Digital Rights Management John Manferdelli University of Washington
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Dig
ital R
ight
s M
anag
emen
t
John
Man
ferd
elli
Uni
vers
ity o
f Was
hing
ton
DR
M a
s P
rote
ctio
n fo
r cop
yrig
hted
m
ater
ials
�D
igita
l obj
ects
are
ver
y ea
sy a
nd c
heap
to c
opy:
�M
usic
, M
ovie
s, T
ext,
Exe
cuta
bles
.�
Esse
ntia
lly n
o �fr
ictio
n�fro
m d
uplic
atio
n co
sts
�H
owto
pro
tect
dig
ital c
opyr
ight
ed c
onte
nt?
�S
houl
dco
nten
t be
prot
ecte
d?
�40
billi
on d
olla
rs a
yea
r in
fore
ign
trade
for t
he U
S.
�Sh
ould
not
con
flict
with
�fai
r-us
e�do
ctrin
e.�
Wha
t is
fair
use
anyw
ay?
�C
anco
nten
t be
prot
ecte
d?�
Pers
iste
nt p
irate
will
alw
ays
succ
eed
in c
opyi
ng.
�Te
chno
logy
can
pot
entia
lly p
reve
nt s
mal
l sca
le c
opyi
ng:
�kee
ping
hon
est p
eopl
e ho
nest
�Sl
ide
from
Dan
Bon
eh
Com
pute
r Sec
urity
and
DR
M
�C
ompu
ter S
ecur
ityin
volv
es p
roce
sses
and
tech
nolo
gy th
at
enab
le th
e en
forc
emen
t of a
sec
urity
pol
icy
on a
com
pute
r sy
stem
. Se
curit
y P
olic
y sp
ecifi
es:
�Is
olat
ion/
Sec
ure
Exe
cutio
n an
d ot
her �
safe
ty�p
rope
rties
�
Acce
ss a
nd u
se re
stric
tions
on
reso
urce
s im
pose
d on
sec
urity
pr
inci
pals
(thin
k �u
sers
�) u
sing
the
com
pute
r sys
tem
(�Ac
cess
C
ontro
l�)�
Avai
labi
lity
and
othe
r �liv
enes
s�pr
oper
ties
�D
igita
l Rig
ht M
anag
emen
t (a.
k.a
�co
pyrig
ht/c
onte
nt
prot
ectio
n)in
volv
es e
nfor
cem
ent o
f a s
ecur
ity p
olic
y af
fect
ing
use
of d
igita
lly e
ncod
ed m
ater
ial s
peci
fied
by a
co
nten
t �ow
ner�
on c
ompu
ters
not
in th
e ph
ysic
al c
ontro
l of
the
cont
ent o
wne
r.
Ker
neliz
edD
esig
n
�Tr
uste
d C
ompu
ting
Bas
e�
Har
dwar
e an
d so
ftwar
e fo
r en
forc
ing
secu
rity
rule
s�
Ref
eren
ce m
onito
r�
Part
of T
CB
�
All s
yste
m c
alls
go
thro
ugh
refe
renc
e m
onito
r for
sec
urity
ch
ecki
ng�
Not
e im
plic
it tru
st a
ssum
ptio
n:
�ow
ner�
or �A
dmin
�ful
ly tr
uste
d an
d om
nipo
tent
�Ad
ditio
nal a
ssum
ptio
n: n
o of
fline
at
tack
.
Use
r sp
ace
Kern
el s
paceU
ser
proc
ess
OS
kern
el
TCBR
efer
ence
m
onito
r
�an
d no
w fo
r som
ethi
ng c
ompl
etel
y di
ffere
nt�
Supe
rfici
ally
any
way
�Tr
ust M
odel
Cha
nges
�Ad
min
is n
ot �r
oot o
f tru
st�f
or a
ll ac
tions
�M
odel
is n
atur
ally
dis
tribu
ted
�Pe
rsis
tent
Rig
hts
�O
ff-lin
e�
Gra
nula
r and
Fle
xibl
e
�C
rypt
ogra
phic
pro
tect
ion
�So
ftwar
e ru
ns in
Tru
sted
Env
ironm
ent.
