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CHAPTER XX Chapter TitleCHAPTER XX Chapter Title12
Why It Matters
DifferentWorlds Meet
Beginnings to 1625
Astrolabe, early astronomical instrument
Monument Valley
As you study Unit 1, you will learnthat the first immigrants
came to the
Americas long before written history.From their descendants
evolved a rich
variety of cultures. The followingresources offer more
information
about this period.
Primary Sources LibrarySee pages 958959 for primary source
readings to accompany Unit 1. Use the American History
Primary Source Document LibraryCD-ROM to find additional
primary
sources about Native American life.
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I found verymany islands peopled.
Christopher Columbus, 1493
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14
The FirstAmericans
Prehistory to 1492Why It Matters
Thousands of years ago small groups of hunters crossed a bridge
of landthat connected Siberia and Alaska. Eventually, they spread
throughout
North and South America.
The Impact TodayThese first people, called Native Americans,
influenced later cultures. Native
Americans are part of the modern world, yet many of them also
preservethe ways of life, customs, and traditions developed by
their ancestors
centuries ago.
The American Journey Video The chapter 1 video, BeforeColumbus,
examines the diverse cultures of North America beforeEuropeans
arrived, focusing on the Anasazi.
c. 28,000 B.C. Asian hunters enter
North America c. 1500 B.C. Rise of Olmec
in Mexico
c. 10,000 B.C. Last Ice Age
ends
c. A.D. 33 Jesus Christ
is crucified
c. A.D. 700 Maya empire
reaches peak
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Prehistory 900 1100
A.D. 613 Muhammad preaches
Islam in Makkah
c. A.D. 1130 Drought strikes
Anasazi communities
A.D. 1095 The Crusades begin
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15
c. A.D. 1300 Hohokam civilization
begins to declinec. A.D. 1400 Inca empire
begins to expand
City in the Sky Inca workers built the city of Machu Picchu
highin the Andes mountain ranges.
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
1300 1500
A.D. 1325 Aztec establish
Tenochtitln
A.D. 1215 Englands King John
signs Magna Carta
A.D. 1295 Italian traveler Marco Polo
returns from China
A.D. 1312 Mansa Musa begins rule of
West African kingdom of Mali
A.D. 1368 Ming dynasty begins in China
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit taj.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 1
Chapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information.
Native Americans
Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half from topto bottom.
Step 2 Fold in half again, from side to side.
Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Cut up the foldof the top flap
only.
Step 4 Turn the paper vertically and sketchthe continents of
North and Central and SouthAmerica on the front tabs.
This cut willmake two tabs.
Categorizing Study Foldable Group informationinto categories to
make sense of what you arelearning. Make this foldable to learn
about thefirst Americans.
Reading and Writing As you read the chapter,write under the
flaps of your foldable what youlearn about the Native American
people livingin these regions.
NorthAmerica
Centraland South
America
http://taj.glencoe.com
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16
c. 28,000 B.C.Asian hunters enterNorth America
c. 10,000 B.C.Last Ice Age ends
c. 7000 B.C.Farming developsin Mexico
c. 3000 B.C.Early villages estab-lished in Mexico
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
No one knows for sure how the first people arrived in America.
They may havecrossed a land bridge that many scientists think
connected Asia and North Americathousands of years ago. They may
have come by boat from Asia or Europe. Whythey came is also a
mystery. Possibly they followed mammoths or other game ani-mals or
were hunting seals and whales along the coast. Over time, these
people set-tled in America becoming the first native Americans.
The Journey From AsiaThese first Americans arrived thousands of
years ago. As food supplies
improved, the population of the Americas increased. By A.D.
1500, millions ofNative Americans, belonging to more than 2,000
different groups, lived on thetwo continents of North America and
South America.
When Europeans arrived in the Americas in the late 1400s, they
found NativeAmericans living there. The Europeans wondered where
these peoples hadcome from and how they happened to settle in the
Americas. Some believed theNative Americans had come from Atlantis,
an island that was supposed to havesunk beneath the waves of the
Atlantic Ocean.
Main IdeaThe first Americans spread through-out North, Central,
and South America.
Key Termsarchaeology, artifact, Ice Age,nomad, migration, maize,
carbondating, culture
Reading StrategyDetermining Cause and Effect Asyou read Section
1, re-create the dia-gram below and explain why the firstAmericans
came to the continent andthe consequences of their arrival.
Read to Learn how the first people arrived in the
Americas. which discovery changed the lives
of the early Native Americans.
Section ThemeGeography and History The Ice Agemade it possible
for hunters tomigrate to the Americas.
Early Peoples
Arrowhead, hand-chipped stone
Migration to the Americas
Causes Effects
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
30,000 B.C. 10,000 B.C. 5000 B.C. 1000 B.C.
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17CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Modern scientists are still trying to determinehow the first
people came to North and SouthAmerica. The story of the first
Americans is stillbeing pieced together by experts in
archaeology,the study of ancient peoples. Archaeologistslearn about
the past from artifacts, things leftbehind by early people, such as
stone tools,weapons, baskets, and carvings. Their discover-ies show
that many early peoples may havecome across a land that later sank
into the sea. Itwas not the mythical Atlantis, however, but astrip
of land called Beringia that once joinedAsia and the Americas.
Crossing the Land BridgeDuring its long history, the earth has
passed
through several Ice Ages. These are periods ofvery cold
temperatures when part of the earthwas covered with large ice
sheets. Much of thewater from the oceans was frozen into
thesesheets, or glaciers. For that reason the sea levelswere much
lower than they are today.
The most recent Ice Age began 100,000 yearsago and ended about
12,000 years ago. Duringthis period many scientists think the lower
sealevel exposed a wide strip of land between Asiaand North
America. This land bridge wouldhave run from Siberia in
northeastern Asia topresent-day Alaska, the westernmost part of
theAmericas. The land bridge, Beringia, now liesunder the Bering
Strait.
One popular scientific theory states that thefirst Americans
were people from Asia whocrossed over Beringia during the last Ice
Age.These early peoples reached the Americas thou-sands of years
ago.
In Search of Hunting GroundsThe early Americans were nomads,
people
who moved from place to place. They gatheredwild grains and
fruits but depended on huntingfor much of their food. While
traveling in searchof animals to hunt, they crossed Beringia
intowhat is now Alaska and Canada.
The crossing of the land bridge was a migra-tion, a movement of
a large number of peopleinto a new homeland. It did not happen in a
single journey. As the centuries passed, many
groups of people traveled from Asia either onfoot across the
land bridge or in boats. From thenorth, the migrants gradually
moved into newterritory. They spread out across the Americas,going
as far east as the Atlantic Ocean and as farsouth as the tip of
South America.
Hunting for FoodNative American legends tell of giant beasts
that roamed the earth in ancient times. When thefirst Americans
arrived from Asia, they didindeed find huge mammals. There was
thesaber-toothed tiger, the woolly mammoth, andthe mastodon. The
mammoth and mastodonresembled modern elephants in size and shapebut
had shaggy fur and long tusks.
The early Americans were skilled at huntingthese beasts. The
hunters shaped pieces of stoneand bone to make tools for chopping
and scrap-ing. They chipped rocks into extremely sharppoints and
fastened them on poles to makespears. Bands of hunters armed with
thesespears stalked herds of bison, mastodons, or
The earth enters a long Ice Age.
Water from the ocean freezes.
Sea levels drop, exposing theBeringia land bridge.
Hunters from Asia cross into North America.
People spread into Central Americaand South America.
The early Americans create new cultures.
The settlement of the Americas can be traced to a geo-graphic
elementthe earths climate.
Analyzing Information What happened when sea levelsdropped?
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Prehistoric Migrations Through the Americas
Glaciers
Land exposed during the Ice Age
Possible migration routes
Known sites of prehistoric hunters
18 CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Over thousands of years, prehistoric people migrated from
otherlands to the Americas.1. Movement Along what major mountain
ranges did the
migration routes flow?2. Interpreting Information How was it
possible for
prehistoric people to cross the Bering Strait?
Americas were cut off from Asia. At the sametime, the hunters of
America faced a new chal-lenge. The mammoths and other large
animalsbegan to die out, either from being overhunted orbecause of
changes in the environment. The earlyAmericans had to find other
sources of food.
Describing How did early Americannomads hunt for food?
Settling DownAs the large animals disappeared, the early
Americans found new sources of food. Theyhunted smaller game,
such as deer, birds, androdents. Those who lived along rivers or
near theseacoast learned to catch fish with nets and traps.They
continued to gather wild berries and grains.
mammoths and then charged at the animals,hurling their
weapons.
A single mammoth provided tons of meat,enough to feed a group of
people for months.The hunters and their families used every partof
the animal. They made the skin into clothing,carved the bones into
weapons and tools, andmay have used the long ribs to build
shelters.
About 15,000 years ago the earths tempera-tures began to rise.
