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gamomcemloba

Carpe diem

lev Sestovi


(edmund huserli)

gamomcemloba

Carpe diem

© qarTuli Targmani,

irakli braWuli,

qeTi cxvariaSvili.

pirveli gamocema, 2014

© gamomcemloba Carpe diem

ISBN 978-9941-0-6575-0

UDC (uak) 1(430)(092) S-531

Targmani, Sesavali werili da narkvevi:

irakli braWuli da qeTi cxvariaSvili

redaqtori: aleko aladaSvili

teqnikuri redaqtori: Tamar adamia

kompiuteruli

uzrunvelyofa: daviT gogliZe

recenzentebi: mamuka doliZe

filosofiis doqtori

Temur buaZe

Teologiis doqtori

3

Sinaarsi

mTargmnelebis winasityvaoba .......................4

lev Sestovi

didi filosofosis xsovnas (edmund

huserli) .........................................................9

kote baqraZe

Sexvedra huserlTan ......................................71

irakli braWuli

qeTi cxvariaSvili

huserlis fenomenologia da

lev Sestovis àdgomaturi azrovneba~ .......73

Summary ................................................................... 105

4

mTargmnelebis winasityva

edmund huserlis fenomenologia

aris gasaRebi ara marto Tanamedrove fi-

losofiis, aramed mTeli humanitaruli

azrovnebisaTvis. fenomenologia meoce

saukunesTan erTad daibada. huserlis

fuZemdebluri Txzulebis `logikuri

gamokvlevebis“, I tomi 1900 wels gamoica.

fenomenologia, upirveles yovlisa, aris

Rrma azrovnebis, axali horizontis gax-

snis meTodi. amitom iyo, rom misi semi-

narebi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis frai-

burgis universitetSi, izidavda mTeli

msofliodan iq Casul studentobas da

epoqis sulieri situaciis analiziT dain-

teresebul inteleqtualebs. swored hu-

serlis fenomenologiur meTods Tvlian

sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis gzis

maCveneblad martin haidegeri da maqs

Seleri _ eqsistencializmisa da person-

alizmis fuZemdeblebi. maTi wridan gamov-

idnen Tanamedrove religiis filosofiisa

da RvTismetyvelebis klasikosebi: karl

raneri, romano guardini, martin buberi,

rudolf oto, hans urs fon balTazari,

paul tilixi, emanuel levinasi da sxvebi.

ruseTidan 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg

yvela religiuri filosofosi gaaZeves.

isini parizSi damkvidrdnen, rusulma

5

Teologiurma da religiurma azrovne-

bam emigraciaSi gaagrZela arseboba. rusi

emigranti filosofosebidan erT-erTi

yvelaze cnobilia lev Sestovi. Sestovis

narkvevSi moTxrobilia huserlTan misi

piradi da SemoqmedebiTi megobrobis Ses-

axeb. masSi gadmocemulia ideurad dapiri-

spirebuli filosofosebis dialogi. es

narkvevi Zalzed saintereso dokumentia

imis gasagebad, Tu WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi

ramdenad saWiro da aucilebelia aseTi

dialoguri azrovneba. filosofiisaTvis

huserlisa da Sestovis dialogs princi-

puli mniSvneloba aqvs, ori moazrovne

warmoadgens religiis filosofiis or

gansxvavebul gzas. erTs ewodeba eviden-

cializmi, xolo meores _ fideizmi. evi-

dencializmi ewodeba pozicias, romlis

mixedviTac Cveni religiuri rwmrena da-

fuZnebuli unda iyos Sesabamis utyuaro-

baze (evidenciurobaze). aTeisti filoso-

fosebi xSirad amboben, rom RmerTis rwme-

nas utyuaroba aklia, is sicxades mokle-

buliao. fideizmi aris pozicia, romlis

mixedviT RmerTis rwmena imdenad utyu-

aria, rom ar saWiroebs damatebiT mtkice-

bulebebs RmerTis arsebobis Sesaxeb. es

aris ukiduresi Tvalsazrisi, romelic

gonebas RmerTis rwmenis barierad ganixi-

lavs. gonebis Careva unda aviciloT Tavi-

6

dan, raTa RmerTis rwmenamde mivideT. fi-

deizmis formula gamoTqva tertulianem:

credo quia absurdum _ mwams, radgan absurdu-

lia; mwams, radgan gonebis TvalsazrisiT

ugunurebaa, sisulelea. berZnuli pistis (rwmena), ormag mniSvnelobas Seicavs _ is

niSnavs rwmenasac da ndobasac. RmerTis

rwmena niSnavs, rom vendobi sabuTis gar-

eSe. protestantulma Teologiam es for-

mula deviziT gamoTqva: sola fi dein (mxo lod

rwmeniT). RmerTs adamiani gulSi atarebs

da ara TavSi.

pirveli mimarTulebis warmomadgen-

lebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT sqolastikose-

bi: anselm kenterberieli da Toma aqvine-

li, agreTve dekarte, hegeli da sxvebi,

isini vinc SeimuSaves RmerTis arsebobis

mtkicebulebebi. cnobilia RmerTis arse-

bobis ramdenime ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba:

ontologiuri, kosmologiuri, teleolo-

giuri da sxva.

meore mimarTulebas SeiZleba miva-

kuTvnoT tertuliane, kanti, kirkegori

da sxvani. am mimarTulebis radikaluri

frTis warmomadgenelia rusi religi-

uri eqsistencialisti lev Sestovic. az-

rovnebis istoria icnobs im moazrovneeb-

sac, romelnic arc erT am mimarTulebas

ar ekuTvnian da mesame gzis moZebnas cdi-

loben, maT Soris, SeiZleba davasaxeloT

7

netari avgustine, bles paskali, Teo-

dor dostoevski da sxvebi. swored isini

mogvevlinen filosofiisa da Teologiis,

aTenisa da ierusalimis did Suamavlebad.

filosofosebs ara aqvT erTi azri imis

Sesaxeb, Tu vin SemogvTavaza RmerTis ar-

sebobis problemis ukeTesi gadawyveta _

evidencializmma (sabuTis gareSe ar ven-

dobi), fideizmma (vendobi sabuTis gareSe),

Tu mosaSualeebma (mwams raTa gavigo)?

filosofiam gaiara istoriuli trans-

formaciis aTaswlovani gza. SeiZleba

am istoriaSi gamovyoT azrovnebis sami

ZiriTadi paradigma: qristianobasa da

warmarTul elinur filosofias Soris

diskusiebi, netar avgustinesa da aleqsan-

driis swavluli Teologebis gavleniT

gadaizarda SemoqmedebiTi Tanaarsebo-

bis formatSi. specialur literaturaSi

aRniSnulia, rom V-VIII saukuneebSi moxda

qristianobis elinizacia da filosofiis

qristianizacia, ramac Sua saukuneebis

sqolastika (VIII-XV ss.) warmoSva. sqolas-

tika Secvala sekularizmma (XVI-XIXss.),

xolo es ukanaskneli XX saukuneSi e.w.

postsekularuli paradigmiT Seicvala.

yvela etapze filosofiaSi erTmaneTs

upirispirdeboda fideizmi da eviden-

cializmi. e. huserlisa da l. Sestovis

polemika am dapirispirebis gamoxatule-

8

baa. Sestovis narkvevi, romelsac amjerad

mkiTxvels vTavazobT, naTlad aCvenebs,

rom religiis filosofiis zogadi CarCos

farglebSi aRniSnuli mimarTulebebi da

tendenciebi mainc inarCuneben pozitiur

mniSvnelobas, awonasworeben erTmaneTs da

gvicaven yalbi ukiduresobebisagan.

1938 wlis 27 aprils fraiburgSi garda-

icvala huserli. Sestovma dawera narkvevi

„didi filosofosis xsovnas. edmund hu-

serli~, romelic gamoqveynda Jurnal

„rusul CanawerebSi“. imave wels frangu-

lad gamoica Sestovis Semajamebeli Txzu-

leba „aTeni da ierusalimi“, oqtombris

bolos mas tuberkulozi gnuaxlda da 20

noembers gardaicvala bualos klinikaSi.

dakrZalulia bulonis sasaflaoze.

9

lev Sestovi


(edmund huserli)

10

WeSmaritebis megobari

sikvdilamde oriode kviriT adre, maqs

Selerma CemTan saubarSi huserli gaixsena

da aseTi kiTxva damisva: `Warum sind Sie emit so einem Ungestum gegen Husserl losgegangen?”1

TviT huserlma ki roca fraiburgSi

vewvie, maTTan Camosul amerikel filoso-

fiis profesors uTxra: „Cemi esa da es

kolega; arasdros aravin ase mZafrad ar

damsxmia Tavs, rogorc igi _ da swored

aqedan daiwyo Cveni megobrobao“. huser-

lis sityvebi, upirveles yovlisa, gTrgu-

naven, ra Tqma unda imiT, rom maTSi gamox-

ata TviT didi filosofosebisaTvisac ki

aseTi iSviaTi „uangaroba“. mas, upirveles

yovlisa, WeSmariteba ainteresebs da

swored WeSmaritebis Ziebis niadagze ara

Tu SesaZlebelia, aramed TiTqmis aucile-

belicaa megobroba ideur mowinaaRmdeges-

Tan. es umaRles doneze niSandoblivia, _

da ra Tqma unda, imedi maqvs, mkiTxveli

damsaxurebisebr Seafasebs huserlis xa-

siaTis am Strixs. magram amjerad Cven

sxva ram gvainteresebs: ram gamoiwvia,

ras SeiZleba gamoewvia Cemi mxridan ase-

Ti mZafri gamosvla mis winaaRmdeg? Cemi

warmodgeniT, aseTi Zneli da amave dros,

1 ratom gailaSqreT ase mwvaved huserlis winaaR-

mdeg?