�So
ftwar
e is
the
Sec
urity
Prin
cipa
l�
Lam
pson
, Aba
di, W
obbe
rmod
el
Key
Ele
men
ts o
f DR
M
�Li
cens
ing
�Th
e pr
oces
s of
pac
kagi
ng a
nd d
eliv
erin
g pr
otec
ted
bits
w
ith u
n-fo
rgea
ble
term
s of
usa
ge (�
digi
tal l
icen
se�)
us
eabl
e on
ly b
y au
then
ticat
ed u
ser/e
nviro
nmen
t �
Enfo
rcem
ent
�Th
e pr
oces
s of
insu
ring
that
the
use
of th
e di
gita
l wor
k ad
here
s to
enu
mer
ated
use
, priv
acy
and
oper
atin
g re
stric
tions
sta
ted
in a
dig
ital l
icen
se
Enc
rypt
ion
and
Rul
es
�C
onte
nt is
enc
rypt
ed�
Ther
efor
e un
usab
le w
ith th
e rig
ht to
dec
rypt
the
cont
ent
�C
onte
nt li
cens
e sp
ecifi
es ri
ghts
(�ca
pabi
litie
s�) �
cann
ot b
e fo
rged
�S
peci
fies
auth
entic
atio
n in
form
atio
n, e
nviro
nmen
t (a
pplic
atio
n, O
S, e
tc.)
�S
peci
fies
usag
e/ac
cess
con
trol r
ules
�C
onta
ins
the
�sea
led�
key
for t
he c
onte
nt. K
ey c
an b
e se
aled
by
any
licen
sor (
usin
g a
publ
ic k
ey) b
ut c
an o
nly
be �u
nsea
led�
with
in a
n is
olat
ed,
trust
ed e
nviro
nmen
t (b
y a
priv
ate
key
only
kn
own
in th
at tr
uste
d en
viro
nmen
t)
Content License 938473
Machine 02345 Running
Program 1 (with hash 0x7af33)
Can view Document 3332 on 2002-20-01
Sealed Key: 0x445635
Signed Boeing
Enf
orce
men
tA
t ini
tializ
atio
n, T
rust
ed P
rogr
am s
ays:
1.Is
olat
e m
e2.
Aut
hent
icat
e m
eA
fter I
nitia
lizat
ion
com
plet
es s
ucce
ssfu
lly, J
eff�s
PC
1.M
akes
Priv
ate
key
avai
labl
e fo
r use
Whe
n co
nsum
ing
cont
ent,
Trus
ted
Prog
ram
:1.
Ret
rieve
s lic
ense
and
enc
rypt
ed c
onte
nt fi
le2.
Aut
hent
icat
es li
cens
e by
che
ckin
g di
gita
l sig
natu
re3.
Che
cks
rule
com
plia
nce
4.U
ses
priv
ate
key
to u
nsea
l the
con
tent
key
5.D
ecry
pts
and
uses
con
tent
with
in T
rust
ed P
rogr
am
Trus
ted
Prog
ram
Trus
ted
Prog
ram
Aut
hent
icat
ing
Pub
lic K
eyA
uthe
ntic
atin
g P
ublic
Key
(( ��R
oot o
f Tru
stR
oot o
f Tru
st�� ))
0x7a
f33
0x7a
f33
PK
: 837
4505
PK
: 837
4505Je
ff�s
PC
Jeff�
s P
C
Obt
aini
ng R
ight
s an
d P
erm
issi
ons
Lice
nse
Serv
er
Content License 938473
Machine 02345 Running
Program 1 (with hash 0x7af33)
Can view Document 3332
on 2002-20-01
Sealed Key: 0x445635
Signed Boeing
Machine License 83874
Machine 02345 Running
Program 1 (with hash 0x7af33)
Has access to a private key
Whose public key is 0x2231
Signed Microsoft
2) R
espo
nse
2) R
espo
nse
Her
eH
ere ��
s yo
ur li
cens
es
your
lice
nse
Cus
tom
er b
enef
itsC
usto
mer
ben
efits
!!Li
cens
es c
an b
e us
ed o
fflin
eLi
cens
es c
an b
e us
ed o
fflin
e!!