The Ice Age was drawing toan end. As the great glaciers melted, the
oceansrose, and Beringia was submerged again. The
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Planting SeedsAbout 9,000 years ago, people living in pres-
ent-day Mexico made a discovery that wouldshape the lives of
Native Americans for thou-sands of years. They learned to plant and
raise anearly form of corn called maize. Their harvests ofmaize
provided a steady, reliable source of food.No longer did they have
to move from place toplace in order to find food.
Early Americans in Mexico also experimentedwith other kinds of
seeds. They planted pump-kins, beans, and squashes. They soon began
pro-ducing more than enough food to feedthemselves. The population
grew along with thegrowing food supply.
Early CommunitiesWith rising numbers of people and a depend-
able supply of food, early Americans in Mexicostarted to form
stationary communities. Scien-tists have found traces of early
villages that datefrom about 5,000 years ago. Scientists use
amethod called carbon dating to find out howold an artifact is. By
measuring the amount ofradioactive carbon that remains in
somethingthat was once alivesuch as a bone or a piece ofwoodthey
can tell approximately how longago it lived. Carbon dating is
imprecise and canonly give a rough estimate of an artifacts
age.
Sometime after the early settlements in Mex-ico, people began
farming in what is now thesouthwestern United States. Not all the
earlypeoples in the Americas farmed, however. Someremained nomadic
hunters, and others relied onfishing or trading instead of
agriculture.
The Growth of CulturesFarming allowed people to spend time
on
activities other than finding food. Knowing thatthey would
harvest an abundant supply ofgrains and vegetables, the people of
ancient Mex-ico began to improve their lives in other ways.They
built permanent shelters of clay, brick,stone, or wood. They made
pottery and cloth anddecorated these goods with dyes made fromroots
and herbs. They also began to developmore complex forms of
government.
Agriculture changed the lives of these earlypeople and led to a
new culture, or way of life.Rather than move from place to place in
search offood, the people who farmed were able to settledown. They
formed communities and developedcommon customs, beliefs, and ways
of protectingthemselves. Over time, the many different groupsof
people living in the Americas developed theirown cultures.
Summarizing What did farmingmean for nomadic people?
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use each of the
follow-
ing terms in a complete sentence thatwill help explain its
meaning: archae-ology, artifact, Ice Age, migration,culture.
2. Reviewing Facts Why did the firstpeople come to the
Americas?
Reviewing Themes3. Geography and History How did an
Ice Age make it possible for Asianhunters to migrate to the
Americas?
Critical Thinking4. Determining Cause and Effect How
do you think the first Americans dis-covered that they could
grow theirown plants?
5. Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and explain
howearly Native Americans depended on their environment and
naturalresources.
Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map on
page 18. In which direction did thetravelers migrate across the
BeringStrait?
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans 19
Examples
Geography Create a version ofthe map on page 18. Your versioncan
be larger, if needed. Label allgeographic features. Illustrate
themap to show how the first Ameri-cans migrated to North
America.
Planting SeedsAbout 9,000 years ago, people living in pres-
ent-day Mexico made a discovery that wouldshape the lives of
Native Americans for thou-sands of years. They learned to plant and
raise anearly form of corn called maize. Their harvests ofmaize
provided a steady, reliable source of food.No longer did they have
to move from place toplace in order to find food.
Early Americans in Mexico also experimentedwith other kinds of
seeds. They planted pump-kins, beans, and squashes. They soon began
pro-ducing more than enough food to feedthemselves. The population
grew along with thegrowing food supply.
Early CommunitiesWith rising numbers of people and a depend-
able supply of food, early Americans in Mexicostarted to form
stationary communities. Scien-tists have found traces of early
villages that datefrom about 5,000 years ago. Scientists use
amethod called carbon dating to find out howold an artifact is. By
measuring the amount ofradioactive carbon that remains in
somethingthat was once alivesuch as a bone or a piece ofwoodthey
can tell approximately how longago it lived. Carbon dating is
imprecise and canonly give a rough estimate of an artifacts
age.
Sometime after the early settlements in Mex-ico, people began
farming in what is now thesouthwestern United States. Not all the
earlypeoples in the Americas farmed, however. Someremained nomadic
hunters, and others relied onfishing or trading instead of
agriculture.
The Growth of CulturesFarming allowed people to spend time
on
activities other than finding food. Knowing thatthey would
harvest an abundant supply ofgrains and vegetables, the people of
ancient Mex-ico began to improve their lives in other ways.They
built permanent shelters of clay, brick,stone, or wood. They made
pottery and cloth anddecorated these goods with dyes made fromroots
and herbs. They also began to developmore complex forms of
government.
Agriculture changed the lives of these earlypeople and led to a
new culture, or way of life.Rather than move from place to place in
search offood, the people who farmed were able to settledown. They
formed communities and developedcommon customs, beliefs, and ways
of protectingthemselves. Over time, the many different groupsof
people living in the Americas developed theirown cultures.
Summarizing What did farmingmean for nomadic people?
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use each of the
follow-
ing terms in a complete sentence thatwill help explain its
meaning: archae-ology, artifact, Ice Age, migration,culture.
2. Reviewing Facts Why did the firstpeople come to the
Americas?
Reviewing Themes3. Geography and History How did an
Ice Age make it possible for Asianhunters to migrate to the
Americas?
Critical Thinking4. Determining Cause and Effect How
do you think the first Americans dis-covered that they could
grow theirown plants?
5. Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and explain
howearly Native Americans depended on their environment and
naturalresources.
Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map on
page 18. In which direction did thetravelers migrate across the
BeringStrait?
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans 19
Examples
Geography Create a version ofthe map on page 18. Your versioncan
be larger, if needed. Label allgeographic features. Illustrate
themap to show how the first Ameri-cans migrated to North
America.
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N O T E B O O K
New Ways to the New World An old Virginia sandpit may change our
views of the earliest Americans
T HAS BEEN CALLED THE GREATEST STORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE
Americas. At the end of the last Ice Age, brave women and
men from Siberia walked across the Bering Sea land bridge.
This is a piece of land that once connected the Asian conti-
nent with North America. Within 500 years, their descendants
had
settled most of the hemisphere, from the Arctic Circle to the
tip of
South America. But it seems they may not have been first.
ICactus HillWell known archaeologist JOSEPH MCAVOY and his team
reportedthat they have located an ancient campsite that is about
18,000 yearsold. The place, known as Cactus Hill, is about 45 miles
south of Rich-mond, Virginia (see map).
Scientists now believe the site may actually be thousands of
yearsolder than the land-bridge site. If thats true, then people
were livingin North America much earlier than once believed. If the
dates holdup, and I think they will, says archaeologist Dennis
Stanford, this isprobably some of the oldest material in North
America, if not theentire New World.
For decades, experts thought that 11,200-year-old stone spear
points from a site in Clovis, New Mexico, were theearliest evidence
of settlement in thehemisphere. But since the 1970s, older sites
have been discovered on both sides of the North American continent.
The most important finding has been a 17,000-year-old rock shelter
in Meadowcroft, Pennsylvania.
McAvoy and wife, Lynn, working on what maybe one of the oldest
campsites in the Americas
GA
RR
ETT
NATL G
EO
GR
AP
HIC
CA
CTU
S H
ILL
More ProofNow Cactus Hill presents stillmore proof that humans
settled in North America earlier thananyone had thought.
McAvoysteam has unearthed a variety of stone tools, probably used
forhunting and butchering animals.The team also found burnedbones
of mud turtles, white-tailed deer, and other mammals,and bits of
charcoal left overfrom hunters cooking the animals.
High-tech instruments wereused to figure out how old thebones
and objects are. TheMeadowcroft rock shelters chiefarchaeologist,
James Adovasio,says: This is another indicationthat people were
running aroundNorth America earlier than13,000 years ago.
20
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TIME
GR
AP
HIC
BY
LON
TWE
ETE
NP R E H I S T O R Y
How Did People Arrive?How could they have reached North America?
One possibility is that they came by boat along the eastern and
western coasts of the Americas. A 12,500-year-old settlement in
Monte Verde, Chile, for example, might have been reached easily by
water.
Thats possible, says James Adovasio. You had southeast Asians
sailing to Australiamore than 50,000 years ago.
The most startling idea israised by Dennis Stanford, whosays the
Cactus Hill tools resembleeven older ones found in Spainand France.
He thinks that thefirst people to reach the Americasmanaged to
cross the Atlanticfrom what is now Spain and Portugal some 17,000
to 18,000years ago.
For now, few scientists are willing to go so far. I think
peopledid have the capacity to sail acrossthe Atlantic, says
Adovasio.
But I still think 99.9 percent of the settling of the
Americasoccurred through the interior or along the coast from the
Bering Sea.
BY LANDOR BY SEA?
Cactus Hill lendsweight to the
theory that the first Americansarrived by sea.
Cactus Hill (Va.)16,00018,000
years old
21
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c. 1500 B.C.Rise of the Olmec in Mexico
c. A.D. 700Maya civilization at itsheight in Central America
c. A.D. 1325Aztec establishTenochtitln in Mexico
c. A.D. 1400Inca Empire begins to expand
Main IdeaSeveral factors led to the rise anddecline of great
civilizations andempires in the Americas.