11

aseTi mniSvnelovani moZRvrebis gaazrebi-

saTvis, rogoricaa huserlis fenomeno-

logia, sasargeblo iqneboda gadmogveca

ara marto misi swavleba, aramed is mize-

zebi, romelTa gamoc igi aseTi miuRebeli

meCvena da meCveneba dRemde. sawinaaRmdego

azri ara marto mowinaaRmdege moazrov-

nis Tvalsazriss avlens, aramed im moaz-

rovnis azrebsac vis winaaRmdegac is aris

mimarTuli.

huserlis Txzulebebs, me didi xnis

win, am ocdaaTi wlis win gavecani. _

jer kidev maSin, roca mxolod „Logische Untersuchungen”2 iyo gamoqveynebuli. wig-

nisgan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi WeSmari-

tad SemZvreli iyo. XX saukunis damdegs,

filosofiur literaturaSi cota vinme

Tu gautoldeboda huserls azris siR-

rmiT, gabedulebiTa da mniSvnelobiT.

Cveni piradi nacnoboba gacilebiT gvian

Sedga, mas Semdeg, rac „Revue Philosophique”3-

Si gamoqveynda Cemi statiebi mis Sesaxeb. am

ociode wlis winaT amsterdamSi mimiwvies,

filosofiur sazogadoebaSi moxsenebebis

wasakiTxad. roca Cavedi miTxres, rom

Cemi moxsenebis Semdeg huserlis moxsene-

ba iqneboda. Seityo ra huserlma Cemi iq

yofnis Sesaxeb, CemTan Sexvedris survili

gamoTqva da mTxova davrCeniliyavi vidre

2 „logikuri gamokvlevebi“ gamoica 1900 wels.

3 Jurnali „filosofiuri mimoxilvebi“.

12

amsterdamSi Camovidoda.

laparakic zedmetia imaze, rom mis wi-

nadadebas, ramdenime dRiT gadamedo Cemi

gamgzavreba, sixaruliT davTanxmdi. jer

kidev maSin sasiamovnod gamaoca huserlis

survilma, Semxvedroda me, mis principul

mowinaaRmdeges, aseTi ram xom Zalzed iS-

viaTad an TiTqmis arasdros xdeba.

Cveni pirveli Sexvedra filosofiur

sazogadoebaSi saRamos, misi moxsenebiT

gamosvlis win Sedga. cxadia, maSin fi-

losofiuri saubrebi ar gagvibams. hu-

serli Tavisi moxsenebiT iyo dakavebuli,

romelic or saaTze met xans gagrZelda

da araCveulebrivi simsubuqiT, fexze md-

gomma, iseTi ostatobiT da iseTi ZaliT

waikiTxa, TiTqos 70 wlisa ki ara, 40 wli-

sa yofiliyo. maSin man TxovniT mimarTa

filosofiuri sazogadoebis im wevrs,

romelTanac is amsterdamSi meuRliTurT

cxovrobda (aseTi adaTia amsterdamSi,

momxseneblebi sastumroebSi ki ar cxov-

roben, aramed filosofiuri sazogadoe-

bis wevrTa saxlebSi), Semdegi dRisTvis

sadilze mivewvie. ra Tqma unda, sadilis

dros filosofiaze ar gvisaubria, magram

sadilis Semdeg, rogorc ki maspinZlis

kabinetSi gadavinacvleT, huserlma fi-

losofiur Temebze saubari wamoiwyo da

pirdapir gadavida In medias res (laT. _ saqmis

13

arsi). es mxolod huserlisaTvis iyo damax-

asiaTebeli. damamaxsovrda, rom ramdenime

dRis Semdeg, rodesac erTad vsadilob-

diT filosofiuri sazogadoebis erT-erT

wevrTan, maspinZelma, Zalian mdidarma

kacma da vnebianma bibliofilma huserls

misi biblioTekis unikumTa Cveneba dauwyo,

maT Soris, iseTi wignebisac, rogoricaa

kantis „wminda gonebis kritikis“ pirveli

gamocema, spinozas „eTikis“ aseTive gamo-

cema. maspinZeli saxtad darCa, rodesac

huserlma iSviaTi wignebi uyuradRebod

gadaaTvaliera, ramdenime wuTSi gverdiT

mixmo da filosofiur Temebze gaaba sau-

bari. aseTive gulisyuriT miudga misTvis

Zalzed saintereso sakiTxebs, maSin, rode-

sac me gansvenebuli profesori Andler-is TxovniT daviwye niadagis mosinjva _ xom

ar daTanxmdeboda huserli parizSi Casv-

lis winadadebas, Tu sorbonadan miwvevas

miiRebda.

erTaderTi sakiTxi, romelic man

damisva iyo Semdegi: „Tqven fiqrobT, rom

parizSi moiZebnebian germanulis mcodne

adamianebi, romlebic mzad arian CauR-

rmavdnen Cems problematikas?“ huserli

mTlianad moculi iyo mis winaSe dasmuli

filosofiuri amocanebiT. es iyo, ra Tqma

unda, yvela Cveni filosofiuri saubris

ganmsazRvreli amsterdamSi, da Semdeg,

14

fraiburgSi da parizSic. yvelaze sain-

tereso da mniSvnelovani aRiareba movis-

mine misgan, ukve Cveni pirvelive saubrisas

amsterdamSi: „Tqven marTali ar iyaviT, _

daiwyo man, _ roca Tavs damesxiT aseTi

simZafriTa da gatacebiT. Tqven pirdapir

qvis qandakebad maqcieT, damayeneT maRal

piedestalze, xolo Semdeg, CaquCis da-

kvriT namsxvrevebad aqcieT es qandakeba,

magram var ki me zedmiwevniT aseTi qa-

ndakeba? Tqven TiTqos ver SeniSneT ram

maiZula ase radikalurad dameyenebina

Cveni codnis arsebis sakiTxi da gadamexe-

da Cvens droSi gabatonebuli Semecnebis

Teoriebi, romlebic mec aranakleb mak-

mayofilebda vidre sxva filosofosebs.

rac ufro metad vuRrmavdebodi logikis

ZiriTad sakiTxebs, miT ufro vgrZnobdi,

rom Cveni mecniereba, Cveni codna merye-

via, aramyaria da bolos, rac CemTvis

eniT aRuwereli saSineleba iyo, davrw-

mundi, rom Tu Tanamedrove filosofia

aris ukanaskneli sityva, romelic ada-

mianebs unda eTqvaT codnis arsebis Ses-

axeb, maSin Cven codna ar gagvaCnia. iyo

momentebi, roca kaTedridan gadmovcemdi

im ideebs, romlebic Cveni Tanamedrovee-

bisgan aviTvise, me vigrZeni, rom araferi

maqvs saTqmeli, rom me msmenelTa winaSe

carieli xelebiTa da carieli suliT

15

gamovdivar, ai maSin gadavwyvite, rom yve-

la momqmed Semecnebis Teorias im sastiki

kritikis qar-cecxlSi gavatareb, romel-

mac amdeni SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia, xolo

meore mxriv, me daviwye WSmaritebis Zieba

iq, sadac is jer aravis uZebnia, jer ara-

vis mosvlia TavSi azrad, rom iq SesaZle-

beli iyo misi Zieba. aseTia Cemi „Logische Untersuchungen”- is warmomavloba. da Tqven

ar isurveT amisTvis angariSi gagewiaT, ar

isurveT mogesminaT da dagenaxaT Cemi br-

Zola; rom Cemi SeuCerebeli entweder-oder, cnobierebis gamoxatuleba iyo, Tu Cveni

gonebis ZalisxmeviT SeuZlebeli iqnebo-

da CemSi warmoSobili eWvebis gardasaxva,

Tuki Cven isev Zveleburad ganwirulni

varT imisaTvis, rom gaCenili, yovel jer-

ze met-naklebi gulmodginebiT vavsoT

Cvens gnoseologiur konstruqciebSi bza-

rebi da RriWoebi, maSin erT mSvenier dRes

mTeli Cveni Semecneba Tavze dagvemxoba da

Cven aRmovCndebiT Cveni gonebis yofili

didebis taZris sacodav nangrevebTan.“

huserlma es miTxra miaxloebiT aseTi

sityvebiT, magram ufro didi ZaliT da

vnebiT, im sruliad universaluri aRma-

freniT, romelic igrZnoboda yvela mis

SesaniSnav nawersa da sityvaSi. mesaubre-

boda Tavisi esoden gabeduli da origi-

naluri filosofiis wyaroebze, romelic

16

ase daundoblad abaTilebda Tanamedrove

azrovnebis saukeTeso warmomadgenelTa

ZiriTad ideebs. „Logische Untersuchung“-i da misi sxva Txzulebebi, _ me vfiqrob,

da amaSi ar aris gadaWarbeba, _ iyo ara

yrmaTa, (yrmani ra Tqma unda ar filoso-

fosoben) aramed moxucebulTa mowyveta.

