Diesel Emissions Testing Diesel Emissions Testing Asian Vehicle Emission Control Conference 2004 Asian Vehicle Emission Control Conference 2004 Terry L. Ullman Terry L. Ullman Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute ® ® Office of Automotive Engineering Office of Automotive Engineering April 27 April 27 - - 29, 2004 29, 2004 China World Hotel China World Hotel Beijing, China Beijing, China Southwest Research Institute ® Southwest Research Institute ®
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Diesel Emissions Testing - TLU - · PDF fileDiesel Emissions Testing ... • Chassis Dynamometer, Specific Inertia, Road Load ... • Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
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Diesel Emissions TestingDiesel Emissions TestingAsian Vehicle Emission Control Conference 2004Asian Vehicle Emission Control Conference 2004
Terry L. UllmanTerry L. UllmanSouthwest Research InstituteSouthwest Research Institute®®
Office of Automotive EngineeringOffice of Automotive EngineeringApril 27April 27--29, 200429, 2004China World HotelChina World Hotel
Beijing, ChinaBeijing, China
Southwest Research Institute®Southwest Research Institute®
Process to Generate EmissionsProcess to Generate EmissionsVehicle TestVehicle Test, , Mass Pollutant/Distance TraveledMass Pollutant/Distance Traveled•• Special Purpose Special Purpose –– Cars, Buses, etc.Cars, Buses, etc.•• Integrated System Integrated System –– Natural Gas, Hybrid, etc.Natural Gas, Hybrid, etc.•• Engine Driveline, Fuel, Exhaust System, Cooling, Air Engine Driveline, Fuel, Exhaust System, Cooling, Air
HandlingHandling•• Chassis Dynamometer, Specific Inertia, Road LoadChassis Dynamometer, Specific Inertia, Road Load•• Specific Driving CycleSpecific Driving Cycle
DynamometerLoad
Fuel
Air
TorqueMeter
Engine
Process to Sample and Quantify Process to Sample and Quantify PollutantsPollutants
•• Concentration of PollutantConcentration of Pollutant•• Mass of ExhaustMass of Exhaust•• Distance or WorkDistance or Work•• SteadySteady--StateState
-- Sample Raw ExhaustSample Raw Exhaust-- Measure Air & Fuel, Fuel + COMeasure Air & Fuel, Fuel + CO22, ,
Direct MeasureDirect Measure-- Distance, km or Work, kWDistance, km or Work, kW--hrhr
SteadySteady--State Test CycleState Test CycleISO 8178 ISO 8178 –– C1 CycleC1 Cycle
Speed (%)
40 60 80 100
Load
(% a
t spe
ed)
0
25
50
75
100 15%
15%
15%
15%
10%
10%
10%
10%
Inte
rmed
iate
Spe
ed
Idle
SteadySteady--State Test CycleState Test CycleEuropean Stationary Cycle (ESC)European Stationary Cycle (ESC)
SteadySteady--State TestingState TestingFixed Flow ExhaustFixed Flow Exhaust•• Not Limited by Engine SizeNot Limited by Engine Size•• Raw Sample for Gaseous Raw Sample for Gaseous
•• Inertia SimulationInertia Simulation•• Single and Tandem AxlesSingle and Tandem Axles•• Road Load MatchingRoad Load Matching•• Driver’s Aid for CyclesDriver’s Aid for Cycles•• Full Flow CVSFull Flow CVS•• Emission BenchEmission Bench
Transient Vehicle CyclesTransient Vehicle Cycles
HD UDDS CycleHD UDDS Cycle
ETC TransientETC TransientCycleCycle
From: dieselnet.comFrom: dieselnet.com
Diesel Emission of THCDiesel Emission of THCTHC, Total Hydrocarbon Emission THC, Total Hydrocarbon Emission
•• Heated Flame Ionization DetectorHeated Flame Ionization Detector•• HH22 + Air + Air →→ FlameFlame•• Ionization Proportional to Carbon AtomsIonization Proportional to Carbon Atoms•• Sample Transfer at 375Sample Transfer at 375°°F, 190F, 190°°CC•• Heated FilterHeated Filter•• Overflow Calibration and SpanOverflow Calibration and Span•• Equal Response to Paraffins, Olefins, AromaticsEqual Response to Paraffins, Olefins, Aromatics•• Variation in Response to HC + OVariation in Response to HC + O22 or Nor N22 AtomsAtoms•• Linear ResponseLinear Response•• WetWet
Diesel Emission of THCDiesel Emission of THC
Diesel Emission of THCDiesel Emission of THC
