DIG 3134 Lecture 5: Functions Michael Moshell University of Central Florida

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DIG 3134

Lecture 5: Functions

Michael MoshellUniversity of Central Florida

Media Software Design

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The Objective:• Learn what a function is,

how to make one,and how to use it.

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What is a function?

Think of it as a machine.You put in some inputs, and

it does some work, andproduces some outputs.

4 square($n) 16

print "Four squared is".square(4);

Four squared is 16

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How do you make a functionYou define it like this:

function square($n){

$product=$n*$n;return $product;

}

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How do you make a functionYou define it like this:

function square($n){

$product=$n*$n;return $product;

}// and then you "Call" it like this.

$x=square(5);// or like this

print square(6);

function name

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How do you make a functionYou define it like this:

function square($n){

$product=$n*$n;return $product;

}// and then you "Call" it like this.

$x=square(5);// or like this

print square(6);

input ("argument, or "parameter")

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How do you make a functionYou define it like this:

function square($n){

$product=$n*$n;return $product;

}// and then you "Call" it like this.

$x=square(5);// or like this

print square(6);

output, or"return value"

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How do you make a functionYou define it like this:

function square($n){

$value=$n*$n;return $value;

}// and then you "Call" it like this.

$x=square(5);// or like this

print square(6);using the function

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How do you make a functionYou define it like this:

function square($n){

$value=$n*$n;return $value;

}// and then you "Call" it like this.

$x=square(5);// or like this

print square(6);

$x is now 25

36

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Here's a fancier function.

function makebox($height,$width){

$answer='<table>';for ($row=1; $row<=$height;$row++){ $answer .='<tr>';

for ($col=1; $col<=$width; $col++){ $answer.='<td>*</td>'; }$answer .='</tr>';

}$answer .='</table>';return $answer;

}

print makebox(3,4);

* * * ** * * ** * * *

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function makebox($height,$width){

$answer='<table>';for ($row=1; $row<=$height;$row++){ $answer .='<tr>';

for ($col=1; $col<=$width; $col++){ $answer.='<td>*</td>'; }$answer .='</tr>';

}$answer .='</table>';return $answer;

}

print makebox(3,4);

* * * ** * * ** * * *

function name

Here's a fancier function.

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function makebox($height,$width){

$answer='<table>';for ($row=1; $row<=$height;$row++){ $answer .='<tr>';

for ($col=1; $col<=$width; $col++){ $answer.='<td>*</td>'; }$answer .='</tr>';

}$answer .='</table>';return $answer;

}

print makebox(3,4);

* * * ** * * ** * * *

arguments, or parameters

Here's a fancier function.

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function makebox($height,$width){

$answer='<table>';for ($row=1; $row<=$height;$row++){ $answer .='<tr>';

for ($col=1; $col<=$width; $col++){ $answer.='<td>*</td>'; }$answer .='</tr>';

}$answer .='</table>';return $answer;

}

print makebox(3,4);

* * * ** * * ** * * *

output value

Here's a fancier function.

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function makebox($height,$width){

$answer='<table>';for ($row=1; $row<=$height;$row++){ $answer .='<tr>';

for ($col=1; $col<=$width; $col++){ $answer.='<td>*</td>'; }$answer .='</tr>';

}$answer .='</table>';return $answer;

}

print makebox(3,4);

* * * ** * * ** * * *

functiondeclaration

Here's a fancier function.

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function makebox($height,$width){

$answer='<table>';for ($row=1; $row<=$height;$row++){ $answer .='<tr>';

for ($col=1; $col<=$width; $col++){ $answer.='<td>*</td>'; }$answer .='</tr>';

}$answer .='</table>';return $answer;

}

print makebox(3,4);

* * * ** * * ** * * *

functionInvocation("call")

Here's a fancier function.

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Returning a value

function makebox($height,$width){

$answer='<table>';for ($row=1; $row<=$height;$row++){ $answer .='<tr>';

for ($col=1; $col<=$width; $col++){ $answer.='<td>*</td>'; }$answer .='</tr>';

}$answer .='</table>';return $answer;

}

print makebox(3,4);

* * * ** * * ** * * *

Returnstatement

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NOT Returning a value

Not all functions have to return a value.Sometimes they just print their results... like this

function printbold($text){

print "<strong>$text</strong>";}

print "I am ";printbold("Mike Moshell");print " and you are not.";

I am Mike Moshell and you are not.

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Function Exercise 1

Create a function called print3times($text),that prints three copies of the given text, eachon a separate row. (Use the <br /> tag.)

function print3times($text){?? you design what goes in here.?}

print3times("Hooray no Ike!");Do it now, before we reveal solution.