Key Termscivilization, theocracy, hieroglyph-ics, terrace
Reading StrategyCategorizing Information As youread the section,
re-create the dia-gram below and describe the rolereligion played
in each civilization.
Read to Learn why powerful empires arose in the
Americas. how the people of each empire
adapted to their environment.
Section ThemeCulture and Traditions Civilizationssuch as the
Maya, the Aztec, and theInca arose in present-day Mexico andin
Central and South America.
Cities andEmpires
Rumors of a lost city led American historian Hiram Bingham to
the mountains ofPeru in 1911. Bingham followed a steep mountain
trail, pulling himself along by grab-bing vines. After many hours
of climbing, he reached a clearing. Suddenly he saw acresof huge,
crumbling walls and pillars of white stone covered with vines and
moss. Itfairly took my breath away, wrote Bingham. He knew that
these temples and monu-ments were the remains of a very advanced
people.
Early American CivilizationsBingham had discovered the ruins of
an early Inca city, Machu Picchu
(MAHchoo PEEchoo). It is a small cityMachu Picchu covers only
about fivesquare miles (13 sq. km)but it is an extraordinary place.
Its structures, carvedfrom the gray granite of the mountaintop, are
wonders of design and craftsman-ship and equal the achievements of
the civilizations of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Long before the arrival of Europeans in the early 1500s, several
great civilizations, or highly developed societies, arose in
present-day Mexico and in
22 CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1500 B.C. B.C./A.D. A.D.1200 A.D.1400
Civilization Religion
Maya
Aztec
Inca
Artifact, c. A.D. 900
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23CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Central and South America. These civilizationsbuilt enormous
cities in thick jungles and onmountaintops that were hard to reach.
They alsodeveloped complex systems for writing, count-ing, and
tracking time.
Among the largest and most advanced ofthese early civilizations
were the Olmec, theMaya, the Aztec, and the Inca. Each
civilizationspread out over hundreds of miles, includedmillions of
people, and thrived for centuries.
The Olmec flourished between 1500 B.C. and300 B.C. along the
Gulf Coast of what are nowMexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.
Olmecfarmers produced enough food to sustain citiescontaining
thousands of people. Olmec workerssculpted large stone monuments
and built stonepavements and drainage systems. Their civiliza-tion
strongly influenced their neighbors.
Identifying What are civilizations?
The MayaThe Maya built their civilization in the steamy
rain forests of present-day Mexico, Guatemala,Honduras, and
Belize. They planted maize,beans, sweet potatoes, and other
vegetables. Theyalso pulled enormous stones from the earth to
build monuments and pyramids that still standtoday. Much of this
labor was performed byenslaved people, usually prisoners of
war.
Mayan CitiesBy A.D. 300 the Maya had built many large
cities. Each city had at least one stone pyramid.Some pyramids
reached about 200 feet (60 m)the height of a 20-story building.
Steps ran upthe pyramid sides to a temple on top. The largestMayan
city, Tikal, in present-day Guatemala,was surrounded by five
pyramids.
The temples on top of the pyramids were reli-gious and
governmental centers. Wearing goldjewelry and detailed headdresses,
the priests inthe temples performed rituals dedicated to theMayan
gods. On special days, the citys peopleattended religious
festivals.
The Maya believed the gods controlled every-thing that happened
on earth. Because onlypriests knew the gods wishes, the priests
heldgreat power in Mayan society and made most ofthe important
decisions. The civilization of theMaya was a theocracy, a society
ruled by reli-gious leaders.
To keep accurate records for their religiousfestivals, the Maya
became skilled astronomers.The Mayan priests believed that the gods
were
Americas Architecture
In Tikal and other cities, the Maya builthuge pyramids where
people could gatherfor ceremonies honoring the deities. Amodel of a
Mayan city is shown (top left).How were the Maya governed?
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Aztec saw a sign: an eagle sitting on a cactus,with a snake in
its beak. That meant this islandwas to be their home.
TenochtitlnOn this island emerged Tenochtitln (tay
NAWCHteetLAHN), one of the greatest cities inthe Americas. Its
construction was a miracle ofengineering and human labor. Directed
bypriests and nobles, workers toiled day and night.They pulled soil
from the bottom of the lake tomake causeways, or bridges of earth,
linking theisland and the shore. They filled parts of the lakewith
earth so they could grow crops.
In time the Aztec capital expanded to themainland around the
lake. At its height Tenoch-titln was the largest city in the
Americas, andone of the largest in the world. Tenochtitln
alsoserved as a center of trade, attracting thousandsof merchants
to its outdoor marketplaces.
24 CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Thousands of years ago, a quiet revolution took place.In
scattered pockets of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, andthe
Americas, people learned to cultivate food-producingplants for the
first time. As farming gradually spread, itencouraged the growth of
permanent communities.
What, Where, and WhenOnce they had agriculture, people could
settle in perma-nent communities.
c. 8000 B.C.Wheat (Syria)
Farming and the Growth
of Civilization
c. 7000 B.C.Barley (Jordan)
visible in the stars, sun, and moon. They usedtheir knowledge of
the sun and stars to predicteclipses and to develop a 365-day
calendar. Theirdesire to measure time increased their knowledgeof
mathematics. The Maya also developed a formof writing called
hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphicsuse symbols or pictures to represent
things, ideas,and sounds.
EconomicsTransport and Trade
The Maya did not have wheeled vehicles orhorses, so everything
they transported over-land was carried on human backs. Mayantraders
traveled on a network of roads that hadbeen carved out of the
jungle. Farmers broughtmaize and vegetables to outdoor markets in
thecities. They exchanged their crops for cottoncloth, pottery,
deer meat, and salt.
Mayan traders also transported goods bywater. Mayan canoes
traveled up and downMexicos east coast. The canoes carried jade
stat-ues, turquoise jewelry, cacao beans for makingchocolate, and
other goods to traders throughouta large area.
Decline of a CivilizationAround A.D. 900 the Maya civilization
in the
lowlands began to decline. By A.D. 1100 the greatcities were
almost ghost towns. The jungle creptback across the plazas, roads,
and fields. No oneknows what caused the decline. Perhaps slavesand
farmers revolted against their Mayan mas-ters. Perhaps the soil
became too exhausted byerosion and fire to produce enough food for
thepeople. The Maya civilization collapsed, butdescendants of the
Maya still live in parts ofMexico and Central America.
Explaining What is a theocracy?
The AztecCenturies after the fall of the Maya, a group
of hunters called the Aztec wandered throughcentral Mexico,
searching for a permanenthome. In 1325 they came upon an island in
LakeTexcoco, today part of Mexico City. There the
$
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25CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
War and ReligionThe Aztec civilization grew into a military
empire. In the 1400s the Aztec army marchedthrough central and
southern Mexico, conquer-ing nearly all rival communities. Aztec
warriorstook everything they could carry from their vic-tims,
including maize, cotton cloth, copper, andweapons. Conquered people
were forced towork as slaves in Aztec cities and villages.
Like the Maya, the Aztec organized their soci-ety around their
religion. The Aztec believed that human sacrifices were necessary
to keep thegods pleased and to ensure abundant harvests.Thousands
of prisoners of war were sacrificed.
A Great City RememberedThe first Europeans to see the Aztec
capital
were awed by its splendor. In 1519, 550 Spanishsoldiers entered
Tenochtitln, led by HernnCorts. He wrote:
There are forty towers at least, all of stoutconstruction and
very lofty. . . . The workman-ship both in wood and stone could not
be bettered anywhere.
Bernal Daz del Castillo, one of the soldiers,marveled at the
great stone towers and temples and build-ings that rose straight
up out of the water.
Tenochtitln, he explained, was a city of water,and many of the
streets were waterways forcanoes. Some of the Spanish soldiers
thought thatTenochtitln was more magnificent than Romeand the other
great European capitals of the time.
Making Generalizations Why wasthe Aztec city of Tenochtitln a
great city?
4,000 kilometers0Winkel Tripel projection
4,000 miles0
N
S
EW
0
60E60W 120E120W 0
30N
30S
60S
60N
AtlanticOcean
pacificOcean
indianOcean
EUROPE ASIA
AFRICA
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
c. 5600 B.C.Beans (South America)
c. 5000 B.C.Corn or maize(Mexico)
c. 4000 B.C.Rice (Thailand)
c. 3000 B.C. Cotton (India)
c. 2000 B.C. Potato (SouthAmerica)
ProgressAdvances such as terrace farminghelped to irrigate
crops.
ToolsEarly people used a maize bowland other tools such as a
grind-ing stone to prepare the maize.
CropsMaize was firstfarmed in Mexico.
Agriculture EmergesMany of the earliest civilizationsarose from
farming settlementsnear river valleys.
Agriculture Emerges
-
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Using standard gram-
mar, write a short paragraph inwhich you use all of the
followingterms: civilization, theocracy,hieroglyphics, terrace.
2. Reviewing Facts Why did the Aztecchoose the location of
Tenochtitln astheir permanent home?
Reviewing Themes3. Culture and Traditions Why did
priests hold great power in Mayansociety?
Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences How does trade
help to enrich a civilization? Provideexamples in your
answer.
5. Analyzing Information Re-createthe diagram below and give
threereasons the Maya, Aztec, and Incaare considered advanced
civilizations.
Analyzing Visuals6. Picturing History Study the photo-
graph of the pyramid on page 23.Why do you think the Maya
builtsuch large pyramids?
The IncaAnother great American civilization devel-
oped in the western highlands of South America. The empire of
the Inca was the largestof the early American civilizations.
The Inca founded their capital city of Cuzco(KOOSkoh) around
A.D. 1200. In 1438 anemperor named Pachacuti (PAHchahKOOtee)came to
the throne and began a campaign of con-quest against the
neighboring peoples. He andhis son, Topa Inca, built an empire that
stretchedfrom north to south for more than 3,000 miles(4,800 km),
from present-day Colombia to north-ern Argentina and Chile.
The Incan army was powerful. All menbetween 25 and 50 years old
could be drafted toserve in the army for up to five years.
Theirweapons included clubs, spears, and spiked cop-per balls on
ropes. Using slings of woven cloth,Incan soldiers could throw
stones 30 yards (27 m).
Life in the EmpireAt its height, the Inca Empire had a
popula-
tion of more than nine million, including manyconquered peoples.
To control this large empire,the Inca built at least 10,000 miles
(16,000 km) ofstone-paved roads that ran over mountains,across
deserts, and through jungles. Rope bridges,made from grass, crossed
canyons and rivers.
Runners carrying messages to and from theemperor linked remote
outposts of the empire toCuzco. The Inca language, Quechua
(KEHchuhwuh), became the official language for theentire empire.
Although the Inca did not have a sys-tem of writing, they developed
a system of recordkeeping with string called quipus (KEEpoos).Using
various lengths and colors of string, knot-ted in special patterns,
the quipus carried infor-mation about resources such as grain
supplies.
Although mountainous land is not well suitedfor farming, the
Inca devised ways to produce asteady supply of food. They cut
terraces, orbroad platforms, into steep slopes so they couldplant
crops. They built stone walls on the ter-races to hold the soil and
plants in place. Incanfarmers grew maize, squash, tomatoes,
peanuts,chili peppers, melons, cotton, and potatoes.
All Inca land belonged to the emperor, whowas believed to be a
descendant of the sun god.Because the Inca thought that the sun
godenjoyed displays of gold, they made magnificentgold jewelry and
temple ornaments. The Incaalso built special cities devoted to
religious cere-monies. One of these cities was Machu Picchu,the
mountaintop site described in An Ameri-can Story on page 22.
Explaining How did the Inca farmsteep slopes?
26 CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Art Compile illustrations of someof the accomplishments of
theMaya, Aztec, and Inca in the areasof communication, science,
andmath. Use your own drawings oruse photographs from newspapersand
magazines.
Advanced Civilizations
-
Why Learn This Skill?Maps can direct you down the street or
around the
world. There are as many different kinds of maps asthere are
uses for them. Being able to read a mapbegins with learning about
its parts.
Learning the SkillMaps usually include a key, a compass rose,
and a
scale bar. The map key explains the meaning of spe-cial colors,
symbols, and lines used on the map.
After reading the map key, look for the compassrose. It is the
direction marker that shows the cardi-nal directions of north,
south, east, and west.
A measuring line, often called a scale bar, helpsyou estimate
distance on a map. The mapsscale tells you what distance on
theearth is represented by the measure-ment on the scale bar. For
example,1 inch (2.54 cm) on the map mayrepresent 100 miles (160.9
km) on the earth.
Practicing the SkillThe map on this page shows wherethe ancient
Maya, Aztec, and Incabuilt their empires in North America and
SouthAmerica. Look at the parts of this map, thenanswer the
questions that follow.
1 What information is given in the key?
2 What color shows the Inca Empire?
3 What direction would you travel to go fromTenochtitln to
Chichn Itz?
4 About how many miles long was the Inca Empire?
5 What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?
27
Understanding the Parts of a Map
Applying the SkillDrawing a Map Picture a mental image of
yourhouse or room. Draw a map showing the locationof various areas.
Include a map key explaining anysymbols or colors you use. Also
include a scale barexplaining the size of your map compared to
thereal area. Finally, add a compass rose and title toyour map.
Glencoes Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM, Level 1,
providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills.
Social StudiesSocial Studies
N
S
EW
1,000 kilometers0Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection
1,000 miles0
60W100W 80W120W
0
20N
20S
EQUATORSOUTH
AMERICA
CaribbeanSea Atlantic
OceanpacificOcean
Gulf ofMexico
A
ND
ES
MEXICO
PERU
Quito
Tikal
Machu PicchuCuzco
Tenochtitlan Chichen Itza
Capital City
Major City
Maya
Inca
Aztec
Empires of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca
-
c. 1000 B.C.First ceremonialmounds built
c. A.D. 1000Anasazi build pueblos inNorth America
c. A.D. 1100Cahokia is built
c. A.D. 1300Hohokam civilizationbegins to decline
Main IdeaMany different cultures lived in NorthAmerica before
the arrival of theEuropeans.
Key Termspueblo, drought, adobe, federation
Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read Section 3,re-create the
diagram below andidentify locations and ways of livingfor each
culture.
Read to Learn what early people lived in North
America. how different Native American groups
adapted to their environments.
Section ThemeCulture and Traditions Early NorthAmericans
developed new societies.
North AmericanPeoples
28 CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Culture Where they How theylived lived
AnasaziMound BuildersInuit
Ancient jar, American Southwest
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1000 B.C. B.C./A.D. A.D.1000 A.D.1300
In the summer of 1991, a helicopter passenger made an amazing
discovery in Ari-zonas Coconino National Forest. As the helicopter
hovered among the sandstone cliffs,the sun shone into a cave 200
feet (61 m) below the rim of one cliff. Standing in theopening of
the cave were three large pottery jars. The three jars had been
sitting,untouched and unseen, for more than 700 years. The jars and
other objects found inthe cave were left there by the Sinagua.
These people lived hundreds of years ago inwhat we now call
Arizona. The Sinagua are just one of many Native American
peopleswho are now being studied by archaeologists and
historians.
Early Native AmericansMany Native American cultures rose,
flourished, and disappeared in North
America long before Europeans arrived in the 1500s. Among the
most advancedof these early cultures were the Hohokam and Anasazi
of the Southwest and theMound Builders of the Ohio River
valley.
-
29CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
The HohokamThe dry, hot desert of present-day Arizona
was home to the Hohokam people. They mayhave come from Mexico
about 300 B.C. TheHohokam culture flourished from about A.D. 300to
A.D. 1300 in an area bordered by the Gila andSalt River
valleys.
The Hohokam were experts at squeezing everydrop of available
water from the sun-baked soil.Their way of life depended on the
irrigationchannels they dug to carry river water into theirfields.
In addition to hundreds of miles of irriga-tion channels, the
Hohokam left behind pottery,carved stone, and shells etched with
acid. Theshells came from trade with coastal peoples.
The AnasaziThe Anasazi lived around the same time as
the Hohokam, roughly A.D. 1 to A.D. 1300, in thearea known as
the Four Corners (the meetingplace of the present-day states of
Utah, Col-orado, Arizona, and New Mexico). There theybuilt great
stone dwellings that the Spanishexplorers later called pueblos
(PWEHblohs),or villages. Pueblo Bonito, one of the most
spec-tacular of the Anasazi pueblos, can still be seen
in New Mexico. The huge semicircular structureof stone and
sun-dried earth resembles an apart-ment building. It is four
stories high and hashundreds of rooms. Archaeologists have
foundtraces of a complex road system linking PuebloBonito with
other villages. This suggests thatPueblo Bonito was an important
trade or reli-gious center for the Anasazi.
The Anasazi also built dwellings in the wallsof steep cliffs.
Cliff dwellings were easy todefend and offered protection from
winterweather. Mesa Verde in Colorado, one of thelargest and most
elaborate cliff dwellings, heldseveral thousand inhabitants.
In about 1300 the Anasazi began leaving thepueblos and cliff
dwellings to settle in smallercommunities. Their large villages may
have beenabandoned because of droughts, long periods oflittle
rainfall, during which their crops dried up.
Kivas at Pueblo Bonito
Pueblo Bonito had more than 800 rooms and 32 kivas, or
undergroundceremonial chambers. Today, the ruins of Pueblo Bonito
are part ofChaco Culture National Historical Park in northwestern
New Mexico.What other kind of dwellings were built by the
Anasazi?
