Digital Image Processing Lecture 2 (Image processing fundamentals) Bu-Ali Sina University Computer Engineering Dep. Fall 2009
Digital Image Processing
Lecture 2(Image processing fundamentals)
Bu-Ali Sina UniversityComputer Engineering Dep.
Fall 2009
Outline
Human Visual SystemThe best vision model we have!Knowledge of how images form in the eye canhelp us with processing digital imagesWe will take just a whirlwind tour of the humanvisual system
Structure Of The Human EyeThe lens focuses light from objects onto theretinaThe retina is covered withlight receptors calledcones (6-7 million) androds (75-150 million)Cones are concentratedaround the fovea and arevery sensitive to colourRods are more spread outand are sensitive to low levels of illumination
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Blind-Spot ExperimentDraw an image similar to that below on a pieceof paper (the dot and cross are about 6 inchesapart)
Close your right eye and focus on the crosswith your left eyeHold the image about 20 inches away fromyour face and move it slowly towards youThe dot should disappear!
Image Formation In The EyeMuscles within the eye can be used to changethe shape of the lens allowing us focus onobjects that are near or far awayAn image is focused onto the retina causingrods and cones to become excited whichultimately send signals to the brain
Brightness Adaptation & Discrimination
The human visual system can perceiveapproximately 1010 different light intensitylevelsHowever, at any one time we can onlydiscriminate between a much smaller number –brightness adaptationSimilarly, the perceived intensity of a region isrelated to the light intensities of the regionssurrounding it
Brightness Adaptation & Discrimination(cont>)
Brightness Adaptation & Discrimination(cont>)
An example of simultaneous contrast
Brightness Adaptation & Discrimination(cont>)
For more great illusion examples take a look at: http://web.mit.edu/persci/gaz/
Light And The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Light is just a particular part of theelectromagnetic spectrum that can be sensedby the human eyeThe electromagnetic spectrum is split upaccording to the wavelengths of different formsof energy
Reflected LightThe colours that we perceive are determinedby the nature of the light reflected from anobjectFor example, if whitelight is shone onto agreen object mostwavelengths areabsorbed, while greenlight is reflected fromthe object
White Light
ColoursAbsorbed
Green Light
Sampling, Quantization And Resolution
In the following slides we will consider what isinvolved in capturing a digital image of a real-world scene
– Image sensing and representation– Sampling and quantization– Resolution
Sampling
Sampling (aliasing)
Sampling
Image Sampling And Quantisation
Sampling
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Digital Image Representation
· A typical image formation system consists of an “illumination”source, and a sensor.· Energy from the illumination source is either reflected orabsorbed by the object or scene, which is then detected by thesensor.· Depending on the type of radiation used, a photo-converter(e.g., a phosphor screen) is typically used to convert the energyinto visible light.· Sensors that provide digital image as output, the incomingenergy is transformed into a voltage waveform by a sensormaterial that is responsive to the particular energy radiation.· The voltage waveform is then digitized to obtain a discreteoutput.
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Image Sensing and Acquisition
– I = f(x,y)– I: intensity (or color)– (x,y): Position or Coordination– When (x,y) and I are finite and discrete
quantities -→ digital image– pixels, picture elements, image elements
Digital Image, Mathematical Definition
Digital Image Representation
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Effect of spatial resolution
Effect of spatial resolution
Effect of spatial resolution
Effect of graylevel quantization
Effect of spatial resolution
Effect of graylevel quantization
Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels,eighbors of a Pixel
Some Basic Relationships Between PixelsConnectivity
(a) 4-adjacency. Two pixels p and q with values from V are 4-adjacent if q isin the set �4(p).
(b) 8-adjacency. Two pixels p and q with values from V are 8-adjacent if q isin the set �8(p).
Some Basic Relationships Between PixelsDistance
Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Rotation of Pixels
SummaryWe have looked at:
– Human visual system– Light and the electromagnetic spectrum– Image representation– Image sensing and acquisition– Sampling, quantisation and resolution
Next time we start to look at techniques forimage enhancement