Sim
ple
man
agem
ent o
f aut
horiz
atio
n (n
o ce
ntra
l aut
horit
y)S
impl
e m
anag
emen
t of a
utho
rizat
ion
(no
cent
ral a
utho
rity)
!!V
ery
sim
ple
and
flexi
ble
dist
ribut
ion
(a s
erve
r can
dis
tribu
te t
Ver
y si
mpl
e an
d fle
xibl
e di
strib
utio
n (a
ser
ver c
an d
istri
bute
t o o �� a
nyany ��
clie
nt)
clie
nt)
12
Jeff�
s PC
1)1)R
eque
stR
eque
stI w
ant d
ocum
ent 2
346.
I w
ant d
ocum
ent 2
346.
H
ere
Her
e ��s
my
Mac
hine
Lic
ense
s
my
Mac
hine
Lic
ense
to
sho
w y
ou c
an tr
ust m
y to
sho
w y
ou c
an tr
ust m
y m
achi
nem
achi
ne
Key
Har
dwar
e C
ompo
nent
s
""
##
$$
%%
A H
yper
viso
r?
XrM
L E
xpre
ssio
nsEa
ch �
right
s ex
pres
sion
�m
ay s
peci
fy a
com
bina
tion
of
rule
s su
ch a
s:�
wha
t rig
hts
are
avai
labl
e,�
for w
hom
,�
for h
ow m
any
times
, �
with
in w
hat t
ime
perio
d,�
unde
r wha
t acc
ess
cond
ition
s,
�fo
r wha
t fee
s,
�w
ithin
whi
ch te
rrito
ry, a
nd
�w
ith w
hato
blig
atio
ns,
�Et
c.
�Sm
all�
Rig
hts
Man
agem
ent
�Pr
otec
ting
Per
sona
l Inf
orm
atio
n�
Prot
ectin
g pe
rson
al H
ealth
and
Fin
anci
al
info
rmat
ion
�Pr
otec
ting
indi
vidu
al c
omm
unic
atio
n�
Prot
ectin
g C
orpo
rate
info
rmat
ion
Sce
nario
s fo
r Sm
all R
ight
s M
anag
emen
t
!!C
entr
aliz
ed lo
ggin
g of
lice
nse
requ
ests
Cen
tral
ized
logg
ing
of li
cens
e re
ques
ts!!
Cen
tral
ized
tem
plat
es to
exp
ress
pol
icy
Cen
tral
ized
tem
plat
es to
exp
ress
pol
icy
!!O
fflin
e an
d on
line
scen
ario
sO
fflin
e an
d on
line
scen
ario
s
!!Se
cure
dat
abas
eSe
cure
dat
abas
e --ba
cked
con
tent
back
ed c
onte
nt!!
Intr
anet
por
tals
Intr
anet
por
tals
!!B
ackw
ard
com
patib
ility
for e
arlie
r app
sB
ackw
ard
com
patib
ility
for e
arlie
r app
s
!!W
ho c
an a
cces
s se
nsiti
ve p
lans
Who
can
acc
ess
sens
itive
pla
ns!!
Leve
l of a
cces
s: p
rint,
edit,
sav
e, e
tc.
Leve
l of a
cces
s: p
rint,
edit,
sav
e, e
tc.
!!Le
ngth
of a
cces
s pe
riod
Leng
th o
f acc
ess
perio
d
!!K
eep
mai
l off
inte
rnal
mem
os.c
om
Kee
p m
ail o
ff in
tern
alm
emos
.com
!!
Secu
re E
xecu
tive
Secu
re E
xecu
tive --
leve
l mai
l le
vel m
ail
!!C
onsi
sten
t app
licat
ion
of e
xpiry
rule
sC
onsi
sten
t app
licat
ion
of e
xpiry
rule
s
Web
W
eb
Con
tent
Con
tent
Prot
ecte
d Pr
otec
ted
Info
rmat
ion
Info
rmat
ion
Do
Do --
Not
Not
-- For
war
d Fo
rwar
d Em
ail
Emai
l
Cen
tral
ized
C
entr
aliz
ed
Polic
y C
ontr
olPo
licy
Con
trol
�Big
�Rig
hts
Man
agem
ent
�M
ass
Mar
ket C
onte
nt�
Book
s�
Audi
o�
Vide
o�
Softw
are
�M
uch
mor
e fle
xibl
e us
e an
d be
tter c
onte
nt
man
agem
ent
�Bu
t the
re a
re �F
air U
se�c
once
rns
whi
ch c
an b
e m
itiga
ted
�m
aybe
Sce
nario
s fo
r Big
Rig
hts
Man
agem
ent
!!Li
brar
y/ar
chiv
eLi
brar
y/ar
chiv
e!!