History
-
11
22
33
N
SE
W
1,000 kilometers0Azimuthal Equidistant projection
1,000 miles0
30N
20N
10N
40N
50N
60N
70N
90W100W120W 110W 80W 70W 60W 50W
EQUATOR
AtlanticOcean
PacificOcean
ArcticOcean
Gulf ofMexico
HudsonBay
Caribbean
Sea
InupiatYupik
Tanaina
Tlingit
Haida
KwakiutlNootka
ChinookTillamook
Pomo
Chumash
Apache
Papago Zuni
Paiute
NorthernPaiute
WallaWalla
Nez PercePalus
Yakima
Blackfoot Cree
Inuit
Crow
MandanSioux
Cheyenne
PawneeOmaha
Osage
ChickasawWichita
NavajoHopi Pueblo
ComancheNatchezChoctaw Creek
Seminole
YuchiCherokee
ShawneeAlgonquian
PowhatanMiami
Mohegan, PequotIroquoisFox
SaukWinnebago
Ojibway(Chippewa)
Ottawa CayugaMohawk
OneidaSeneca Narraganset
Delaware
Huron
Onondaga
Mound Builders
Arctic
Subarctic
Northwest Coast
Plateau
Great Basin
California
Southwest
Great Plains
Northeast Woodlands
Southeast
Culture Groups
Tepees were used by the Plains cultures.
Cultures in the Northeast Woodlands built longhouses.
Southwest cultures built pueblos.
11
22
33
30 CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
The Mound BuildersThe early cultures of Mexico and Central
America appear to have influenced people livingin lands to the
north. In central North America,prehistoric Native Americans built
thousands ofmounds of earth that look very much like thestone
pyramids of the Maya and the Aztec. Someof the mounds contained
burial chambers. Somewere topped with temples, as in the Mayan
andAztec cultures.
The mounds are dotted across the landscapefrom present-day
Pennsylvania to the Missis-sippi River valley. They have been found
as farnorth as the Great Lakes and as far south asFlorida.
Archaeologists think that the firstmounds were built about 1000
B.C. They werenot the work of a single group but of many different
peoples, who are referred to as theMound Builders.
Native American Cultures Before 1500
1. Region To which culture group did the Apache and
Hopibelong?
2. Making Inferences Based on the description of thedwellings,
which cultures were nomadic?
Among the earliest Mound Builders were theAdena, hunters and
gatherers who flourished inthe Ohio Valley by 800 B.C. They were
followedby the Hopewell people, who lived between 200B.C. and A.D.
500. Farmers and traders, theHopewell built huge burial mounds in
the shapeof birds, bears, and snakes. One of them, theGreat Serpent
Mound, looks like a giant snakewinding across the ground.
Archaeologists havefound freshwater pearls, shells, cloth, and
cop-per in the mounds. The objects indicate a wide-spread pattern
of trade.
CahokiaThe largest settlement of the Mound Builders
was Cahokia (kuhHOHkeeuh) in present-day Illinois. This city,
built after A.D. 900 by a
-
N
SE
W
500 kilometers0Azimuthal Equidistantprojection
500 miles0
120W100W 80W
40N
160W
180
140
W
60N
Gulf ofMexico
pacificOcean
AtlanticOcean
31CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
people called the Mississippians, may have had16,000 or more
residents. The largest mound inCahokia, the Monks Mound, rises
nearly 100 feet(30 m). When it was built, it was probably
thehighest structure north of Mexico.
Cahokia resembled the great cities of Mexico,even though it was
nearly 2,000 miles away. Thecity was dominated by the great
pyramid-shaped mound. A temple crowned the sum-mitperhaps a place
where priests studied themovements of the sun and stars or where
thepriest-ruler of Cahokia lived. A legend of theNatchez people,
descendants of the Mississippi-ans, hints of a direct link to
Mexico:
Before we came into this land we livedyonder under the sun [the
speaker pointed
southwest toward Mexico]. . . . Our nation
extended itself along the great water [the
Gulf of Mexico] where this large river [the
Mississippi] loses itself.Identifying In what area did the
Anasazi live?
N
SE
W
1,000 kilometers0Azimuthal Equidistant projection
1,000 miles0
40N
60N
20N
80W100W
AtlanticOcean
pacificOcean
Gulf ofMexico
Caribbean Sea
Hunters, Gatherers, and FishersNative American Population
Other Native North AmericansAlthough the civilizations of the
Hohokam,
the Anasazi, and the Mound Builders eventuallyfaded away, other
Native American culturesarose to take their place. Around the time
thatEuropeans began arriving, North America washome to many
different societies.
Peoples of the NorthThe people who settled in the
northernmost
part of North America, in the lands around theArctic Ocean, are
called the Inuit. Some scien-tists think the Inuit were the last
migrants tocross the land bridge into North America.
The Inuit had many skills that helped themsurvive in the cold
Arctic climate. They mayhave brought some of these skills from
northernSiberia, probably their original home. In the win-ter the
Inuit built igloos, low-lying structures ofsnow blocks, which
protected them from severeweather. Their clothing of furs and
sealskins wasboth warm and waterproof. The Inuit werehunters and
fishers. In the coastal waters, theypursued whales, seals, and
walruses in small,
More than 100
20100
Fewer than 20
Estimated number of peopleper 100 square miles
Present-day boundary
Cultivated plants
Fishing
Game
Wild plants, animals
Major Methodsof Getting Food
Present-day boundary
-
skin-covered boats. On land they hunted cari-bou, large deerlike
animals that lived in the farnorth. The Inuit made clothing from
caribouskins and burned seal oil in lamps.
Peoples of the WestThe mild climate and dependable food
sources of the West Coast created a favorableenvironment for
many different groups.
The peoples of the northwestern coast, such asthe Tlingit
(TLIHNGkuht), Haida, and Chi-nook, developed a way of life that
used theresources of the forest and the sea. They builtwooden
houses and made canoes, cloth, and bas-kets from tree bark. Using
spears and traps, theyfished for salmon along the coast and in
riverssuch as the Columbia. This large fish was themain food of the
northwestern people. They pre-served the salmon by smoking it over
fires.
Salmon was also important for the people ofthe plateau region,
the area between the Cas-cade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains.
TheNez Perce (NEHZ PUHRS) and Yakima peo-ples fished the rivers,
hunted deer in forests,and gathered roots and berries. The root of
thecamas plant, a relative of the lily, was an impor-tant part of
their diet. The plateau peoples livedin earthen houses.
Present-day California was home to a greatvariety of cultures.
Along the northern coast,Native Americans fished for their food. In
themore barren environment of the southerndeserts, nomadic groups
wandered from placeto place collecting roots and seeds. In the
centralvalley, the Pomo gathered acorns and poundedthem into flour.
As in many Native Americancultures, the women of the Pomo did most
of thegathering and flour making.
In the Great Basin between the Sierra Nevadaand the Rocky
Mountains, Native Americansfound ways to live in the dry climate.
The soilwas too hard and rocky for farming, so peoplessuch as the
Ute (YOOT) and Shoshone(shuhSHOHN) traveled in search of food.
Theyate small game, pine nuts, juniper berries, roots, and some
insects. Instead of making permanentsettlements, the Great Basin
people created tem-porary shelters of branches and reeds.
Peoples of the SouthwestDescendants of the Anasazi formed the
Hopi,
the Acoma, and the Zuni peoples of the South-west. They built
their homes from a type of sun-dried mud brick called adobe. They
raised cornor maize as their basic food. They also grewbeans,
squash, melons, pumpkins, and fruit. Thepeople of the Southwest
also took part in asophisticated trade network that
extendedthroughout the Southwest and into Mexico.
In the 1500s two new groups settled in theregionthe Apache and
the Navajo. Unlike theother peoples of the Southwest, the Apache
andNavajo were hunters and gatherers. They hunteddeer and other
game. Eventually the Navajo set-tled into stationary communities
and built squarehouses called hogans. In addition to hunting
andgathering, they began to grow maize and beans.They also began
raising sheep in the 1600s.
Peoples of the PlainsThe peoples of the Great Plains were
nomadic;
villages were temporary, lasting only for a grow-ing season or
two. When the people moved fromplace to place, they dragged their
homescone-shaped skin tents called tepeesbehind them.The men hunted
antelope, deer, and buffalo. Thewomen tended plots of maize,
squash, and beans.
When the Spanish brought horses to Mexicoin the 1500s, some got
loose. In time horsesmade their way north. Native Americans
cap-tured and tamed the wild horses, and theComanche, the Dakota,
and other Plains peo-ples became skilled riders. They learned to
hunton horseback and to use the horses in warfare,attacking their
enemies with long spears, bowsand arrows, clubs, and knives.
32 CHAPTER 1 The First Americans
Powerful Iroquois Women did hold great power amongthe Iroquois
people. Iroquois women owned houses,crops, and fields and chose the
members of the Iroquoisgoverning council.
Iroquois Society
-
CitizenshipPeoples of the East and Southeast
The people who lived in the woodlands ofeastern North America
formed complex politicalsystems to govern their nations. The
Iroquois(IHRuhKWAWIH) and Cherokee had formallaw codes and formed
federations, govern-ments that linked different groups.
The Iroquois lived near Canada in what is nownorthern New York
State. There were five Iroquoisgroups or nations: the Onondaga, the
Seneca, theMohawk, the Oneida, and the Cayuga. Thesegroups warred
with each other until the late1500s, when they joined to form the
IroquoisLeague, also called the Iroquois Confederacy.
Iroquois women occupied positions of powerin their communities.
According to the constitu-tion of the Iroquois League, women chose
the 50men who served on the league council.