Hooray no Ike!Hooray no Ike!Hooray no Ike!

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Function Exercise 1

Create a function called print3times($text),that produces three copies of the given text, eachon a separate row. (Use the <br /> tag.)

function print3times($text){ // the BFI ("brute force & ignorance") method:

print $text.'<br />';print $text.'<br />';print $text.'<br />';

}

print3times('Hooray no Ike!');

Hooray no Ike!Hooray no Ike!Hooray no Ike!

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Function Exercise 1

Create a function called print3times($text),that produces three copies of the given text, eachon a separate row. (Use the <br /> tag.)

function print3times($text){ // the elegant (extensible) method

for ($i=1; $i<=3; $i++){

print $text.'<br />'; }

} # print3times

print3times('Hooray no Ike!');

Hooray no Ike!Hooray no Ike!Hooray no Ike!

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Function Exercise 2Each person do one or 'tother.. NOW

SIMPLE Create a function called polite($g,$name)where input $g will be 'm' or 'f' for male or female.It prints "Good morning Mr. Smith" or "Good morning, Ms. Smith"

based on input like polite('m','Smith').

ADVANCED: In the fictional language Ispanglish, all femalenames end in 'a' and all male names end in 'e'. Produce a functioncalled ispolite($name) that prints

"Boonie Doozie, Madama Elena" for a female name like Elena,"Boonie Doozie, Maestro Mike' for a mail name like Mike.

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Function Exercise 2SIMPLE Create a function called polite($g,$name)where input $g will be 'm' or 'f' for male or female.It prints "Good morning Mr. Smith."

or "Good morning, Ms. Smith."

based on input like this: polite('m','Smith').

That is, the parameter $g will have value 'm' or 'f'.

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Function Exercise 2SIMPLE Create a function called polite($g,$name)where input $g will be 'm' or 'f' for male or female.It prints "Good morning Mr. Smith."

or "Good morning, Ms. Smith."

based on input like this: polite('m','Smith').

That is, the parameter $g will have value 'm' or 'f'.

((Don't look here if you want to figure it outfor yourself!))

Hint->

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Function Exercise 2SIMPLE Create a function called polite($g,$name)where input $g will be 'm' or 'f' for male or female.It prints "Good morning Mr. Smith."

or "Good morning, Ms. Smith."

based on input like this: polite('m','Smith').

That is, the parameter $g will have value 'm' or 'f'.

function polite ($g, $name){

if (something) {print "Good morning Mr. $name";}

else { print "Good morning Ms. $name." }}polite('m','Jones'); polite('f','Ramirez');

Hint->

Calls->

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Function Exercise 2

SIMPLE Create a function called polite($g,$name)where input $g will be 'm' or 'f' for male or female.It prints "Good morning Mr. Smith, or Ms. Smith.",based on input like polite('m','Smith').

function polite($g,$name){

if ($g=='m'){ print "Good morning Mr. $name";}else{ print "Good morning Ms. $name";}

}

Basic Solution

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Function Exercise 2

SIMPLE Create a function called polite($g,$name)where input $g will be 'm' or 'f' for male or female.It prints "Good morning Mr. Smith, or Ms. Smith.",based on input like polite('m','Smith').

function polite($g,$name){

if ($g=='m'){ print "Good morning Mr. $name";}else if ($g == 'f'){ print "Good morning Ms. $name";}else{ print "error 001: unknown gender selector $g.";}

}

Better Solution

- covers all cases

- numbered error msgs

- specific feedback on type of error (could be better)

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Function Exercise 2ADVANCED: In the fictional language Ispanglish, all femalenames end in 'a' and all male names end in 'e'. Produce a functioncalled ispolite($name) that prints "Boonie Doozie, Madama Elena" for a female name like Elena, "Boonie Doozie, Maestro Mike' for a mail name like Mike.

-- Advanced students:Work on this problem for homework –

You can check your work against my solution,on the last slide of this Powerpoint document.

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The Scope of Variables

Variables created inside a function cannot beseen outside that function.Variables created outside a function cannot beseen inside that function.

$x=3;function monster( ){

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

declare function 'monster'first pass: check syntax,

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The Scope of Variables

Variables created inside a function cannot beseen outside that function.Variables created outside a function cannot beseen inside that function.

$x=3;function monster( ){

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

outside x::3

second pass:execute code.

variable xis createdin globalnamespace

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The Scope of Variables

Variables created inside a function cannot beseen outside that function.Variables created outside a function cannot beseen inside that function.

