Diffusion of Micro-Irrigation Technologies in Gujarat, Western India: Do Institutions and Policies Matter? Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati & P. K. Viswanathan Gujarat Institute of Development Research (GIDR) Ahmedabad, India 12th Meeting of the International Water Resource Economics Consortium (IWREC) Washington D.C. September 13, 2016
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Diffusion of Micro-Irrigation Technologies in
Gujarat, Western India: Do Institutions and Policies
Matter?
Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati & P. K. Viswanathan
Gujarat Institute of Development Research (GIDR)
Ahmedabad, India
12th Meeting of the International Water Resource Economics
Consortium (IWREC)
Washington D.C.
September 13, 2016
Agro-Climatic Zones of Gujarat
Source: Authors’ Map
Mostly Arid
and Semi-
arid Agro-
climatic
zones
Introduction
• Gujarat, Western India – Mostly Arid and Semi-arid region
• Water scarcity & depletion of groundwater (Kumar 2005; Narula et al 2011)- e.g., SGWD in state: 41% (2004), 75% (2009) & 67% (2011)- 9 districts: overexploited (SGWD>100%) and critical (SGWD>85%) (GoI
2014)
• MI: Drip and Sprinkler – ↓ groundwater extraction and energy use –‘sustainable intensification’ (Fishman et al 2014)
• High likelihood of adoption – water scarce and groundwater based irrigation(Palanisami et al 2011)
• In Gujarat:- SPV: Gujarat Green Revolution Company Limited (GGRC) –2004-05- Subsidy Policy: caste, landholdings & geographical location
• Do Institutional Interventions and Subsidies enhance diffusion of MItechnologies in Gujarat?
MI Subsidy Policy in Gujarat
Source: Authors’ based on various GOs of GoG
MIS Schemes
Universal Tribal Taluka GWRDC Dark Zone
Taluka
SC/ST
INR
60,000/ ha
or 50 % of
the capital
cost of MI
cost
(2005)
Tribal
farmers
(43 tribal
talukas):
75% or
INR
90,000/
ha (2008)
Public
tubewells:
marginal
& small -
100% cost
of MI
(2009)
54 dark
zone
talukas:
60% of the
MI cost or
INR
60,000/ ha
(2012)
All SC
and ST:
75% cost
of MI or
INR
90,000/
ha (2015)
Marginal &
Small Farmer
60% cost of
MI or INR
70,000/ ha.
Dark-zone:
70% or INR
70,000/ ha
(2015)
Trends in MI adoption in Gujarat
(2006-07 to 2014-15)
Source: Authors’ figure based on data collected from GGRC
13.031.9 38.9 38.1
66.6
90.7
131.0140.1
123.8
25.7
49.056.8 62.0
103.4
149.1
209.9225.1
200.6
2006-0
7
2007-0
8
2008-0
9
2009-1
0
2010-1
1
2011-1
2
2012-1
3
2013-1
4
2014-1
5
No. of farmers adopted MI (in '000) Total area under MI (in '000 ha)
Diffusion of MI in Dark-zone Region
Source: Authors’ figure based on data compilation from GGRC
Note: the year 2006 represents the financial year, i.e., April 2006 to March 2007, and it is same up to 2013, and the data for 2014 covers between April and December; NSA- Net Sown Area
0.25
0.58 0.54
1.08 0.98
1.52
2.86
4.01
2.60
0.240.49 0.51
0.91 0.85
1.37
2.44
3.17
2.11
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Percentage of Farmers and NSA under MI
% of Farmers % of total NSA
Diffusion of MI in Tribal Talukas
Source: Authors’ figure based on data compilation from GGRC