The Iroquois constitution was written downafter the Europeans
came to North America. Itdescribes the Iroquois peoples desire for
peace:
I am Dekanawidah and with the Five NationsConfederate Lords I
plant the Tree of GreatPeace. . . . Roots have spread out from the
Treeof the Great Peace, one to the north, one to theeast, one to
the south and one to the west.
The Southeast wasalso a woodlands area,but with a warmer
cli-mate than the easternwoodlands. The Creek,Chickasaw, and
Chero-kee were among theregions Native Ameri-can peoples. Many
Creeklived in loosely knit farming communities inpresent-day
Georgia and Alabama. There theygrew corn, tobacco, squash, and
other crops.The Chickasaw, most of whom lived fartherwest in what
is now Mississippi, farmed theriver bottomlands. The Cherokee
farmed in themountains of Georgia and the Carolinas.
Wherever they lived in North America, thefirst Americans
developed ways of life that werewell suited to their environments.
In the 1500s,however, the Native Americans met peoplewhose
cultures, beliefs, and ways of life weredifferent from anything
they had known or everseen. These newcomers were the Europeans,and
their arrival would change the NativeAmericans world forever.
Describing How did the use of thehorse change the lifestyle of
Native Americans on the GreatPlains?
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans 33
Geography Create or sketch amodel of a home that a
NativeAmerican might have built. Usenatural materials that exist in
thearea where you live and label the materials on your
diagram.Consider the climate of your areain your design.
Culture Region Shelter
Tlingit
Zuni
Dakota
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit taj.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter
1Student Web Activitiesfor an activity on NativeAmerican
cultures.
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use each of these
terms
in a complete sentence that will helpexplain its meaning:
pueblo,drought, adobe, federation.
2. Reviewing Facts Identify clues thatled archaeologists to
believe that theMound Builders were influenced byother
cultures.
Reviewing Themes3. Culture and Traditions What organ-
ization did the Iroquois form to pro-mote peace among their
people?
Critical Thinking4. Making Generalizations Why was
the environment of the West Coastfavorable for settlement by so
manyNative Americans?
5. Comparing Re-create the diagrambelow and explain how Native
Amer-ican cultures differed from oneanother by describing their
locationsand ways of living.
Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map
on page 30. What groups lived in California? What groups lived
in the Southeast?
CitizenshipPeoples of the East and Southeast
The people who lived in the woodlands ofeastern North America
formed complex politicalsystems to govern their nations. The
Iroquois(IHRuhKWAWIH) and Cherokee had formallaw codes and formed
federations, govern-ments that linked different groups.
The Iroquois lived near Canada in what is nownorthern New York
State. There were five Iroquoisgroups or nations: the Onondaga, the
Seneca, theMohawk, the Oneida, and the Cayuga. Thesegroups warred
with each other until the late1500s, when they joined to form the
IroquoisLeague, also called the Iroquois Confederacy.
Iroquois women occupied positions of powerin their communities.
According to the constitu-tion of the Iroquois League, women chose
the 50men who served on the league council.
The Iroquois constitution was written downafter the Europeans
came to North America. Itdescribes the Iroquois peoples desire for
peace:
I am Dekanawidah and with the Five NationsConfederate Lords I
plant the Tree of GreatPeace. . . . Roots have spread out from the
Treeof the Great Peace, one to the north, one to theeast, one to
the south and one to the west.
The Southeast wasalso a woodlands area,but with a warmer
cli-mate than the easternwoodlands. The Creek,Chickasaw, and
Chero-kee were among theregions Native Ameri-can peoples. Many
Creeklived in loosely knit farming communities inpresent-day
Georgia and Alabama. There theygrew corn, tobacco, squash, and
other crops.The Chickasaw, most of whom lived fartherwest in what
is now Mississippi, farmed theriver bottomlands. The Cherokee
farmed in themountains of Georgia and the Carolinas.
Wherever they lived in North America, thefirst Americans
developed ways of life that werewell suited to their environments.
In the 1500s,however, the Native Americans met peoplewhose
cultures, beliefs, and ways of life weredifferent from anything
they had known or everseen. These newcomers were the Europeans,and
their arrival would change the NativeAmericans world forever.
Describing How did the use of thehorse change the lifestyle of
Native Americans on the GreatPlains?
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans 33
Geography Create or sketch amodel of a home that a
NativeAmerican might have built. Usenatural materials that exist in
thearea where you live and label the materials on your
diagram.Consider the climate of your areain your design.
Culture Region Shelter
Tlingit
Zuni
Dakota
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit taj.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter
1Student Web Activitiesfor an activity on NativeAmerican
cultures.
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use each of these
terms
in a complete sentence that will helpexplain its meaning:
pueblo,drought, adobe, federation.
2. Reviewing Facts Identify clues thatled archaeologists to
believe that theMound Builders were influenced byother
cultures.
Reviewing Themes3. Culture and Traditions What organ-
ization did the Iroquois form to pro-mote peace among their
people?
Critical Thinking4. Making Generalizations Why was
the environment of the West Coastfavorable for settlement by so
manyNative Americans?
5. Comparing Re-create the diagrambelow and explain how Native
Amer-ican cultures differed from oneanother by describing their
locationsand ways of living.
Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map
on page 30. What groups lived in California? What groups lived
in the Southeast?
http://taj.glencoe.com
-
34
Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper, define the following
terms.1. archaeology 6. culture2. artifact 7. civilization3. Ice
Age 8. hieroglyphics4. nomad 9. pueblo5. carbon dating 10.
federation
Reviewing Key Facts11. For what reasons did Asians cross the
land bridge to
the Americas?12. What regions did the land bridge connect?13.
What was the first crop raised by Native Americans in
Mexico?14. What does carbon dating measure?15. What are
hieroglyphics?16. What regions were under Inca control?17. What
were two advantages of living in dwellings built
into the side of cliffs?18. What type of dwelling was common
among the people
of the Southwest?19. In what region did the Tlingit, Haida, and
the Chinook
peoples live?20. What groups formed the Iroquois League?
Critical Thinking21. Comparing Re-create the diagram below and
explain
how the environment of Native Americans who livedin the
Northwest differed from the environment ofthose who lived in the
Southwest.
22. Analyzing Themes: Culture and Traditions Religionwas an
important part of life in many Native Ameri-can civilizations. What
role did priests play in Mayansociety?
23. Analyzing Information In what ways did the Incaand Aztec use
war to increase their power?
The First AmericansThe first Americans begin to adapt to their
surroundings.
Societies in South and Central America and in Mexico create
powerful empires.
The Inca, Maya, and Aztec
The Inca develop a complex political system. They also build a
large network of paved roads.
The Maya create a written language and develop new waysof
farming.
The Aztec build a large empire,stretching from
north-centralMexico to the border of Guate-mala, and from the
AtlanticOcean to the Pacific Ocean.
People of North America The people of North America do not
develop empires as
large as those of the Inca, Maya, and Aztec.
Among the most advanced of the early cul-tures are the Hohokam
and Anasazi of theSouthwest and the Mound Builders of theOhio River
valley.
People who settle in a particular regiondevelop a common
culture.
In the Southwest, Native American peoplesadapt to their harsh
environment byimproving techniques of irrigation to farmthe
land.
Most of the people of the Great Plainswere nomadic. They lived
in tepees andused horses, spears, and bows and arrowsto hunt deer,
antelope, and buffalo.
Native Americans of the Northeast form the Iroquois League to
solve disputes.
Location Environment
Northwest
Southwest
-
Self-Check QuizVisit taj.glencoe.com and click on Chapter
1Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.
HISTORY
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans 35
Standardized Test Practice
Geography and History ActivityStudy the map above and answer the
questions that follow.24. Location Along what two major rivers did
many of the
Mound Builders settle?25. Place Near which river did the Adena
build most of their
settlements?26. Movement Of the Adena, Hopewell, and
Mississippian
cultures, which settled the farthest east?
Practicing SkillsUnderstanding the Parts of a Map Use the key,
compassrose, and scale bar on the map of Native American cultureson
page 30 to answer these questions.27. What does the map key
highlight?28. About how far from the Gulf of Mexico did the
Omaha
people live?29. Which Native American peoples settled in the
Southwest
region?30. Which people lived farthest westthe Pawnee or the
Miami?
500 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
500 miles0
N
S
EW
80W90W
40N
30N
AtlanticOcean
Gulf ofMexico
LakeHuron
Lake
Erie
LakeOntario
Lak
eM
ichi
gan
Ohio
R.
Mis
siss
ippi
R.
Missouri R.
Cahokia
SerpentMound
Moundville
Adena sites
Hopewell sites
Mississippian sites
Selected Sites of the Mound Builders
Technology Activity31. Using the Internet Search the Internet
for information
on recent archaeological discoveries. Describe how thesefinds
have changed the way we view the world.
Citizenship Cooperative Activity32. Research Work with a partner
to investigate the early
history of your community using primary and secondarysources.
Find out when and why it was founded. Whowere the first settlers
and early leaders? How did the gov-ernment change over the years?