$x=3;function monster( ){

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::3

invoking 'monster'

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The Scope of Variables

Variables created inside a function cannot beseen outside that function.Variables created outside a function cannot beseen inside that function.

$x=3;function monster( ){

print “first inside x=$x”;$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::3

invoking 'monster'

first inside x=

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The Scope of Variables

Variables created inside a function cannot beseen outside that function.Variables created outside a function cannot beseen inside that function.

$x=3;function monster( ){

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::3

invoking 'monster'

first inside x=x::5

another xis createdinside the function

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The Scope of Variables

Variables created inside a function cannot beseen outside that function.Variables created outside a function cannot beseen inside that function.

$x=3;function monster( ){

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::3

invoking 'monster'

first inside x=

second inside x=5x::5

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The Scope of Variables

Variables created inside a function cannot beseen outside that function.Variables created outside a function cannot beseen inside that function.

$x=3;function monster( ){

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::3

first inside x=

second inside x=5

outside x=3

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The Global Declaration

If you declare a variable 'global', the functionuses the variable from the outside world.

$x=3;function monster( ){ global $x;

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::3

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The Global Declaration

If you declare a variable 'global', the functionuses the variable from the outside world.

$x=3;function monster( ){ global $x;

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::3

first inside x=3

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The Global Declaration

If you declare a variable 'global', the functionuses the variable from the outside world.

$x=3;function monster( ){ global $x;

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::5

first inside x=3

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The Global Declaration

If you declare a variable 'global', the functionuses the variable from the outside world.

$x=3;function monster( ){ global $x;

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::5

first inside x=3

second inside x=5

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The Global Declaration

If you declare a variable 'global', the functionuses the variable from the outside world.

$x=3;function monster( ){ global $x;

print "inside first x=$x";$x=5; print " second inside x=$x";

}monster( );print "outside x=$x";

x::5

first inside x=3

second inside x=5

outside x=5

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A parameter can be an arrayConsider this example:

$invoice[0]=24.95;$invoice[1]=188.40;$invoice[2]=33.22;...Here's a function to compute the total of the invoices.

function total($n,$list){ $sum=0;

for ($i=0; $i<$n; $i++){

$sum=$sum+$list[$i];}return $sum;

}print “Total charge:”. total(3,$invoice);

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Advanced topic:The Foreach command

Consider this example:

$partypeople[0]="Maria";$partypeople[1]="Alfonso";$partypeople[2]="Santa Claus";$partypeople[3]="Billy";...

but maybe we don't KNOW how many people are in the list.(It was created somewhere else in the code.)

So we just need to have a way to say "For ALL the list's elements.."

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function hasFred($list){

foreach ($list as $value) // no key needed this time{

if ($value= = 'Fred'){ return 1;}

} // if you got here, no Fred was foundreturn 0;

}

if (hasFred($partypeople)) { print "Yay, Fred will come!"; }else { print "Boo hoo, Fred won't come to our party!"; }

Advanced topic:The Foreach command

Consider this example:

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Function HomeworkDesign and program these functions for next week

1. function punchfred($who)If the parameter value is 'Fred' it prints out

"I punch you in the mouf, Fred."If any other name (like Suzie), it prints out

"A very good morning to you, Suzie!"

2. function maxtwo($x,$y)It returns the value of the larger of its two inputs.

3. function maxlist($list, $length)It returns the largest value in an array ($list) whose

cells are numbered 0, 1, .... ($length-1).

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An Answer to Function Exercise 2ADVANCED: In the fictional language Ispanglish, all femalenames end in 'a' and all male names end in 'e'. Produce a functioncalled ispolite($name) that prints "Boonie Doozie, Madama Elena" for a female name like Elena, "Boonie Doozie, Maestro Mike' for a mail name like Mike.

Spoiler Alert:Do not view the next slide unless you want toexamine an answer to the Ispanglish exercise above.

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An Answer to Function Exercise 2ADVANCED: In the fictional language Ispanglish, all femalenames end in 'a' and all male names end in 'e'. Produce a functioncalled ispolite($name) that prints "Boonie Doozie, Madama Elena" for a female name like Elena, "Boonie Doozie, Maestro Mike' for a mail name like Mike.

function ispolite($name){ $len=strlen($name);

$last=substr($name,$len-1,1);if ($last = = 'a'){ print "Boonie Doozie, Madama $name"; }else{ print "Boonie Doozie, Maestro $name"; }

} // It SHOULD include an error case ... no space here!