Roa
min
gR
oam
ing
!!�� A
ctiv
eA
ctiv
e ��co
nten
tco
nten
t
!!Pr
emiu
m re
leas
esPr
emiu
m re
leas
es!!
Pric
e di
scrim
inat
ion
Pric
e di
scrim
inat
ion
!!I h
ear i
t. I
wan
t it.
I get
it.
I hea
r it.
I w
ant i
t. I g
et it
.!!
Low
er m
anuf
actu
ring
cost
sLo
wer
man
ufac
turin
g co
sts
!!M
ore
varie
ty?
Mor
e va
riety
?
!!M
ost p
opul
ar u
se o
f DR
MM
ost p
opul
ar u
se o
f DR
M!!
I don
I don
�� t ge
t it
t get
it
Pay
per v
iew
Pa
y pe
r vie
w
mov
ies
mov
ies
Web
dis
trib
uted
Web
dis
trib
uted
song
sso
ngs
Rin
g to
nes
Rin
g to
nes
EE-- B
ooks
Boo
ks
Wat
erm
arki
ng
�D
urab
le, i
mpe
rcep
tible
mar
king
of c
onte
nt.
Eac
h �m
ark�
is
one
bit o
f inf
orm
atio
n.�
Rob
ust w
ater
mar
king
�w
ater
mar
k is
har
d to
rem
oved
(usi
ng
Stir
mar
k, e
tc)
�Ap
proa
ch ta
ken
by S
DM
I, D
igim
arc,
Ver
ence
.�
A fa
ilure
, gen
eral
ly s
peak
ing
�W
ater
mar
king
is c
onte
nt s
peci
fic�
Text
-cus
tom
spa
cing
, cus
tom
font
s, d
elib
erat
e er
rors
�M
usic
�C
hang
es to
Fou
rier t
rans
form
ed c
ompo
nent
s �
Pict
ure
�Sl
ight
cha
nges
to F
ourie
r tra
nsfo
rmed
imag
e�
Vide
o
�W
ater
mar
king
ban
dwid
th is
als
o co
nten
t spe
cific
How
a w
ater
mar
king
sys
tem
pro
tect
ion
syst
ems
wor
k
�O
ne b
it of
info
rmat
ion
(The
�pro
tect
ed b
it�) s
igna
ls
to p
laye
r (IE
, Rea
lPla
yer,
Win
dow
s M
edia
Pla
yer,
DV
D P
laye
r) th
at c
onte
nt is
pro
tect
ed a
nd
requ
ires
a lic
ense
.�
Som
etim
es a
dditi
onal
bits
enc
oded
iden
tifyi
ng c
onte
nt�
Play
er re
fuse
s to
pla
y co
nten
t with
out a
lice
nse
�C
an y
ou th
ink
how
to d
efea
t thi
s?�
Hin
t: D
on�t
ask,
don
�t te
ll, d
on�t
enfo
rce
DR
M S
yste
ms
in th
e N
ews
�SD
MI
�W
indo
ws
Med
ia P
laye
r�
Rea
l DR
M�
Appl
e D
RM
�IR
M�
CSS
�M
acro
visi
on�
LexM
ark
�Xb
ox�
Sony
Pla
ysta
tion
Tech
nica
l Iss
ues
in M
echa
nism
s
�Br
eak
Onc
e B
reak
Eve
ryw
here
�D
egre
e of
isol
atio
n�
Tran
sduc
er P
robl
em�
I/O�
Priv
acy
and
Inte
rope
rabi
lity
�Fl
exib
ility
(tra
nsfe
r, et
c)�
Mul
tiple
dev
ices
�M
ultip
le u
sers
�M
igra
tion
�U
ser C
ontro
l/Bac
kup
Soc
ial a
nd P
olic
y Is
sues
��F
air U
se�
�M
onop
oly
�Loc
k-in
��
Eros
ion
of c
opyr
ight
in fa
vor o
f �co
ntra
cts�
�Ar
chiv
e�
DM
CA
and
hac
king
��In
form
atio
n w
ants
to b
e fre
e��
Con
sum
er e
xpec
tatio
ns�
Dra
coni
an li
cens
ing
polic
ies
An
Ana
log
Atta
ck �
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