amavdroulad misi Txzulebani warmoad-

genen Cveni Semecnebis sayrdenis mopovebi-

saTvis gaweul SesaniSnav da grandiozul

Rvawls. da es iseTi Rvawlia, romelsac, _

Tavs nebas mivcem aseTi metaforisTvis _

bWeni jojoxeTisani ver Semusraven. da is

amis Sesaxeb laparakobda iseTi gulwrf-

elobiTa da gatacebiT, rom vfiqrob TviT

isinic ki, visac filosofiasTan araviTari

Tanaziaroba ar akavSirebT, rom moesmi-

naT maSinve mixvdebodnen, rom huserlis

mier dayenebuli sakiTxebi ar iyo Teori-

uli; iseTi sakiTxebi, romelTa aseTi Tu

iseTi gadawyveta CvenTvis arafers cvlis

da amdenad Tanabrad misaRebia; huserli

laparakobda sakiTxebze, romlebic ro-

gorc Tavad ityoda, sikvdil-sicocxlis

sakiTxi iyo. huserlSi, zustad iseve, ro-

gorc Seqspiris hamletSi, mZvinvarebda

saSineli, sabediswero: „yofna-aryofna“,

an ufro zedmiwevniT rom vTqvaT, mas

ewvia hamletiseburi (Seqspiriseuli) ga-

mocxadeba: dro gadmovida Tavisi kalapo-

17

tidan. razec is laparakobda WeSmaritad

SemZvreli iyo. verasodes daviviwyeb Cems

pirvel Sexvedras huserlTan, iseve ro-

gorc Cemi xsovnidan ar warixoceba Sex-

vedramde oci wliT adre misi Txzulebe-

bidan miReuli STabeWdileba. adamianuri

gonis diad warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedra

Cvens sulze waruSlel nakvalevs tovebs.

me es mas Riad vuTxari: „Tqven marTali

xarT, ra Tqma unda mTeli Cemi energiiT,

romelic gamaCnda da romelic CemSi movi-

Zie, me Tavs davesxi Tqvens ideebs erTad-

erTi mizeziT, me vigrZeni uzarmazari, ve-

rafers rom ver Seadareb, iseTi Zala Tqve-

ni azrovnebisa, tolZali imisa, rac Tqven

me miambeT, Tqveni esoden gabeduli da

originaluri ideebis Sinagan wyaroebze.

eWvi ar mepareba, rom safrangeTSi, _ sadac

Cemi statiebis gamoqveynebamde TiTqmis ar

gicnobdnen _ axla Cemi statiebiT ician,

rom mezobel qveyanaSi cxovrobs didi fi-

losofosi, romelsac jerac yvelasaTvis

uxilavi horizonti gaexsna, aqamde mas

tradiciuli, zogadi Sexedulebebis sqe-

li nisli efareboda~.

Cemi Tavdasxmebis simZafres ki ar am-

cirebs, aramed piriqiT, aZlierebs, imis

uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac Tqven gaa-

keTeT filosofiisaTvis. TqvenTan Sebr-

ZolebisaTvis saWiro gaxda yvela sulieri

18

Zalis daZabva _ yovelgvari daZabuloba

gulisxmobs vnebas da vnebasTan dakavSire-

bul simZafres. Cem winaSe aRimarTa saSine-

li dilema: Tu ki saiqioSi brals damde-

ben, rom brZola daviwye TavisTavadcxad

ueWvelobebTan da vuRalate filosofias,

_ Tqvenze mivuTiTeb da Tqven daiwve-

biT cecxlSi da ara me. Tqven ise didx-

ans da ise daucxromlad mdevnidiT Tqveni

TviTcxadi ueWvelobebiT, rom sxva gza

aRar mrCeboda: an yvelaferSi dagemor-

CiloT, an ganwiruli suliskveTebiT ga-

davdga sabediswero nabiji. avjanyde, ara

imdenad Tqvens winaaRmdeg, aramed imis

winaaRmdeg, rac iTvleboda da aqamde

iTvileba yovelgvari filosofiis xel-

Seuxebel safuZvlebad: avjanyde TviT

cxadis winaaRmdeg. Tqven Rrmad marTali

iyaviT, roca gvauwyebdiT, rom dro ga-

davida Tavisi kalapotidan, rom dairRva

droTa kavSiri _ droTa kavSiri maSinve

irRveva, rogorc ki Seecdebi ipovo Tun-

dac mcire naprali im safuZvelSi, razec

daSenebulia Cveni codna. magram saWiroa

ki, radac ar unda dagvijdes SevinarCu-

noT Cveni codna? saWiroa ki, dro kvlav

CavayenoT kalapotSi, saidanac is gadmois-

roles? iqneb piriqiT? iqneb saWiroa mas

ise vubiZgoT, rom mTlianad namsxvrevebad

iqces.

19

am saubrebSi (romlebsac uneburad,

ise mokled da mxolod miaxloebiT gad-

movcem, rogorac yovelgvari Semokleba

da mogoneba gulisxmobs) TiTqos Tavi

moiyara yovelivem, rac Cven gvaerTianeb-

da da gvaSorebda. SesaZloa vinmes uc-

nauradac eCvenos, _ magram Cemi pirveli

filosofiis maswavlebeli Seqspiri iyo.

misgan me gavigone esoden amoucnobi da

miuwvdomeli, amavdroulad mrisxane da

SemaSfoTebeli: drom gadalaxa Tavisi na-

pirebi. ra unda vqna, ra unda movimoqm-

edo napirebidan gadasuli drois winaSe,

im saSinelebaTa winaSe, romelic adami-

ans (Seqspirs), exsneba kalapotidan gad-

mosrolil drosTan erTad? Seqspiridan

kantze gadavedi, romelic „wmida gon-

ebis kritikis“ Seudarebeli xelovnebiT

da Tavisi cnobili postulatebiT cdi-

lobda aswleulebiT gaCenili yofierebis

napralebi amoegmana, romelnic Tavisive

`wminda gonebis kritikiT~ iqna aRmoCe-

nili. maSin xedvis mimarTuleba Sevcvale.

mzera wminda werils mivapyari. magram gana

wminda werils ZaluZs gauZlos dakiTxvas,

roca pirze daayeneben TavisTavad cxad

WeSmaritebebs. aseT kiTxvebs maSin me Cems

Tavs ar vusvamdi, jer kidev ver vbedavdi

es kiTxva damesva, iseve rogorc ver be-

daven aseT kiTxvebs isini, vinc aRiarebs

20

romis papis ucdomelobis dogmats. adami-

anebi praqtikuli gonebis postulatebiT

kmayofildebian, raTa Seasuston, ufro

sworad daiviwyon, ar dainaxon Teoriuli

gonebis yovlisdamangreveli qmedeba.

huserlisa da Cemi saubrebis mTavari

Tema swored es iyo. roca is Cemi mowveviT

parizSi Camovida da me mestumra, sadilis

Semdeg (rac TiTqos ver SeniSna, da rac

misTvis TiTqos arc arsebobda) Cven ganvm-

artovdiT Cems kabinetSi da filosofiur

saubars SevudeqiT. es im dros xdeboda,

roca me vmuSaobdi Cems naSromze „aTena

da ierusalimi“, me maSin am wignis pirvel

nawils vwerdi, romelsac „SeboWili par-

menide“ ewodeba. bunebrivia, vcdilobdi

Cems mosaubresTan saubari am wignis Tema-

tikis mimarTulebiT warmemarTa. da ai

TiTqmis sityva-sityviT gavumeore is, rac

Semdeg Cems wignSi davwere: 399 wels mowam-

les sokrate. sokrates darCa moswavle

platoni, da „istoriis mier naiZuleb“ (ar-

istoteles gamoTqma) platons ar SeeZlo

ar efiqra, rom sokrate mowamles. magram

yvela mis nawarmoebSi dgas mxolod erTi

sakiTxi: `sokrate mowamles~ ukanaskneli

instanciis WeSmaritebaa? marTlac arse-

bobs samyaroSi iseTi Zala, romelsac Seu-

Zlia erTxel da samudamod gvaiZulos misi

miReba? aristotelesaTvis aseTi SekiTxva

21

aSkarad uazrobaa, da is aseT sakiTxs arc

ayenebs. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom „WeS-

mariteba“ _ „ZaRli mowamles“ identuria

WeSmaritebisa _ „sokrate mowamles“, da

igi saukunod daculia yovelgvari adami-

anuri da RvTiuri xelyofisagan. logika

ar asxvavebs sokrates ZaRlisagan. Cven

TviT istoria gvaiZulebs, movaleobas

gvakisrebs, aseve ar ganvasxvavoT sokrate

ZaRlisagan, TviT cofiani ZaRlisganac

ki.“ roca es huserls vuTxari, movelo-

di, rom is ganrisxebisgan afeTqdeboda,

magram sruliad sxva ram moxda: is mTli-

anad smenad iqca, sadRac, sulis siRrmeSi

ukve didi xania mwifdeboda azri, rom ar-

istoteleseuli „TviTon istoriis mier

naiZulebi“ Tavis TavSi raRacnairad Sei-

cavda sicrues da Ralats. me miTumetes

gaocebuli viyavi, radgan amis Tqmamde

Cven Soris mimdinareobda mwvave kamaTi,

imis Sesaxeb Tu „ra aris filosofia“. me

vuTxari, rom filosofia aris diadi, da

ukanaskneli brZola _ man Zalzed mkaf-

iod mipasuxa: Nein, Philosopie ist Besinnung.4 magram axla saubarma xasiaTi Seicvala da

sxva mimarTuleba miiRo. man raRacnairad

igrZno, rom aristoteles darwmunebu-

loba qviSazea agebuli. da man ise moawyo,

rom Cemi naSromi „Seborkili parmenide“

4 germ.: ara, filosofia aris Wvreta (kontempla-

cia).

