Diet And Heath Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.

Diet And Heath

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson LearningCopyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Lifestyle• Physical inactivity

• Overweight

• Tobacco use

• Alcohol and drug abuse


The Immune System• Skin and mucus membranes are the first line of defense

– If those are overcome then the immune system comes into play• Antigens

– Foreign substances that elicit an immune response– They may be proteins, carbohydrates etc inside and on the surface of

bacteria, viruses and other organisms.– They may be toxins or allergens (substances that cause allergies)

either in the environment or in foods– They may be abnormal proteins produced by cancer cells– Thus the immune system also protects against cancer in normal life

• Phagocytes– Phagocytosis

• Literally means cell eating• Bacteria, viruses etc as well as infected human cells are “eaten by

phagocytes and their antigens made available to the rest of the immune system

– Cytokines• Chemical signals released by phagocytes to activate metabolic

and immune responses to infection

The Immune System• Lymphocytes

– Are very specific– Each one recognizes only one type of antigen– Two types of lymphocytes

• B-cells

– Antibodies »Proteins that kill or inactivate bacteria,

viruses etc• T-cells

– Release powerful chemicals to destroy bacteria, viruses etc

• Memory– Both T and B memory cells are created– These memory cells will “remember” the antigen they have

seen before and protect against future infections– This is how vaccines work


Nutrition and Immunity


• Synergistic effects– Multiple factors working

together cause combined effects greater than each one can produce by itself

– In this case, malnutrition and diseases work together to make things worse than one or the other alone can.

• PEM– Protein energy malnutrition

Nutrition and Immunity


Immune system cells are some of the few types of cells that are always growing and reproducing.Making new cells need proteins.In addition, cytokines and antibodies are proteins.Many of the enzymes necessary to kill the invaders are proteins

Nutrition and Immunity• Protein• Fatty acids

– Omega-3

• Vitamins A, E, B6, C


• Folate• Iron• Zinc• Selenium

How AIDS Develops• Opportunistic infections

– Infections that would not affect a healthy person but can be very serious (even causing death) in people whose immune system is damaged

– Most of the people who die of AIDS, die from opportunistic infections

• CD4+ T-lymphocytes– Main targets of the Human

Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)– It is like fighting a war without some of

your best weapons


The HIV Wasting Syndrome• Causes of malnutrition and wasting

– Inadequate nutrient intakes• Tendency towards anorexia (both physical

and psychological components)

– Malabsorption (poor absorption)– Excessive nutrient losses

• Some of the treatments lead to nausea, vomiting or diarrhea

– Accelerated metabolism (fever and other causes)


Nutrition Support• Zinc

– Zinc supplementation can reduce rate of opportunistic infections

• No specific dietary strategy– Try to prevent anorexia

• Foodborne infections– HIV/AIDS sufferers are more susceptible to

foodborne infections – So extra care must be taken


Nutrition And Chronic Disease

• Leading causes of death in the U.S.



Nutrition And Chronic Disease


Cardiovascular Disease

• CVD (Cardiovascular disease)– Diseases affecting heart and blood

vessels• CHD (Coronary Heart Disease)

– Atherosclerosis•Narrowing of coronary arteries•Coronary arteries carry blood to the heart


How Atherosclerosis Develops• Damage to artery walls (cells lining the blood vessel)

due to– Normal pressure from blood flow in branches– High LDL– Smoking– Hypertension– High homocysteine levels– Viral or bacterial infections

• Inflammatory reaction to the damage – Macrophages move in– LDL cholesterol particles get trapped– Free radicals produced during inflammation oxidize LDL fatty

acids– Macrophages get swollen with the oxidized LDLs– Minerals are deposited, blood clots and fibrous connective

tissue is deposited forming plaques– Plaques start to form early in life


• Blood clots and atherosclerosis– Parts of plaque get dislodged – Body reacts as if this is a wound and sends

in blood clotting machinery including platelets

– Platelets•Eicosanoids•Thrombosis

–Embolism


How Atherosclerosis Develops


• Blood pressure and atherosclerosis



• The result: heart attacks and strokes– Angina

•Heart attack•Stroke



Risk Factors For CHD


Risk Factors For CHD• Other risk factors

– Emerging risk factors

• Metabolic syndrome– Insulin resistance


Recommendations For Reducing Risk





• Other dietary strategies - phytosterols

• Physical activity

• Drug therapy


How Hypertension Develops

• Unknown

• Role of the kidneys


Risk Factors For Hypertension

• Smoking

• Alcohol

• High blood lipids



• Diabetes

• Gender

• Age



• Heredity

• Obesity

• Race



• Weight control

• Physical activity

• Alcohol




• Drug therapy


DiabetesIn The U.S.


• Prevalence among adults

How Diabetes Develops


How Diabetes Develops

• Type 1 diabetes– Autoimmune disorder

• Type 2 diabetes

• Impaired glucose tolerance


Complications Of Diabetes


Complications Of Diabetes

• Diseases of the large blood vessels

• Diseases of the small blood vessels

• Diseases of the nerves


Recommendations For Diabetes

• Recommendations for type 1 diabetes

• Recommendations for type 2 diabetes


How Cancer Develops


How Cancer Develops• Genetic factors

• Immune factors


How Cancer Develops• Environmental factors

– Initiators– Promoters– Antipromoters


How Cancer Develops

• Dietary factors - cancer initiators– Carcinogens

• Dietary factors - cancer promoters

• Dietary factors - antipromoters



• Eat a variety of healthful foods– Emphasize plant sources

• Adopt a physically active lifestyle



• Maintain a healthful weight throughout life

• If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit consumption



• Do not smoke or use tobacco in any form


Food Guide Pyramid for Disease Prevention


Recommendations For Chronic Diseases

• Recommendations for the population

• Recommendations for individuals


Recommendations For Chronic Diseases

• Recommendations for each individual– Genome


Complementary And Alternative Medicine

• Defining complementary and alternative medicine– Integrative

medicine



• Sound research, loud controversy

• Placebo effect



• Risk-benefit relationships



• Nutrition-related alternative therapies– Foods– Vitamin and mineral

supplements– Herbal remedies










• Internet precautions

• The consumer’s perspective


Diet And Heath Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.

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