished naturally.


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CLASSIFICATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Energy Conversation

Water Conversation

Prevention of Air Pollution

Prevention of Soil Pollution

Ecology Balance

Conservation of Wild Life, Habitat & Flaura &

Fauna Conservation & Prevention in other related

fields


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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE

Ozone layer depletion

Global warming

Loss of biodiversity


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Ozone Depletion Process

Ozone is highly reactive and easily broken down

by man-made chlorine and bromine compounds.

These compounds are found to be responsible

for most of the ozone layer depletion.


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Chemistry of Ozone Depletion

When ultraviolet light waves (UV) strike CFC*(CFCl3) molecules in the upper atmosphere, a

carbon-chlorine bond breaks, producing a chlorine

(Cl) atom. The chlorine atom then reacts with an

ozone (O3) molecule breaking it apart and sodestroying the ozone.


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Ozone Depletion Counter Measures

International cooperation, agreement (MontrealProtocol) to phase out ozone depletingchemicals since 1974.

Tax imposed for ozone depleting substances.

Ozone friendly substitutes - HCFC (less ozone

depleting potential and shorter life).

Recycle of CFCs and Halons.


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GLOBAL WARMING

The key greenhouse gases (GHG) causingglobal warming is carbon dioxide. CFC's, eventhough they exist in very small quantities, aresignificant contributors to global warming.

Carbon dioxide, one of the most prevalentgreenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has two

major anthropogenic (human-caused) sources:the combustion of fossil fuels and changes inland use.


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Unit of Measurement of GWP

Often, estimates of greenhouse gas emissions

are presented in units of millions of metric tonsof carbon equivalents (MMTCE), which weights

each gas by its Global Warming Potential or

GWP value.


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Measurement of GHG

Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability toabsorb heat in the atmosphere. HFCs and PFCsare the most heat-absorbent. Methane trapsover 21 times more heat per molecule thancarbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 270

times more heat per molecule than carbondioxide.

Conventionally, the GWP of carbon dioxide,measured across all time horizons, is 1. TheGWPs of other greenhouse gases are thenmeasured relative to the GWP of carbon dioxide.

Thus GWP of methane is 21 while GWP ofnitrous oxide is 270.


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Global Warming (Climate Change) Implications

Rise in global temperature

Climate models predict that the global temperature will rise by

about 6 C by the year 2100.

Rise in sea levelThe mean sea level is expected to rise 9 - 88 cm by the year

2100, causing flooding of low lying areas and other damages.

Food shortages and hungerFood security is likely to be threatened and some regions are

likely to experience food shortages and hunger.


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LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity

where each species, no matter how small, all

have an important role to play and that it is inthis combination that enables the ecosystem to

possess the ability to prevent and recover from a

variety of disasters.


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India's Greenhouse Gas Emissions

India has experienced a dramatic growth in fossil fuel

CO2 emissions, with an increase of nearly 5.9 % since1950.

India is rated as the 6th largest contributor of CO2

emissions behind China, the 2nd largest contributor.

However, our per capita CO2 of 0.93 tons per annum iswell below the world average of 3.87 tons per annum.

Fossil fuel emissions in India continue to result largely

from coal burning.

India is highly vulnerable to climate change as itseconomy is heavily reliant on climate sensitive sectors

like agriculture and forestry. The vast low-lying and

densely populated coastline is susceptible to rise in sea

level.


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The Flexible Mechanisms

Emissions trading

Joint implementation

Clean development mechanism


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Emissions Trading

Through trading, installations with low costs for

reductions are stimulated to make reductions and selltheir surplus of emissions allowances to organisations

where reductions are more expensive. Both the selling

and buying company wins on this flexibility.


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A country that has made a commitment for reducing

greenhouse gases, can offer to, or obtain from another

country, greenhouse gas emissions reductions. These

emissions reductions shall come from projects with the

objectives to reduce anthropogenic emissions fromsources or increase the anthropogenic uptake in sinks.

These reductions can be used to help fulfill their own

reduction commitments at a lower cost than if they hadto do the reductions in their own country.


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A country that has made a commitment for reducing

greenhouse gases, can offer to, or obtain from another

country, greenhouse gas emissions reductions. These

emissions reductions shall come from projects with the

objectives to reduce anthropogenic emissions fromsources or increase the anthropogenic uptake in sinks.

These reductions can be used to help fulfill their own

reduction commitments at a lower cost than if they hadto do the reductions in their own country.


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Clean Development Mechanism

CDM

With the help of CDM, countries which have setthemselves an emission reduction target under the KyotoProtocol (Annex I countries) can contribute to thefinancing of projects in developing countries (non-Annex

I countries) which do not have a reduction target.

These projects should reduce the emission ofgreenhouse gases while contributing to the sustainabledevelopment of the host country involved. The achievedemission reductions can be purchased by the Annex Icountry in order to meet its reduction target.


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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

What is Sustainable Development?Sustainable development is often defined as'development that meets the needs of thepresent, without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs'.

Sustainable development encompasses threebasic and inter-related objectives: Economic security and prosperity Social development and advancement Environmental sustainability


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Sector wiseEnergy consumption

Year Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

2007 21.76 18.49 32.77 28.87

2010 21.88 19.01 31.10 27.86

2015 21.87 20.10 32.24 28.662020 22.67 21.46 32.09 29.22

2025 23.31 22.49 32.93 30.32

2030 24.05 23.59 33.87 32.05


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The Way Forward

Buildings will continue to use electricity astheir prime energy source.

The contribution of Buildings is likely to outgrow

the growth rate of energy consumption in othersectors like Transportation, Industry etc.

Thus, energy consumption in the Buildings

segment is bound to increase with increase inurbanisation, number of buildings and having nosubstitute fuels like biomass, bio fuels etc.


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Questions & Answers

Thank You

Dimensions of Environmental Engineering for Design of Commercial Buildings in India

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