22

gamoqveynda Jurnal „logosSi“, romlisT-

visac rogorc Tematuri aseve Sinaarso-

brivi TvalsazrisiT sruliad miuRebeli

unda yofiliyo Cemi naSromi. miuRebeli

unda yofiliyo Tundac marto imitom,

rom masSi uaryofili iyo adamianuri

rwme na, rom Cven verasodes gavTavisu-

fldebiT iseTi debulebis iZulebisagan,

rogoricaa „sokrate mowamles“. magram

vimeoreb: huserli sulierad gaxsnili iyo

yovelgvari alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi-

sadmi. Cemi „parmenides“ gamoqveynebidan

cota xnis Semdeg momwera: „Tqveni gza _ ar

aris Cemi gza, magram me mesmis da vafaseb

Tqvens problematikas“. sainteresoa, rom

man erTxel miTxra: „Sie treiben, heisse ich auch wissencheft!” („is rasac Tqven akeTebT,

me mas aseve mecnierebas vuwodeb!“) maSin

mivxvdi ratom moiTxovda Cemgan, gavc-

nobodi soren kirkegoris nawarmoebebs.

roca Cemi fraiburgSi stumrobis dros,

huserlma Seityo, rom me kirkegoris Tx-

zulebebi wakiTxuli ar mqonda, ucnauri

kategoriulobiT ki ar mTxovda, dabe-

jiTebiT moiTxovda Cemgan, gavcnobodi

daniel moazrovnes. rogor moxda, rom

adamiani, romelmac mTeli Tavisi cxovre-

ba gonebis gandidebis saqmes miuZRvna, me

mibiZgebda kirkegorisaken, romelmac af-

23

surds umRera himni? TviTon huserli,

rogorc Cans, kirkegoris Semoqmedebas

mxolod Tavisi sicocxlis ukanasknel

wlebSi gaecno: „Entweder-oder”-is avtoris

raime nakvalevsac ki ver ipoviT huser-

lis SromebSi. magram unda vifiqroT, rom

kirkegoris ideebma Rrmad gaidga fesvebi

mis sulSi.

mecniereba WeSmarit sawyisebze

arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom huser-

lis fenomenologiis amocana wmindad

meTodologiuria. es savsebiT mcdari

mosazrebaa, romelic mxolod faravs hu-

serlis problematikis sididesa da mniS-

vnelobas. Tavad huserli SekiTxvaze: ra

aris filosofia? _ ase pasuxobs: filoso-

fia aris mecniereba WeSmarit sawyisebze,

safuZvlebze, `rizomata pan ton” (yvelafris

fesvze). ukve am gansazRvrebidan sakmarisi

sicxadiT Cans, ras mieswrafvis huserli.

1910-11w.w. filosofiur Jurnal `logos-

Si” gamoCnda misi mozrdili statia _ `fi-

losofia, rogorc mkacri mecniereba~,

dawerili araCveulebrivi aRmafreniT,

romelic fenomenologiuri skolis Sede-

gebs ki ar ajamebs, aramed mis manifests

warmoadgens. aq Zalzed mokled iyo gadmo-

24

cemuli is, rac adre ase vrclad iyo war-

modgenili mis did SromebSi _ `logikur

gamokvlevebsa“ da `wminda fenomenolo-

giis ideebSi“. iseTi gambedaobiT, ro-

melic im adaminebs uCndebaT, did saqmeTa

aRsasruleblad rom arian dabadebulni,

igi acxadebs: `SesaZloa axal droSi ar ar-

sebobs ufro yovlisSemZle, dauokebeli

da Zlevamosili idea, vidre mecnierebis

ideaa. mis triumfalur msvlelobas ve-

raferi SeaCerebs. is marTlac sruliad

yovlismomcveli Cans Tavisi kanonzomieri

miznebiT. Tu mas idealur sisruleSi ga-

viazrebT, maSin igi Tavad goneba iqneba,

romelsac gverdiT, an Tavis Tavze maRla

SeuZlebelia raime avtoriteti gaaCndes.“

da kidev _ ̀ mecnierebam Tqva Tavisi sityva

_ am momentidan sibrZne valdebulia mis-

gan iswavlos“, acxadebs igi, TiTqos cno-

bil gamoTqmas: `Roma locuta, causa fi nite”-s (laT. _ romma Tavisi saTqmeli Tqva, saqme daxuru-

lia) ejibrebodes. Tumc, swori ar iqne-

boda gvefiqra, rom huserli yvelafers

uaryofs, rac manamde filosofiam gaake-

Ta. piriqiT, igi cocxlad grZnobs Tavis

memkvidreobiT kavSirs warsulis did war-

momadgenlebTan. `sokrate-platoniseul

gadatrialebas filosofiaSi mkacri mec-

nierebisadmi kargad gacnobierebuli neba

axasiaTebs. aseve axali drois dasawyisSi,

samecniero reaqciebi sqolastikis winaaR-

25

mdeg, gansakuTrebiT dekarteseuli gada-

trieleba. maT mier mocemuli biZgi XV-

XVIII saukuneebis did filosofosebze ga-

dadis, radikaluri ZaliT axldeba `wminda

gonebis kritikaSi“ da gavlenas fixtes fi-

losofiazec axdens. huserli mxolod uax-

les filosofias gansjis, romelsac erT-

mniSvnelovnad esxmis Tavs: àq samecniero

swavlebis sawyisic ki ar aris Cadebuli;

istoriuli filosofia, romelic Tavis

TavSi am ukanasknels anacvlebs, saukeTeso

SemTxvevaSi samecniero naxevarfabrikati,

an gaurkveveli, aradiferencirebuli na-

revia msoflmxedvelobisa da Teoriuli

Semecnebisa“. msoflWvreta, is rasac hu-

serli msoflWvretas uwodebs (es igive si-

brZnea), masSi ukidures aRSfoTebas iwvevs.

`Cven unda gvaxsovdes im pasuxismgeblobis

Sesaxeb, romelsac mTeli kacobriobis wi-

naSe vatarebT. drois uqonlobas msxverp-

lad maradiuloba ar unda SevwiroT. STa-

momavlobas gasaWirze gaWirveba ar unda

davumatoT, rogorc sruliad gardauvali

boroteba. msoflmxedvelobebma SesaZloa

ikamaTon, magram mxolod mecnierebas aqvs

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis ufleba da es

gadawyvetilebani maradiulobis beWeds

atareben.~

yvela es gamomwvevi sityva me-19 sau-

kunis meore naxevris filosofiis da misi

26

cocxali da gardacvlili warmomadgen-

lebis: milis, benis, vundtis,zigvartis,

erdmanis, lipsisa da dilTais sawinaaR-

mdegodaa mimarTuli. yvela maTgans igi

`fsiqologizms“, an sxvagvarad rom vTq-

vaT, relativizms sayvedurobs. jer

kidev Zvelma filosofosebma aRmoaCines

relativizmis Sinagani winaaRmdegobri-

oba. relativizmi Tavis Tavs anadgurebs

_ aristotele amis Sesaxeb laparakobda

rogorc yvelasTvis cnobil WeSmarite-

baze. huserlisTvis es debuleba yvela

misi Ziebis amosavali wertilia. ra Tqma

unda, mis mowinaaRmdegeTaTvisac pro-

tagoras Teza _ àdamiani saganTa sazo-

mia“ _ absoluturad miuRebelia, magram

huserli gvaCvenebs, rom aracnobierad,

an farulad, isini protagoras ideis ty-

veobaSi arian da ver acnobiereben imitom,

rom ara absoluturi, aramed specifiuri

relativistebi arian. isini imis mtkicebis

uazrobas xedaven, rom yovel adamians Ta-

visi WeSmariteba, sakuTari WeSmariteba

SeiZleba hqondes, magram ver xvdebian,

rom aranaklebi sisulelea TiTqos ada-

mians, rogorc saxeobas gaaCndes Tavisi

sakuTari WeSmariteba. yvela Tanamedrove

filosofosisagan gansxvavebiT, maT sapir-

ispirod huserli gansakuTrebuli paTos-

iT acxadebs: `rac WeSmaritia, absolutu-

27

rad WeSmaritia TavisTavad, WeSmariteba

Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivia, imisdamiuxeda-

vad, Tu vin iyenebs mas msjelobisas: ada-

miani, urCxuli, angelozi Tu RmerTi.“

am sityvebSi srulad vlindeba huser-

li, vlindeba uzarmazari, TiTqmis zeada-

mianuri amocana, romelic man sakuTar Tavs

da filosofias dausaxa, romelic yoveli

arsebulis sawyiss, wyarosa da safuZvels

ikvlevs. kantis, sakuTriv misi `wminda

gonebis~ Semdeg, amgvari gancxadeba sru-

liad fantastiuri Cans. absoluturi WeS-

mariteba _ vin SeiZleba ilaparakos aseT

Temebze? huserlma, rasakvirvelia Sesan-

iSnavad icis, rom Tanamedrove azrovne-

bas nebismieri saxis Rrma azrovnebasTan

zarbaznis srolis manZilze miaxlovebi-

sac ki eSinia. udaod, yvela gnoseologi

TviTcxad WeSmaritebebze laparakobs,

magram maTTvis TavisTavad cxadi ueWv-

eloba, Cveni darwmunebuloba saerTo da

aucilebel msjelobaTa arsebobaSi, mxo-

lod isaa, rac zigvartis sityvebiT aris:

`postulati, romlis iqiTac wasvla ar

gviweria~, esaa darwmunebuloba, romelic

mxolod Cvens subieqtur cnobirebaze

dgas, `TavisTavad cxadi ueWvelobebi,

romelebic Cveni azrovnebis Tanmdevia“.

aseve fiqrobdnen da aseve laparakobdnen

axali drois sxva didi moazrovnenic, mag-

28

aliTad erdmani. yvelas eCveneboda da un-

doda, rom am TviTcxadobis gancdaSi, is

sakmarisi safuZveli dagvenaxa, romelic

mecnierul ZiebaTa Sedegebisadmi ndobas

gaamarTlebda. magram huserlma am nebsiT

Tu uneblie uzrunvelobaSi filosofi-

isTvis sabediswero muqara dainaxa. erd-

manisa da zigvartis sapasuxod igi wers:

„rogorc Cans, SesaZlebelni arian gan-

sakuTrebuli saxis arsebani, ase vTqvaT,

logikuri zekacebi, romelTaTvisac Cve-

ni fuZemdebluri debulebani ki ar aris

aucilebeli, aramed sruliad sxva ram.

is rac WeSmaritia CvenTvis, SesaZloa

maTTvis mcadri aRmoCndes. maTTvis WeS-

maritia, rom ganicdian im fsiqologiur

movlenebs, romelsac ganicdian. CvenTvis

SesaZloa WeSmariteba iyos is, rom isini

da Cven varsebobT, maTTvis ki es mcdari

iyos, da a.S. ra Tqma unda, Cven Cveulebri-

vi logikuri adamianebi varT, vTqvaT aseTi

arsebebi moklebulni arian gansjis unars,

isini WeSmaritebaze laparakoben da amav-

droulad, mis kanonebs anadgureben, amt-

kiceben, rom maT Tavisi sakuTari kanonebi

aqvT da im kanonebs uaryofen, romle-

bzec saerTod kanonis SesaZlebloba aris

damokidebuli. ho da ara, WeSmariteba da

mcdaroba, arseboba da ararseboba maT az-

rovnebaSi yovelgvar urTierTgansxvave-

29

bulobas kargavs“.

rasakvirvelia huserli am sazeimo

gancxadebebiT ar ifargleba. Tumca, sagi-

JeTiT muqara, romelic mis zemoTmoyvanil

sityvebSi Cans, ubralo gancxadebis farg-

lebs mniSvnelovnad scildeba. relativ-

izmis mtkicebulebebSi aRmoCenilma uaz-

robam _ sulerTia individualurma Tu

specifikurma _ SeuZlebelia keTilsindis-

ier mkvlevarSi ukiduresi gangaSi ar

gamoiwvios. „logikuri gamokvlevebi“-s

meore tomSi huserli igive azrs Sedar-

ebiT mSvidad, magram aranakleb Zlieri

formulirebiT gamoxatavs: „Cven aras-

dros davuSvebT, rom fsiqologiurad

SesaZlebelia is, rac logikurad an geo-

metriulad uazrobaa. Cven _ ganmartavs

igi, _ vuSvebT faqts, rom logikur cne-

bebs fsiqologiuri warmomavloba gaaC-

niaT, magram uarvyofT daskvnas, romelic

aqedan gamoaqvT“. romeli daskvna? ra-

tom uarvyofT? „Cveni disciplinisTvis

fsiqologiuri sakiTxi Sesabamisi gany-

enebuli warmodgenebis warmoSobis Ses-

axeb yovelgvar interessaa moklebuli“.

aq Tavs iCens Cveni droisTvis sruliad

originaluri da araCveulebrivi huser-

liseuli azrTa wyoba. igi uSiSrad idebs

Tavs xiluli (an idealuri) sagnebis gver-

diT individualuri (an realuri) sagnebis

30

uflebamosilebis dacvas. „am punqtSia _

wers igi _ gansxvaveba relativistursa da

empiriuls Soris, relativizmsa da ide-

alurs Soris da masSia (e.i. Tavis TavSi

winaaRmdegobis armqone) Semecnebis Teo-

riis erTaderTi SesaZlebloba. amis Sesa-

bamisad huserli individualuri adamianis

WSmaritebas WeSmariti gansjis aqtebs up-

irispirebs. me gamovTqvam mosazrebas, rom

2X2=4. es Cemi mosazrebaa, rasakvirvelia,

wmindad fsiqologiuri aqtia da, rogorc

aseTi, SesaZlebelia fsiqologiis kvlevis

sagani iyos, magram fsiqologma ramden-

ic ar unda gvixsnas realuri azrovnebis

kanonebi, am kanonebidan im princips mainc

ver gamoiyvans, romliTac WeSmariteba da

sicrue unda gairCes. piriqiT, mTeli misi

gansja winaswar varaudobs, rom mis gan-

kargulebaSi is kriteriumia, romliTac

WeSmaritebasa da sicrues arCevs. filoso-

foss odnavadac ar ainteresebs ivanesa Tu

petres calkeuli msjeloba, rom 2X2=4.

calkeuli msjelobani erTsa da imave sa-

ganze aTasia, magram WeSmariteba erTi.

„Tu bunebis mkvlevari berketisa an simZi-

mis Sesaxeb kanonebidan da a.S. manqanis mo-

qmedebis saSualebebs adgens, rasakvirve-

lia, igi garkveul subieqtur aqtebs gan-

icdis, magram subieqtur kavSirebs raRac

obieqturi (e.i. adekvaturad gamoyenebadi

31

mocemul obieqtur sicxadeSi) mniSvnelo-

bis erToba Seesabameba, romelic aris is,

rac aris damoukideblad imisgan, axor-

cielebs Tu ara mas vinme azrovnbeaSi.“

igive azri ufro naTladaa gamoxatuli

„logikuri gamokvlevebi“-s pirvel tom-

Si. „erTmaneTisadmi miziduli sxeulebis

gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi mizidulobis kanoni

ar ganadgurdeba, ubralod, faqtobrivi

gamoyenebis miRma darCeba. is xom arafers

ambobs urTierTmiziduli masebis Sesaxeb,

aramed mxolod imas, Tu ra axasiaTebs

mizidul masebs, rogorc aseTebs“. am

gabedul sityvebSi fenomenologiis nervi

SeigrZnoba. am ideiTaa gamsWvaluli hu-

serlis mTeli azrovneba.

Tavis miswrafebaSi sruli ueWvelo-

bis Sesatanad huserls sailustraciod

Semdegi magaliTi mohyavs: „is rasac de-

buleba gamoxatavs _ transcendnturi

ricxvia _ roca mas wignSi amovikiTxavT,

an maSin gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi roca sxvebs

mivmarTavT da es ar gaxlavT individu-

aluri, mudamganmeorebadi, goniTi ganc-

dis Strixi. yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi

es Strixi individualurad cvalebadia,

magram gamoTqmuli debulebis sazrisi

yovelTvis igiveobrivi unda iyos ganusaz-

Rvrelad mravalferovani individual-

uri gancdebis miuxedavad. is rac maTSia

32

gamoxatuli yvelgan identuria, is igiveo-

brivia am sityvis yvelaze mkacri gagebiT.

