Digital Rights Management Bill Cody – MSIT-526 – 12/20/05.

Digital Rights ManagementDigital Rights Management

Bill Cody – MSIT-526 – 12/20/05Bill Cody – MSIT-526 – 12/20/05

History of DRMHistory of DRM 1975 – Cassette tape

Breakthrough in sound quality 1975 – Sony Betamax introduced

Record up to 2 hours, cost $2295.00 1977 – RCA introduces VHS

4 hour recording, cheaper $1,000.00 1976 – Universal/Disney vs Sony

Watershed moment for “fair use” 1983 – Compact Disc (CD) released

Superior sound quality to cassette 1986 – Pioneer introduces DVD player

Also, 3 million CD players had been purchased and 53 million CD’s in the U.S.

History - ContinuedHistory - Continued 1998 – First recordable CD’s

introduced Capable of holding 650 MB of data Seen as threat from recording

industry 1998 – Digital Millennium

Copyright Act passed (DMCA) Amended Title 17 of US Code

(copyright) 1999 RIAA sues Napster

First lawsuit of its kind Based on principles of DMCA

ImplementationImplementation

Multi-layered system Intellectual Property Asset Creation

and Capture Asserts rights when content is created

IP Asset Management Place content into asset management

system, attach descriptive metadata IP Asset Usage

Implements constraints over traded content through software (security)

DRM Functional Architecture

DRM Functional Architecture

DRM – Copy ProtectionDRM – Copy Protection

Macrovision Most widely used Signals implanted in off-screen

range of video signal that change signal’s brightness to unwatchable levels when VCR set to record DVD signal or another VHS tape

Can be embedded in VHS tape or created upon playback by chip in DVD player

DRM – Copy ProtectionDRM – Copy Protection

Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) Controls transmission of digital

content Developed by Intel, Hitachi, Sony Occurs during transfer between

digital devices over high-speed (IEEE1394) networks

All devices must contain “CCI” – copy control information

DTCP DiagramDTCP Diagram

DRM – Copy ProtectionDRM – Copy Protection Content Scrambling System (CSS)

Data encryption/authentication method to protect DVD’s

40-bit encryption stream cipher algorithm Data on DVD naturally encrypted &

can only be viewed properly on a DVD player licensed to decrypt the data

Developed by DVD Copy Control Association (DVDCCA)

Reverse engineered in 1999 by 19 year old Norwegian & published on the Internet (DeCSS)

Emerging Copy Protection

Emerging Copy Protection

High Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) Developed by Intel Protects digital audio & video

content as it travels across DVI or HDMI connections

Rumored that Blu-Ray/HD-DVD will only output full resolution signals under HDCP

DRM AdvocatesDRM Advocates

MPAA RIAA Microsoft Sony Musicians (i.e. Metallica) Film makers Authors Computer programmers

Opponents to DRMOpponents to DRM

Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)

Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure

Some musicians Switchfoot

Posted instructions on how to defeat DRM on their CD’s

Texas, California Opposed Sony’s implementation

Failed DRM MethodsFailed DRM Methods CSS Early “physical protection” types

Proprietary connections Sony XCM “rootkit”

Supposed to limit number of times music can be copied from CD

Undetectable spyware Became vulnerable to exploit and

infection Removal patch issued created

larger security hole

Legal RamificationsLegal Ramifications Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

Makes it a crime to circumvent anti-piracy measures built into most commercial software

Outlaws the manufacture, sale, or distribution of code-cracking devices used to illegally copy software

Does permit the cracking of copyright protection devices, however, to conduct encryption research, assess product interoperability, and test computer security systems

Provides exemptions from anti-circumvention provisions for nonprofit libraries, archives, and educational institutions under certain circumstances

Requires that "webcasters" pay licensing fees to record companies

Legal RamificationsLegal Ramifications

Lawsuits Court maintains discretion to

reduce or remit damages in cases of innocent violations

Criminal prosecution if violation was for purpose of commercial advantage or private gain

Up to $500,000 fine Up to 5 years imprisonment

Future of DRMFuture of DRM

Microsoft implementations Windows Vista

Will employ HDCP Legally-purchased high definition

content will not display at optimum resolution unless computer monitor is HDCP capable and activated

Blu-Ray or HD-DVD player also needed to enjoy high-definition content

ConclusionConclusion DRM – Powerful tool for protecting

intellectual property DMCA “updates” U.S. Code Title 17

(copyright) to protect digital content Some methods dangerous and

present security risk (Sony) Some methods will require expensive

hardware upgrades to enjoy high-definition content

Trend makes it increasingly difficult to make personal backup copies of legally-purchased content

ConclusionConclusion Overzealous organizations

(MPAA/RIAA) file lawsuits with little discretion Need to focus on pirates, not

housewives/children/the dead Increasingly limits right to “fair

use” Legislature should re-examine

DMCA and amend it to relax restrictions on DRM

DRM should protect author(s), end user(s), and not be a security risk

Questions?Questions?