Prepare a report for yourclass about what you have discovered.
Economics Activity33. Create a cause-and-effect chart. Write on
your chart:
Cause: The development of farming changed the wayearly nomads
lived. Then, describe at least two effects.
Alternative Assessment34. Portfolio Writing Activity Research
information about
an aspect of Aztec or Iroquois life that interests you.Present
your information in a report to the class.
Directions: Choose the bestanswer to the following question.
Because the Mayan civilization was a theocracy, themost powerful
Maya were
A warriors. C priests.B craftsmen. D enslaved people.
Test-Taking Tip:This question asks you to draw an inference.
What is
the meaning of the word theocracy? Understanding thedefinition
will help to answer the question.
Self-Check QuizVisit taj.glencoe.com and click on Chapter
1Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.
HISTORY
CHAPTER 1 The First Americans 35
Standardized Test Practice
Geography and History ActivityStudy the map above and answer the
questions that follow.24. Location Along what two major rivers did
many of the
Mound Builders settle?25. Place Near which river did the Adena
build most of their
settlements?26. Movement Of the Adena, Hopewell, and
Mississippian
cultures, which settled the farthest east?
Practicing SkillsUnderstanding the Parts of a Map Use the key,
compassrose, and scale bar on the map of Native American cultureson
page 30 to answer these questions.27. What does the map key
highlight?28. About how far from the Gulf of Mexico did the
Omaha
people live?29. Which Native American peoples settled in the
Southwest
region?30. Which people lived farthest westthe Pawnee or the
Miami?
500 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
500 miles0
N
S
EW
80W90W
40N
30N
AtlanticOcean
Gulf ofMexico
LakeHuron
Lake
Erie
LakeOntario
Lak
eM
ichi
gan
Ohio
R.
Mis
siss
ippi
R.
Missouri R.
Cahokia
SerpentMound
Moundville
Adena sites
Hopewell sites
Mississippian sites
Selected Sites of the Mound Builders
Technology Activity31. Using the Internet Search the Internet
for information
on recent archaeological discoveries. Describe how thesefinds
have changed the way we view the world.
Citizenship Cooperative Activity32. Research Work with a partner
to investigate the early
history of your community using primary and secondarysources.
Find out when and why it was founded. Whowere the first settlers
and early leaders? How did the gov-ernment change over the years?
Prepare a report for yourclass about what you have discovered.
Economics Activity33. Create a cause-and-effect chart. Write on
your chart:
Cause: The development of farming changed the wayearly nomads
lived. Then, describe at least two effects.
Alternative Assessment34. Portfolio Writing Activity Research
information about
an aspect of Aztec or Iroquois life that interests you.Present
your information in a report to the class.
Directions: Choose the bestanswer to the following question.
Because the Mayan civilization was a theocracy, themost powerful
Maya were
A warriors. C priests.B craftsmen. D enslaved people.
Test-Taking Tip:This question asks you to draw an inference.
What is
the meaning of the word theocracy? Understanding thedefinition
will help to answer the question.
http://taj.glencoe.com
The American JourneyIllinois EditionIllinois Learning Standards
for Social ScienceHow Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the
Standards?How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge
of Social Science?The Illinois Constitution: A SummaryTable of
ContentsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntHow Do I Study
History?The Structure of Illinois GovernmentConstitution Test
PracticeReading Skills HandbookIdentifying Words and Building
VocabularyReading for a ReasonUnderstanding What You ReadThinking
About Your ReadingUnderstanding Text StructureReading for
Research
National Geographic Reference AtlasUnited States PoliticalUnited
States PhysicalUnited States Territorial GrowthNorth America
PhysicalNorth America PoliticalMiddle East Physical/PoliticalWorld
PoliticalUnited States Facts
Geography HandbookWhat Is Geography?How Do I Study Geography?How
Do I Use Maps?How Does Geography Influence History?Geographic
Dictionary
Be an Active ReaderUnit 1: Different Worlds Meet: Beginnings to
1625Chapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1:
Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American
PeoplesChapter 1 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Section 1: A Changing
WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection
4: Exploring North AmericaChapter 2 Assessment and Activities
Unit 2: Colonial Settlement: 15871770Chapter 3: Colonial
America, 15871770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New
England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern
ColoniesChapter 3 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Section 1: Life in the
ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3:
France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian WarChapter
4 Assessment and Activities
Unit 3: Creating a Nation: 17631791Chapter 5: Road to
Independence, 17631776Section 1: Taxation Without
RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call
to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward IndependenceThe Declaration of
IndependenceChapter 5 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Section 1: The Early
YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and
SouthSection 4: The War Is WonChapter 6 Assessment and
Activities
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Section 1: The Articles
of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A
New Plan of GovernmentChapter 7 Assessment and Activities
Civics in Action: A Citizenship HandbookSection 1: The
ConstitutionSection 2: The Federal GovernmentSection 3: Citizen's
Rights and ResponsibilitiesHandbook Assessment
The Constitution of the United States
Unit 4: The New Republic: 17891825Chapter 8: A New Nation,
17891800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early
ChallengesSection 3: The First Political PartiesChapter 8
Assessment and Activities
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Section 1: The Republicans
Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of
ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812Chapter 9 Assessment and
Activities
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Section 1: Economic
GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and
SectionalismChapter 10 Assessment and Activities
Unit 5: The Growing Nation: 18201860Chapter 11: The Jackson Era,
18241845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over
LandSection 3: Jackson and the BankChapter 11 Assessment and
Activities
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Section 1: The Oregon
CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with
MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and UtahChapter 12
Assessment and Activities
Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Section 1: The North's
EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton
KingdomSection 4: The South's PeopleChapter 13 Assessment and
Activities
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Section 1: Social
ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's
MovementChapter 14 Assessment and Activities
Unit 6: Civil War and Reconstruction: 18461896Chapter 15: Road
to Civil War, 18201861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A
Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession
and WarChapter 15 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Section 1: The Two
SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for
FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to
VictoryChapter 16 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Section 1:
Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The
South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the SouthChapter 17
Assessment and Activities
Unit 7: Reshaping the Nation: 18581914Chapter 18: The Western
Frontier, 18581896Section 1: The Mining BoomsSection 2: Ranchers
and FarmersSection 3: Native American StrugglesSection 4: Farmers
in ProtestChapter 18 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 18651914Section 1: Railroads
Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big
BusinessSection 4: Industrial WorkersChapter 19 Assessment and
Activities
Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 18651914Section 1: The New
ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing
CultureChapter 20 Assessment and Activities
Unit 8: Reform, Expansion, and War: 18651920Chapter 21:
Progressive Reforms, 18771920Section 1: The Progressive
MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3: Progressive
PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from ReformChapter 21 Assessment and
Activities
Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 18651917Section 1: Expanding
HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3:
Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American PoliciesChapter 22
Assessment and Activities
Chapter 23: World War I, 19141919Section 1: War in EuropeSection
2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection
4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for PeaceChapter 23
Assessment and Activities
Unit 9: Turbulent Decades: 19191945Chapter 24: The Jazz Age,
19191929Section 1: Time of TurmoilSection 2: Desire for
NormalcySection 3: A Booming EconomySection 4: The Roaring
TwentiesChapter 24 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 19291941Section 1: The Great
DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the
DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New DealChapter 25 Assessment
and Activities
Chapter 26: World War II, 19391945Section 1: Road to WarSection
2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe
and AfricaSection 5: War in the PacificChapter 26 Assessment and
Activities
Unit 10: Turning Points: 19451975Chapter 27: The Cold War Era,
19451954Section 1: Cold War OriginsSection 2: Postwar
PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection 4: The Red ScareChapter 27
Assessment and Activities
Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 19531960Section 1: Eisenhower
in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in
a Time of PlentyChapter 28 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 19541973Section 1: The Civil
Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The
Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek RightsChapter 29
Assessment and Activities
Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 19601975Section 1: Kennedy's
Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years
at HomeSection 4: Nixon and VietnamChapter 30 Assessment and
Activities
Unit 11: Modern America: 1968PresentChapter 31: Search for
Stability, 19681981Section 1: Nixon's Foreign PolicySection 2:
Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter PresidencyChapter 31
Assessment and Activities
Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981PresentSection 1: The Reagan
PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New
CenturySection 4: The War on TerrorismChapter 32 Assessment and
Activities
AppendixWhat Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?Primary Sources
LibraryPresidents of the United StatesDocuments of American
HistorySupreme Court Case SummariesGazetteerGlossarySpanish
GlossaryIndexAcknowledgements and Photo Credits
Feature ContentsPrimary Sources LibraryDocuments of America's
HeritageMore AboutWhat Life Was LikeNational Geographic: Geography
& HistoryAmerica's LiteratureTwo ViewpointsTechnology and
HistoryLinking Past & PresentWhat IfHands-On History Lab
ActivityTIME NotebookWhy It MattersCauses and
EffectsSkillBuilderCritical ThinkingSocial StudiesStudy &
WritingTechnology
People In HistoryFact Fiction FolklorePrimary Source
QuotesCharts & GraphsMaps
Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student
EditionChapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1:
Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American
Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Section 1: A Changing
WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection
4: Exploring North America
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 15871770Section 1: Early English
SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle
ColoniesSection 4: Southern Colonies
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Section 1: Life in the
ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3:
France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 17631776Section 1: Taxation
Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3:
A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Section 1: The Early
YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and
SouthSection 4: The War Is Won
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Section 1: The Articles
of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A