Diesel Emission of NODiesel Emission of NOxxChemiluminescent Analysis of Nitrogen Oxides Chemiluminescent Analysis of Nitrogen Oxides
NONOx x == NONO22 + NO + NO
NONO22 Converted to NO,Converted to NO,NO + ONO + O33 →→ NONO22* * →→ NONO22 + hy + hy
NO Nitric OxideNO Nitric OxideNO + ONO + O33 →→ NONO22* * →→ NONO22 + + hyhy
Heated Sample Line 212Heated Sample Line 212°°F, 100F, 100°°CCWet or DryWet or Dry
Diesel Emission of NODiesel Emission of NOxx
Diesel Emission of PMDiesel Emission of PMPM, Total Particulate MatterPM, Total Particulate MatterGravimetric to 1 Gravimetric to 1 µµgg90, 70, 47 mm Filter Media, Two Filters90, 70, 47 mm Filter Media, Two FiltersFluorocarbon Coated GFFluorocarbon Coated GFSample Diluted, Sample Diluted, << 125125°°F, 52F, 52°°CCLoading 20 to 1000 Loading 20 to 1000 µµggDouble Dilution Double Dilution –– HDHDSingle Dilution Single Dilution -- LDLD
Diesel Emission of PMDiesel Emission of PM
19880.600.60
NONOxx, G/HP, G/HP--HRHR
0.100.10
0.050.05
0.250.25
2.52.5 33 44 55 66
Part
icul
ate,
G/H
PPa
rtic
ulat
e,G
/HP --
HRHR
11 22
1991
199419982002
(NOx + HC)StandardsStandards
For 2007/2010For 2007/2010
The Legislative Environment The Legislative Environment -- Regulations (HD)Regulations (HD)
Process to Sample and Quantify Process to Sample and Quantify Pollutants?Pollutants?
CVS Apparatus for Sampling TransientCVS Apparatus for Sampling Transient•• Accurate But Low Dilute ConcentrationsAccurate But Low Dilute Concentrations•• Too LargeToo Large
Particulate Emission Particulate Emission –– Real Time Real Time –– Partial Flow Sampling SystemPartial Flow Sampling System•• Exhaust FlowExhaust Flow•• Raw Exhaust Proportional Sample for GravimetricRaw Exhaust Proportional Sample for Gravimetric
-- SteadySteady--State State –– AcceptedAccepted-- Transient Transient –– PendingPending
SteadySteady--State vs TransientState vs Transient
EPA has Established Goals for Portable Diesel EPA has Established Goals for Portable Diesel OnOn--Vehicle Emission MeasurementVehicle Emission MeasurementSystems/DevicesSystems/Devices
InIn--Use TestingUse Testing•• Gaseous and Particulate EmissionsGaseous and Particulate Emissions•• Truck and BusTruck and Bus•• Nonroad EnginesNonroad Engines•• LightLight--Duty Vehicles and TrucksDuty Vehicles and Trucks
InIn--Use Vehicle Emission Use Vehicle Emission MeasurementMeasurement
•• Transient CapableTransient Capable•• Quantify Exhaust Mass + NOx ConcentrationQuantify Exhaust Mass + NOx Concentration
+ HC Concentration+ HC Concentration•• ParticulateParticulate
-- Special Challenge Special Challenge –– GravimetricGravimetric-- Proportional Raw Sample CaptureProportional Raw Sample Capture-- DiluteDilute-- Accumulate on FilterAccumulate on Filter-- Weigh FilterWeigh Filter-- Special Challenge Special Challenge –– ConcentrationConcentration-- Instrument for Size and NumberInstrument for Size and Number-- Correlate to Gravimetric, Subject of CRC ECorrelate to Gravimetric, Subject of CRC E--66 Project66 Project
InIn--Use Vehicle Emission Use Vehicle Emission Measurement (Cont’d)Measurement (Cont’d)
•• Define Engine LoadDefine Engine Load-- Estimate by OnEstimate by On--Board ComputerBoard Computer-- Fuel ConsumptionFuel Consumption-- COCO22
•• System Must be RobustSystem Must be Robust•• PortablePortable•• Low Power ConsumptionLow Power Consumption•• Test CycleTest Cycle
-- “The Real World”“The Real World”-- NotNot--toto--Exceed SteadyExceed Steady--State PointsState Points
Heavy-Duty Diesel Emission RegulationsNew Test Cycles, Steady-State 13-Mode
ESC + Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%Normalized Speed
Nor
mal
ized
Tor
que/
Pow
er
%torque%power
ESC
NTE
ESC 13-MODE TEST PTESC REGION
NTE REGION
SEMTECHSEMTECH--DD
SEMTECH PMSEMTECH PM--300300
Thank You,Thank You,
Terry L. UllmanTerry L. UllmanAssistant DirectorAssistant Director(210) 522(210) 522--26542654