ramdenad bevric ar unda iyos msjelobis

aqti da es msjeloba mravalis mier mra-

valjer iqnes gamoTqmuli, amiT debulebis

mniSvneloba ar farTovdeba, gansja ide-

alur, logikur azrSi erTiania da aq sau-

baria ara ubralod hopoTezaze, romelic

misTvis SeTavazebuli ganmartebebis nayo-

fierebaSi hpovebs gamarTlebas. Cven mas

uSualod aRqmad WeSmaritebad viRebT da

am SemTxvevaSi, codnis sakiTxebSi umaRles

instancias _ TviTcxadobas vimowmebT.“ ai,

rogori eniT alaparakda huserli Taname-

drove filosofiis pirispir. sifrTxiliT

gadamala ra Tavisi relativisturi mis-

wrafebani, bundovan neokantianur Teo-

riebs miRma. WeSmariteba erTia: adamian-

TaTvis, angelozTaTvis da RmerTebisTvi-

sac. WeSmariteba TviTcxadobas eyrdnoba

da mis winaSe mokvdavnica da ukvdavnic

uZlurni arian. amitom, filosofia iqidan

iwyeba, rasac huserli fenomenologiur

reduqcias uwodebs. sawyisebTan, pirvel-

wyaroebTan, yvelafris fesvTan misaRw-

evad yovelgvari realurisgan, cvaleba-

di, warmavali movlenebisgan mowyvetaa

saWiro. rogorc huserli ambobs, saWiroa

maTi frCxilebSi Setana. maSin frCxilebs

miRma sufTa, idealuri yofiereba darCe-

33

ba, is, rac filosofiis mier Zebnili WeS-

maritebaa, sruliad ueWveli da Tavad

TviTcxadobiT garantirebuli. amasTan,

huserli mtkiced acxadebs: „TviTcxadoba

cnobierebis aranair mbrZanebels ar war-

moadgens, cnobierebaze Camokidebuli,

TiTqos igi mistikuri, saukeTeso samyaro-

dan movlenili xma iyos, gvauwyebs: aq aris

WeSmariteba, TiTqos da Cven, Tavisuflad

moazrovne adaminebi mzad viyoT amgvari

xmis mosasmenad, mis debulebaTa kanonzo-

mierebis dasabuTebis gareSe“.

ganvmeordebi: Tanamedrove filoso-

fosTagan aravis gaubedavs aseTi simam-

aciT, simwvaviTa da ZaliT elaparaka av-

tonomiuri, yvelasgan damoukidebeli

We S maritebis Sesaxeb. huserli ar cnobs

kompromisebs, romlebic aseT sacdurs

warmoadgens moazrovneTa umetesobisT-

vis. an TviTcxadoba is ukanaskneli in-

stanciaa, sadac adamianis goni srulad

da sabolood daivanebs, an Cveni Semecneba

moCvenebiTi da yalbia da dedamiwaze, adre

Tu gvian, qaosisa da SeSlilobis samefo

daisadgurebs, romelSic gonebis batono-

bis uflebaze, mis skiptrasa da gvirgvinze

yvelas gauCndeba pretenzia, visac ki xe-

lis gawvdena ar daezareba da „WeSmarite-

ba“ odnavadac ar iqneba msgavsi im myari,

uryevi kanonebisa, romelsac zusti mec-

34

nierebani aqamde eZebdnen da poulobdnen

kidec. senekas ekuTvnis warmatebuli

formulireba, romelic Zveli filoso-

fiis ZiriTadi debulebebis STamagoneb-

els warmoadgenda: Ipse creator et conditor mundi semel jussit, sempre paret (laT. _ rac erTx-

el brZana samyaros Semoqmedma da gamrigem mudam

mas unda vmorCilebdeT). azri imis Sesaxeb,

rom viRac, odesRac brZanebebs iZleoda,

ver egueboda berZenTa warmodgenas WeS-

maritebis Sesaxeb. amas pirdapir ar am-

bobdnen, magram darwmunebulebi iyvnen,

rom `Jubere”5-s ideasTan ganuyoflad iyo

dakavSirebuli TviTnebobisa da nebis

idea, romelsac pirdapir `Schwarmerei und Aberglauben”-is im sferoSi mivyavarT, rom-

lisaganac ase gvicavda kanti. arsebiTad

senekac da misi maswavleblebic, Rrmad

iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom arsad da ara-

sodes ar umbrZaneblia _ TviT samyaros

Semoqmedsa da yovlismpyrobelsac ki.

Semoqmedic, yvela gonieri da aragonieri

arseba yovelTvis kanonzomierebis mor-

Cilni iyvnen. amas amowmebs TviTcxadoba,

romelic ar aris sxva samyarodan mosuli

mistiuri xma, romelic Cven, Tavisuflad

moazrovne adamianebs odnav ar mogvwons

da romelic zemoTxsenebuli fenome-

nologiuri reduqciiT aRmoCenad yofi-

erebis maradiul wyobas xsnis. huserli

5 jub.ere, Jubeolat.: brZaneba, direqtiva.

35

laibnicsac imowmebs, romelic `Verites de la raison”-sa (frang. _ racionaluris rwmena da

faqtobrivis rwmena) da `Verites du fait”-s (ger.

_ gatacebisa da crurwmenis) asxvavebs. laib-

nicisTvis gonebis WeSmaritebani Rmer-

Tis cnobierebaSi unebarTvod Sevidnen da

kanti Tavis „wminda gonebis kritika“- Si,

romelic laibnic _ volfis dogmatikis

dasangrevad iyo mowodebuli, uyoymanod

acxadebs, rom gamocdileba (cda), ro-

melic mxolod imas gveubneba, rom raRac

arsebobs, magram arafers ambobs imis

Seaxeb, rom is aucileblobiT aris aseTi

da ara sxvanairi, aramc Tu ar akmayofi-

lebs, aramed aRagznebs kidec Cvens gon-

ebas. gonebas „Zaladobrivi WeSmariteba“

swyuria da Tavisufali `Jubere” samudamod

unda iqnes gaZevebuli filosofiidan, ro-

melic maradiuli morCilebis (parere) same-foa da arc surs raime sxvas warmoadgen-

des. laibnici _ da am sakiTxSi is kantis

winamorbedia _ „parere”-Si, morCilebaSi

adamianis sasurvel mizans xedavs: mara-

diuli WeSmaritebani ara mxolod gvai-

Zuleben, aramed gvarwmuneben kidevac,

magram verc laibnici da verc kanti ver

bedavdnen maradiuli WeSmaritebebis xati,

romelzec isini loculobdnen, wiTel

kuTxeSi moeTavsebinaT. mxolod huserls

xvda wilad imgvarad alaparakebuliyo

36

TviTcxadobis Sesaxeb, rogorc am ideis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba moiTxovda.

„rac WeSmaritebaa, is TavisTavad abso-

luturi WeSmaritebaa. WSmariteba Tavis

TavTan igiveobrivia imisgan damoukide-

blad, Tu vin iyenebs mas msjelobaSi: ada-

miani Tu urCxuli, angelozi Tu RmerTi“.

wminda RmerTebze maRlaa

Tavis swrafvaSi, filosofia gadaaq-

cios absoluturi WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb

mecnierebad, huserli araviTar dab-

rkolebas ar cnobs. Tavis ZiriTad idee-

bs, is mxolod maTematikasa da bunebism-

etyvelebaze rodi avrcelebs (`mizidu-

lobis kanoni ar uqmdeba Tu ki gaqreba

yvela mizidulobis mqone sxeuli~ da

a.S.). mas surs direqtivebi misces isto-

rias _ mas surs fenomenologiuri reduq-

ciiT gansazRvros adamianuri gonis yve-

la gamovlena. aseTi keTilSobiluri da

gamomwvevi gabedulebiT, mTeli Tavisi

moazrovne arsebis ZalmosilebiT, yov-

elTvis ase rom gvatyvevebs, aqac dgeba sa-

kuTari principidan gamomdinare poziciis

sadarajoze. gansakuTrebiT Wkuis saswav-

lebelia misi kamaTi Tavis saxelganTqmul

TanamedrovesTan, dilTaisTan. huserli

37

mas angariSs uwevs, ramdenadac SeiZleba

erTma mecnierma angariSi gauwios meore

mecniers. da amavdroulad, zigvartTan

da erdmanTan erTad mas sagiJeTSi ag-

zavnis _ Tumca am azrs ramdenadme Ser-

bilebuli gamoTqmebiT gamoxatavs, magram

sagiJeTi mainc sagiJeTad rCeba, rasac ar

unda uwodebdnen. dilTais mTavari azri,

rasac aseTi JiniT da vnebiT uaryofs, hu-

serlma Camoayaliba ase ubralod da naT-

lad: miwisa da adamianis mTeli warsulis

momcveli mzeris winaSe qreba sicocxlis

calkeuli sferoebi, filosofiisa da re-

ligiis absoluturi mniSvneloba. isto-

riuli cnobierebis amgvari gageba, ufro

pozitiuri mngrevelia, vidre sistemaTa

kamaTis moxilva; vidre rwmena romelime

filosofiis sayovelTao mniSvnelobis

Sesaxeb, romelic cdilobs aucilebloba-

Si moaqcios yofierebis yovlismomcveli

kavSiri da cnebaTa kompleqsis meSveobiT

gamoavlinos. am sakiTxze huserli mkafio

azrs gamoTqvams: àdvili dasanaxia, rom

Tanmimdevrulad gatarebuli istorizmi

gadadis ukidures subieqtivizmSi. am Sem-

TxvevaSi dakargavdnen absolutur mniS-

vnelobas ideebi, WeSmaritebis Teoriebi,

mecnierebebi da yvela idea gaufasurde-

boda. ideis mniSvneloba aseT SemTxvevaSi,

mxolod iqamde iqneboda dayvanili, rom

38

is faqtobrivi sulieri warmonaqmnia, rac

mniSvneladad aris aRiarebuli da Tavisi

am faqtobrivi mniSvneladobiT gansaz-

Rvravs azrovnebas. am viTarebaSi saer-

Tod aRar arsebobs sazrisebi (значимости) rogorc aseTi, mniSvnelobebi Tavis Tav-

Si, _ rac is aris, rac aris, maSinac ki

roca aravis SeuZlia maTi ganxorcieleba

da veranairi istoriuli kacobrioba mas

verasodes ganaxorcielebs. maSasadame

isini aRar arian arc winaaRmdegobis kan-

onisaTvis da arc mTeli logikisaTvis...