New Plan of Government
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 17891800Section 1: The First
PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political
Parties
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Section 1: The Republicans
Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of
ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Section 1: Economic
GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and
Sectionalism
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 18241845Section 1: Jacksonian
DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the
Bank
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Section 1: The Oregon
CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with
MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and Utah
Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Section 1: The North's
EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton
KingdomSection 4: The South's People
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Section 1: Social
ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's
Movement
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 18201861Section 1: Slavery and
the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to
SlaverySection 4: Secession and War
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Section 1: The Two
SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for
FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to
Victory
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Section 1:
Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The
South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the South
Chapter 18: The Western Frontier, 18581896Section 1: The Mining
BoomsSection 2: Ranchers and FarmersSection 3: Native American
StrugglesSection 4: Farmers in Protest
Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 18651914Section 1: Railroads
Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big
BusinessSection 4: Industrial Workers
Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 18651914Section 1: The New
ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing
Culture
Chapter 21: Progressive Reforms, 18771920Section 1: The
Progressive MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3:
Progressive PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from Reform
Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 18651917Section 1: Expanding
HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3:
Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American Policies
Chapter 23: World War I, 19141919Section 1: War in EuropeSection
2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection
4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for Peace
Chapter 24: The Jazz Age, 19191929Section 1: Time of
TurmoilSection 2: Desire for NormalcySection 3: A Booming
EconomySection 4: The Roaring Twenties
Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 19291941Section 1: The Great
DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the
DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New Deal
Chapter 26: World War II, 19391945Section 1: Road to WarSection
2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe
and AfricaSection 5: War in the Pacific
Chapter 27: The Cold War Era, 19451954Section 1: Cold War
OriginsSection 2: Postwar PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection
4: The Red Scare
Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 19531960Section 1: Eisenhower
in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in
a Time of Plenty
Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 19541973Section 1: The Civil
Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The
Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek Rights
Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 19601975Section 1: Kennedy's
Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years
at HomeSection 4: Nixon and Vietnam
Chapter 31: Search for Stability, 19681981Section 1: Nixon's
Foreign PolicySection 2: Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter
Presidency
Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981PresentSection 1: The Reagan
PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New
CenturySection 4: The War on Terrorism
Activity Workbook - Student EditionLocal history
activitiesActivity 1: The First AmericansActivity 2: Exploring the
AmericasActivity 3: Colonial AmericaActivity 4: The Colonies
GrowActivity 5: Road to IndependenceActivity 6: The American
RevolutionActivity 7: A More Perfect UnionActivity 8: A New
NationActivity 9: The Jefferson EraActivity 10: Growth and
ExpansionActivity 11: The Jackson EraActivity 12: Manifest
DestinyActivity 13: North and SouthActivity 14: The Age of
ReformActivity 15: Road to Civil WarActivity 16: The Civil
WarActivity 17: Reconstruction and Its AftermathActivity 18: The
Western FrontierActivity 19: The Growth of IndustryActivity 20:
Toward an Urban AmericaActivity 21: Progressive ReformsActivity 22:
Overseas ExpansionActivity 23: World War IActivity 24: The Jazz
AgeActivity 25: The Depression and FDRActivity 26: World War
IIActivity 27: The Cold War EraActivity 28: America in the
1950sActivity 29: The Civil Rights EraActivity 30: The Vietnam
EraActivity 31: Search for StabilityActivity 32: New Challenges
Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1:
The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early
PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American
Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 14001625Section 1: A Changing
WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection
4: Exploring North America
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 15871770Section 1: Early English
SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle
ColoniesSection 4: Southern Colonies
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 16071770Section 1: Life in the
ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3:
France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 17631776Section 1: Taxation
Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3:
A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 17761783Section 1: The Early
YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and
SouthSection 4: The War Is Won
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 17771790Section 1: The Articles
of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A
New Plan of Government
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 17891800Section 1: The First
PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political
Parties
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 18001816Section 1: The Republicans
Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of
ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 17901825Section 1: Economic
GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and
Sectionalism
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 18241845Section 1: Jacksonian
DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the
Bank
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 18181853Section 1: The Oregon
CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with
MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and Utah
Chapter 13: North and South, 18201860Section 1: The North's
EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton
KingdomSection 4: The South's People
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 18201860Section 1: Social
ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's
Movement
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 18201861Section 1: Slavery and
the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to
SlaverySection 4: Secession and War
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 18611865Section 1: The Two
SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for
FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to
Victory
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 18651896Section 1:
Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The
South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the South
Chapter 18: The Western Frontier, 18581896Section 1: The Mining
BoomsSection 2: Ranchers and FarmersSection 3: Native American
StrugglesSection 4: Farmers in Protest
Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 18651914Section 1: Railroads
Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big
BusinessSection 4: Industrial Workers
Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 18651914Section 1: The New
ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing
Culture
Chapter 21: Progressive Reforms, 18771920Section 1: The
Progressive MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3:
Progressive PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from Reform
Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 18651917Section 1: Expanding
HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3:
Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American Policies
Chapter 23: World War I, 19141919Section 1: War in EuropeSection
2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection
4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for Peace
Chapter 24: The Jazz Age, 19191929Section 1: Time of
TurmoilSection 2: Desire for NormalcySection 3: A Booming
EconomySection 4: The Roaring Twenties
Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 19291941Section 1: The Great
DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the
DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New Deal
Chapter 26: World War II, 19391945Section 1: Road to WarSection
2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe
and AfricaSection 5: War in the Pacific
Chapter 27: The Cold War Era, 19451954Section 1: Cold War
OriginsSection 2: Postwar PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection
4: The Red Scare
Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 19531960Section 1: Eisenhower
in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in
a Time of Plenty
Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 19541973Section 1: The Civil
Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The
Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek Rights
Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 19601975Section 1: Kennedy's
Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years
at HomeSection 4: Nixon and Vietnam
Chapter 31: Search for Stability, 19681981Section 1: Nixon's
Foreign PolicySection 2: Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter
Presidency
Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981PresentSection 1: The Reagan
PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New
CenturySection 4: The War on Terrorism
Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student
EditionCaptulo 1: Los primeros habitantes de las Amricas,
Prehistoria a 1492Gua de estudio 1-1: Los primeros pueblosGua de
estudio 1-2: Ciudades e imperiosGua de estudio 1-3: Pueblos
norteamericanos
Captulo 2: La exploracin de las Amricas, 14001625Gua de estudio
2-1: Un mundo cambianteGua de estudio 2-2: Primeras
exploracionesGua de estudio 2-3: Espaa en AmricaGua de estudio 2-4:
Exploracin de Norteamrica
Captulo 3: La Amrica colonial, 15871770Gua de estudio 3-1:
Primeros asentamientos inglesesGua de estudio 3-2: Colonias de
Nueva InglaterraGua de estudio 3-3: Colonias del CentroGua de
estudio 3-4: Colonias del Sur
Captulo 4: El desarollo de las colonias, 16071770Gua de estudio
4-1: La vida en las coloniasGua de estudio 4-2: Gobierno, religin y
culturaGua de estudio 4-3: Choque entre Francia e InglaterraGua de
estudio 4-4: La guerra francesa e india
Captulo 5: El camino de la Independencia, 17631776Gua de estudio
5-1: Impuestos sin representacinGua de estudio 5-2: Formacin de la
unidad colonialGua de estudio 5-3: Un llamado a las armasGua de
estudio 5-4: Avanzar hacia la independencia
Captulo 6: La Guerra de Independencia, 17761783Gua de estudio
6-1: Los primeros aosGua de estudio 6-2: La guerra continaGua de
estudio 6-3: La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el SurGua de
estudio 6-4: La guerra se gana
Captulo 7: Una unin ms perfecta, 17771790Gua de estudio 7-1: Los
artculos de la ConfederacinGua de estudio 7-2: Convencin y
compromisoGua de estudio 7-3: Un nuevo plan de gobierno
Captulo 8: Una nueva Nacin, 18791800Gua de estudio 8-1: El
primer presidenteGua de estudio 8-2: Primeros retosGua de estudio
8-3: Los primeros partidos polticos
Captulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 18001816Gua de estudio 9-1: Los
republicanos toman el poderGua de estudio 9-2: La compra de
LouisianaGua de estudio 9-3: Una poca de conflictoGua de estudio
9-4: La guerra de 1812
Captulo 10: Crecimiento y expansin, 17901825Gua de estudio 10-1:
Crecimiento econmicoGua de estudio 10-2: Rumbo al OesteGua de
estudio 10-3: Unidad y seccionalismo
Captulo 11: La era Jackson, 18241845Gua de estudio 11-1:
Democracia jacksonianaGua de estudio 11-2: Conflictos por la
tierraGua de estudio 11-3: Jackson y el banco
Captulo 12: Destino manifi