Different Paths Followed by the Two Koreas

Different Paths Followed by the Two

Koreas

Night Image of the Two Koreas After Five Decades

North Korea

North Korea

• Communist system • The world most isolated regime

& economic backwardness• Dictatorship and human rights

issues• Nuclear development &

‘military-first policy’

“Juche” (Self Reliance) Ideology:

• Symbolizes autonomy or identity in ideology, independence in politics, self-sufficiency in economy and reliance on Korea’s own forces in national defense.

• Characteristics of North Korean system:

- Acceptance of hereditary succession of power

- Most militarized country among communist

countries

- Anti-American education

South Korea

South KoreaOne of the most successful postwar

economicand political development cases• 12th largest economy (member of OECD)

• 12th largest trading country

• 11th in global competitiveness (WEF 2007)

• 1st in university enrollment

• 1st in broadband penetration (90% of households)

• Fully democratized political system

IDEOLOGY

• Left/Progressive– Democracy

•Anti-authoritarianism

– Nationalism•Reconciliation w/

NK– Labor (Minjung)

• Left/Progressive– Democracy

•Anti-authoritarianism

– Nationalism•Reconciliation w/

NK– Labor (Minjung)

• Right/Conservative– Development

•Mobilization– Anti-Communism

•S.Korean State– Capital (e.g.Chaeb

ol)

• Right/Conservative– Development

•Mobilization– Anti-Communism

•S.Korean State– Capital (e.g.Chaeb

ol)

2007 Election• Lee Myung-bak: Conservative

GNP– 48.7%– 11.49 million votes

• Chung Dong-young: UNDP– 26.2%– 6.17 million votes

• Lee Hoe-chang: Ultra-Conservative Independent– 15.6%

Recent Developments inInter-Korean Relations

Inter-Korea Agreements & Documents, 1953-Present

• Total 92 agreements & documents:– 1953: Armistice Agreement– 1972: Inter-Korean Joint Communique– 1991-1992 (11 on Inter-Korean Basic A

greement)– 1994-1997 (9 on DPRK-US Agreed Fram

ework-related)– 2000-2004-2007 (69+1 since the Sum

mit in 2000)

South Korea’s Policy Towards North Korea

• From confrontation to reconciliation

• Engagement policy of North Korea during the last decade

· dialogue and cooperation · confidence building · peaceful coexistence · prosperity on the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia • Peaceful and gradual process of

unification

Sunshine PolicyPrinciples:1) Not allow any armed

provocation hampering peace on the peninsula

2) Don’t absorb North Korea3) Push reconciliation and

cooperation with North beginning with those areas which can be most easily agreed upon

Sunshine Policy

• Engagement Policy• Reconciliation and Cooperation • Peaceful co-existence not unification• Dialog and Deterrence• Separation of Economics and Politics• Promote peace and mutual prosperity inste

ad of inciting mutual enmity and conflict

Inter-Korean Relations• Humanitarian assistance · South Korea is the biggest donor county to the North

• People’s exchanges · In 2005, 88,000 South Koreans visited the North (more than the total number of visitors during the previous five decades) · 1.5m South Korean tourists to Mt. Geumgang since 1998

SK Government Aid to North Korea, 1995-2004

Year Aid Amount (USD) Note

1995 232,000,000 Rice (150,000 MT) direct1996 3,050,000 Grain, P milk via UN 1997 26,670,000 Grain, P milk via UN1998 11,000,000 Grain, flour via UN1999 28,250,000 Fertilizer - direct2000 78,630,000 Fertilizer – direct2001 70,450,000 Fertilizer, grain, underwear, medicine

– D 2002 83,750,000 Fertilizer, grain, med – Direct2003 87,020,000 Med, cash (Unicef), fertilizer, grain -D2004 740,000 Yongchon ER supplies, medicines, et

c.-D

SK NGO Aid to North Korea, ’95-’04Year Aid amount Note

9/95-5/97 4,960,000 Food, blanket-via IFRC

6/97-7/97 8,500,000 Food, fertilizer-Korean RC

8/97-10/97 8,900,000 Food, vitamins-KRC

3/98 170,000 Fertilizer (800 mt)-KRC

4/98-6/98 9,350,000 Food, potato,socks–KRC

9/98-12/98 11,330,000 Corn, cows; NGO-food

1999 18,630,000 Indep (10 NGOs)- diverse KRC (24 NGOs) -food, clothing, med

2000 35,130,000 Independ (13 NGOs); KRC (16 NGOs)

2001 64,940,000 Indep (19 NGOs); KRC ($238,333)

2002 51,170,000 Indep (25 NGOs); KRC ($692,308)

2003 70,610,000 Indep (29 NGOs); KRC ($583,333)

2004 (Jan-Apr) 37,510,000 Indep (19 NGOs); KRC ($491,667)

Economic Cooperation

Economic cooperation:• Inter-Korean trade volume : 1.35 billion USD

(South Korea has become the 2nd largest trading partner of the North within a decade)* North Korea’s Trade Volume : 4 billion USD

• Gaeseong Industrial Complex :

a collaborative project

Gaeseong, the city next to the DMZGaeseong, the city next to the DMZ

Inter-Korean Summit Meetings (2000, 2007)

• Major results of the 2007 Summit: (Peace building) · cooperation on denuclearization and establishment of a peace

regime · reduction of military tension and the holding of a defense minis

ters’ meeting · holding Prime Minister’s meeting (Economic cooperation) · creating a Special Peace and Cooperation Zone in the West Se

a · constructing ship-building complexes and repairing roads · expanding Gaeseong Industrial Complex (Reconciliation) · expanding the reunion of separated families · promoting exchanges and cooperation in social and cultural are

as

North Korean Nuclear Issue

• 6 Party talks : Two Koreas, US, Japan, China, Russia

• Progress: (North Korea’s action to be taken by the end of

2007) · disable key nuclear facilities · provide a complete and correct declaration of all its nuclear programs (Other Six Party’s action) · economic and energy assistance up to the

equivalent of 1 million tons of heavy fuel oil · discuss normalization of US-North Korea relations, Japan-North Korea relations (Future course of action) · hold a Six Party Ministerial Meeting · dismantle North Korea’s nuclear facilities

•Long-term Goals · to establish a permanent

peace

regime on the Korean Peninsula

· to develop a multilateral security

forum in Northeast Asia