maSin SeiZleba iseTi saboloo Sedegi mi-

viRoT, rom winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis

logikuri kanoni Tavisive sapirispiroSi

gadabrundes da maSin mTeli dasabuTeba,

rasac axla gamovTqvamT da TviT yvela

SesaZleblobac ki, romelsac ganvixilavT

da mxedvelobaSi viRebT, yovelgvar mniS-

vnelobas moklebulni aRmoCndebodnen

da a.S. ar arsebobs araviTari saWiroeba,

rom kidev ganvavrco es gansazRvrebani,

da aq kidev erTxel gavimeoroT, rac sxva

adgilas ukve iyo naTqvami~. sxva adgilas,

maSasadame, rogorc huserli ganmartavs

`logikuri gamokvlevebis~ pirvel tomSi,

Cven ukve viciT ra aris masSi naTqvami. hu-

serlis ukanaskneli sityvaa, _ amas kidev

erTxel SegaxsenebT, radgan mas Cveni Tem-

isTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs,

39

_ relativizmi sigiJea da yvela relativ-

isti sagiJeTSia Casasmeli, magram is in-

dividualuri sigiJe ki ar aris, aramed

specifikuria. huserli yoymanis gareSe

acxadebs: ìstoria, gonis Sesaxeb empiri-

uli mecniereba, uZluria Tavisi saku-

Tari ZalebiT pozitiurad an negatiurad

gadawyvitos sakiTxi: saWiroa Tu ara gan-

vasxvavoT religia rogorc kulturuli

warmonaqmni da religia rogorc idea, e.i.

xelovneba da mniSvneladi xelovnebaSi, is-

toriuli da mniSvneladi samarTalSi, da

bolos, is uZluria dainaxos gansxvaveba

istoriul filosofias da filosofiis

sazriss Soris da, amisdagvarad, arse-

bobs Tu ar arsebobs, platoniseburad

rom gamovTqvaT, ideis mimarTeba misive

dabnelebul, fenomenalur formasTan. mx-

olod filosofiur gansazRvrebas _ da

mxolod mas _ ZaluZs da evaleba gadawyvi-

tos CvenTvis samyarosa da sicocxlis ga-

mocana".

* * *

damowmebul sityvebSi huserlis azri

miyvanilia mis kulminaciur wertilamde.

ai ra aris yvelaze SesaniSnavi: miuxedavad

imisa, rom filosofosTa Soris veravin

gabeda ase Riad da aseTi simamaciT

elaparaka `Schrahkenlosigkeit der Vernunft~

40

(germ. _ uwesrigobis mizezi), _ faqtobrivad

yvelani darwmunebulni arian, rom gonebas

da mxolod gonebas xelewifeba upasuxos

adamianis sulis SemaSfoTebel yvela

kiTxvas. sicxade meduzas TaviviTaa, vinc

mas Sexedavs yvelas sulierad auZlurebs.

qvad aqcevs, radgan uneburad yvelas da

yvelafers garegan zegavlenebs umorCi-

lebs. magram aravis surs sakuTar Tavs an-

gariSi Caabaros imis Taobaze, rom adami-

anebi raRac gamoucnobi da gaugebari bne-

li Zalis morCilebaSi eqcevian, romelic

aiZulebs maT miiRon gonebis msjelobani,

maSinac ki, roca isini xelyofen maTTvis

yvelaze Zvirfassa da Rirebuls, maT siw-

mindes. aristoteles azriT, adamianebi

mkvidroben yofierebis saSualo sartyel-

Si, ver riskaven miaRwion ukidures mij-

nas, sakuTari TviTSTagonebiT Tavs irw-

muneben, rom saSualo zolis SeswavliT

imis gagebac SeuZliaT Tu ra xdeba uki-

dures mijnebzec. magram adamianuri da

msoflio sicocxlis Sua zonebi arafriT

hgavs ekvatorsa da poluss. yofierebis

sazRvrebze rom imsjelo, saWiroa iq iyo

namyofi. yvelaze mcdari daskvnaa: gonebam

ase bevri ram gaakeTa, maSasadame mas Seu-

Zlia yvelaferi gaakeTos. bevri _ ar niS-

nvs yvelafers: bevri da yvelaferi eTma-

neTisgan gansxvavebuli da erTmaneTze

41

dauyvanadi kategoriebia. TviT religiac

ki, da es ukve gavigeT huserlisagan, _ Ta-

vis sazrissa da mniSvnelobas iZens imde-

nad, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia daemyaros

TviTcxads. goneba wyvets, romel reli-

gias aqvs sazrisi da romel religias aqvs

mniSvneloba TavisTavSi, da aqvs Tu ara

religias saerTod sazrisi, romeli reli-

giaa moklebuli RvTis xmas: romel reli-

giaSi saRdeba adamianis xma RmerTis xmad,

_ da rogorc goneba ityvis, isec iqneba:

Roma Locum (laT. _ romis adgili). kvlav vi-

tyvi: huserlis fasdaudebeli damsaxure-

ba imaSia, rom man gabeda ase daeyenebina

sakiTxi. aqaa misi Einstellung, rogorc is

gamoTqvams, da is ukve mimarTulia ara

marto Tanamedrove filosofiisadmi, ar-

amed kantis winaaRmdeg, romelmac miuxe-

davad misi `wminda gonebis kritikis~ mTe-

li radikalurobisa, ver SeZlo Tavis fi-

losofiaSi ar Semoetana kontrabanda _

postulatebi: RmerTis, sulis ukvdavebisa

da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi amo-

canebis erTguli huserli inarCunebs

platonTan naTesaobis xazs. wminda imito-

maa wminda, rom is RmerTebs uyvarT, Tu

RmerTebs imitom uyvarT wminda, rom is

wmidaa? da, ra Tqma unda, misaRebad meore

pasuxi miaCnia. wminda RmerTebze maRlaa,

iseve rogorc idealuri WeSmaritebani

42

aRematebian mTel qmnilebas. wmida ar aris

Seqmnili, rasac ar unda mogviwodebdes

is, rasac ar unda moiTxovdes Cvengan, _

Cven yvelam unda miviRoT, yvelaferSi

davemorCiloT, _ ara marto Cven, aramed

demonebic, angelozebic, da RmerTebic.

da wminda rCeba wmindad, rogorc ideal-

uri WeSmaritebani _ rCebian WeSmaritebad,

Tumca wmindas, iseve rogorc idealur

WeSmaritebebs, sulac ar enaRvleba,

sWirdebaT Tu ara misi Tavi adamianebs,

aniWebs Tu ara adamianebs (da TviT Rmer-

Tebsac ki) sixaruls an mwuxarebas, imeds

an sasowarkveTilebas: WeSmariteba xom

WeSmaritebaa Tavis Tavad da angariSs ar

abarebs èmpirul movlenebs~, romlebic

mTlianad misi Zalauflebis tyveobaSi

arian moqceulni. ai swored aqedan iwyeba

yvelaze gamoucnobi da yvelaze mniS-

vnelovani maT Soris, rac Cven mogvitana

huserlis filosofiam. aqve warmoiqmneba

SekiTxva: ram aiZula huserli, rom aseTi

kategoriulobiT moeTxova Cemgan kirkeg-

oriis Seswavla? kirkegori, romelic hu-

serlis sapirispirod, WeSmaritebas eZebda

ara gonebasTan, aramed absurdTan; kirkeg-

orTan, visTvisac winaaRmdegobis kanoni,

rogorc gaSiSvlebul maxvilosani ange-

lozi, uflis mier samoTxis bWesTan ganwe-

sebuli, arafers ar gvimowmebs WeS-

43

maritebis Sesaxeb da sruliadac ar adgens

mijnas, romelic SesaZlebels gamoyofs

SeuZleblisgan. kirkegorisTvis filoso-

fia (is mas ar uwodebs eqsistencialurs)

iwyeba swored iq, sadac goneba Wvrets

cxad ueWvelobas, rom yovelgvari Sesa-

Zlebloba ukve sabolood amowurulia,

rom yvelaferi damTavrebulia, rom ada-

mians aRaraferi darCenia garda naTelx-

ilvisa da gulgrilobisa. kirkegors am

filosofiaSi Semoaqvs is, rasac uwodebs

`rwmenas~; rasac is uwodebs ugunur brZo-

las SesaZleblisaTvis~. e.i. SeuZlebelis

SesaZleblisaTvis. amas is akeTebs wminda

werilze cxadi operirebiT _ adamianuri

sibrZne sigiJea RmerTis winaSe. adamianebs

xom yvelaze metad swored sigiJisa eSini-

aT. kirkegorma es icis da mudmivad imeo-

rebs, rom adamianis sisustes ar SeuZlia

TvalebSi Caxedos sikvdils da ugunure-

bas da is marTalia. marTalia platonis

`fedonSi~ Cven vkiTxulobT, rom filoso-

fia aris `sikvdilSi wvrTna~. iqvea naTq-

vami, rom es isaa rasac filosofosni

sinamdvileSi akeTeben, Tumca amas sxvaTa

TvalSi gulmodgined malavdnen, maT sxva

veraferi SeZles imis garda, rom emzade-

bodnen mokvdinebisa da sikvdilisaTvis.

unda vifiqroT, rom esoden idumali da

ucnauri azrebi platons STaagona si-

44

cocxlidan gasvlisaTvis mzadebaSi myof-

ma sokratem. Semdeg platoni maT aRar

ubrundeba. is mTlianad CaiZira `saxelm-

wifosa~ da `kanonebis~ problematikaSi;

TviT Rrma moxucebulobaSic ki, aRas-

rulebda Cveulebriv mokvdavTa da gladi-

atorTaTvis dadgenil ganawess: salve Cae-sar, morituri te so llutant.6 TviT sikvdilis wina

wuTebSic ki adamianebs ar SeuZliaT

mowydnen cezars, e.i. imas, rac yvelas mier

aRiarebulia `sinamdviled~. da es `bune-

brivia~! maS, rogor unda gavigoT `wvrTna

sikvdilisa~? xom ar aris es dasawyisi da

mzadeba brZolisaTvis gonebis mtkiceb-

ulebaTa Seuvali Zalis winaaRmdeg; wi-

naaRmdegobaTa kanonis winaaRmdeg; usaz-

Rvro uflebebisa da SeuzRudavi Zalau-

flebis mosurne gonebis winaaRmdeg, ro-

melic TviTneburad gansazRvravs sad

Tavdeba SesaZleblobaTa samefo da sad

iwyeba SeuZlebeli, xom ar aris mzadeba im

angelozTan Sesarkineblad, romelic ce-

cxlis mfrqveveli maxviliT darajobs sa-

moTxis karibWes? gansacdelSi gamoucde-

li azrovnebis TvalsawierSi gonebis es

usazRvro Zalaufleba arc saSiSia da arc

sastiki. sinamdvileSi ki aq saqme sruliad

sxvagvaradaa... yofierebis autaneli da

dauZleveli saSinelebani swored imis

6 laT. `dideba cezars, sasikvdilod ganwirulni

mogesalmebian~.

45

Sedegia, rom gonebis uzenaesi Zalaufle-

ba adamians mTlianad SesaZleblis im saz-

RvrebSi ketavs, romlis sruli TviTmpy-

robelic TviTonaa. rogorc huserlma

Tqva: gonebas SeSvenis meufeba, adamians ki

morCileba _ magram es kidev cotaa, adami-

ani ara marto unda daemorCilos gonebas,

aramed mowiwebiTa da sixaruliT unda

eTayvanos mas. amis magaliTi gvaqvs. odes-

Rac yvela SeaSfoTa nicSes qadagebebma

aRviraxsnili sisastikis Sesaxeb. huserli

dabejiTebiT mirCevda kirkegoris Seswav-

las. mas aseTive daJinebiT SeeZlo erCia

CemTvis nicSes Seswavla, manamde didi xniT

adre rom ar mqonoda Seswavlili, vidre

huserlis saxels gavigonebdi. arsebobs

uRrmesi Sinagani naTesaoba erTi mxriv,

huserlis moZRvrebisa da meore mxriv,

nicSesa da kirkegoris moZRvrebaTa So-

ris. WeSmaritebis absolutizebiT huser-

li iZulebuli iyo moexdina yofierebis,

ufro sworad, adamianuri cxovrebis gare-

latiureba. nicSec iZulebuli iyo igive

gaekeTebina, ramdenadac is eqceoda gon-

ebis Zalauflebis qveS ise, rom ar cnobda

araviTar sxva avtoritets (es mas yovelT-

vis ara, magram xSirad emarTeboda), is

acxadebs: ar ZaluZs ar gamoacxados: `vis

ZaluZs miaRwios raime dids, Tu is ar

grZnobs Tavis TavSi Zalas da mzaobas tan-

46

jvisaTvis? SegeZlos moTmena _ yvelaze

ukanaskneli saqmea: amiT susti qalebi da

TviT monebic ki xSirad aRweven virtuo-

zulobas... magram ar daiRupebian sevdisa

da eWvebisagan, roca uwevT sxvebs miayenon

didi tanjva da isminon maTi godeba _ es

diadia, amaSi vlindeba sidiade.~ saidan

movida nicSesTan darwmunebuloba, rom

Seubralebeli sisastike gvidasturebs si-

dides? da Tanac iseTi sidiadis Sesaxeb,

rom mas unda veswrafoT mTeli Cveni su-

liT da guliT? swored mTeli guliT da

suliT _ rogorc amas moiTxovs wminda

werili _ swored aseTi unda iyos adamia-

nis siyvaruli RmerTisadmi. magram ro-

gorc nicSe gvarwmunebda, adamianebma gon-

ebis moTxovnis mixedviT mokles RmerTi.

me vwuxvar, rom ar SemiZlia aq mTlianad

moviyvano adgili nicSes wignidan,

romelSic is, TviT misTvisac uCveulo Za-

liTa da vnebiT mogviTxrobs amis Sesaxeb.

`danaSaulni danaSaulTa Soris~. magram

gonebam isurva, da Cven mogviwia `RmerTis

mokvla~, yvelafris aRsruleba gviwevs,

rasac ki goneba saWirod da samarTlianad

CaTvlis. goneba Tavis usasrulo

moTxovnebSi Seuvalia `bolos da bolos

xom ar SeiZleba Cven, _ wers sxva adgilze

nicSe, _ msxverplad SevwiroT yovelgvari

wminda, Svebismomgvreli, ganmkurnavi...

47

yvela imedi, yvela rwmena faruli harmo-

niis, momavali netarebisa da samarTliano-

bis Sesaxeb? xom ar unda SevwiroT TviT

RmerTi da sakuTari Tavisadmi sisastikiT

gavaRmerToT qva, sisulele, tvirTmZime-

Ta da maSvralT bedi, arara? RmerTis msx-

verplad Sewirva ararasadmi _ esaa

ukanaskneli sisastikis paradoqsaluri

saidumlo. igi Cveni Taobis wilxvedri

gaxda: Cven yvelam raRac viciT amis Ses-

axeb~. SesaZlebelia, _ albaT asea, _ nicSes

es ukanaskneli sityvebi ar Seesabameba

sinamdviles: yvelam rodi icis, rom gon-

ebis morCilebaSi Cven mogviwevs gavaRmer-

ToT qva, sisulele, arara. ufro piriqi-

Taa (da es Zalze mniSvnelovania): adamian-

Ta umravlesobas eWvic ki ar epareba amaSi.

am uniadagobas, romlis Sesaxebac Cven

nicSem amdeni ram gviambo, andoben Taname-

drove mecnierebisa da filosofiis

yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi sa-

kuTar beds da kacobriobis beds. mTli-

anad mindobilan gonebas, ise rom arc

ician da arc surT icodnen sakuTari Za-

lauflebis sazRvrebi. gonebam isurva da

Cvenc usityvod davTanxmdiT gagveRmer-

Tebina qva, sisulele, arara. yvelani gvai-

Zules uari gveTqva yovelgvar sasoebaze,

imaze, rasac Cven vTvliT wmindad, Svebis-

momgvrelad, raSic Cven vxedvT samarT-

48

lainobas, netarebas. goneba, romelsac

araferi esaqmeba Cvens imedebTan da saso-

warkveTilebasTan umkacresad gvikrZala-

vs aseTi sakiTxebis dayenebasac ki. maS vis

mivmarToT am kiTxvebze pasuxisaTvis?

gonebas? magram man ukve gagvca Tavisi pa-

suxi. Tavisi Tavis garda sxva msajuls is

arasgziT ar scnobs: es misTvis iqneboda

sakuTari suverenuli uflebebis daTmoba.

orgvar ùgunurebas~ Soris

me aq moviyvane nicSes ganazrebani,

Tumca huserlTan nicSes Sesaxeb arasodes

misaubria; SesaZloa, huserli kargad ar

icnobda nicSes da miuxedavad amisa, hu-

serls nicSesTan da kirkegorTan mWidrod

aaxloebda is, rasac isini filosofiis ar-

sebad Tvlidnen _ esaa mzaoba, ufro zus-

tad dauZleveli moTxovnileba mixvide

yovelives sawyisebTan, saTaveebTan, fes-

vebTan. orives usazRvrod sjeroda gon-

ebisa da TiToeuli sakuTari maneriT ax-

orcieldebda princips: `Roma locuta, causa fi nita” da roca gonebam moiTxova yovelive

imis uaryofa, rasac Cven wmindad vTvliT,

sanugeSod, raSic Cven sakuTar imedsa da

netarebas vxedavT, nicSem yvelsaTvis da,

maSasadame, huserlisTvisac udrtvinve-

49

lad da kurTxeuladac ki miiRo yvela

misi moTxovna. gaaRmerTa qva, simZimili,

bediswera, iseve, rogorc mZime, gaqvaveb-

uli, sabediswero morali. aq unda iTqvas:

nicSes mier gamocxadebuli da idealis

rangSi ayvanili sisastike, rogorc bevrs

egona, sruliadac ar yofila filosofi-

isaTvis arnaxuli da manamde argagonili

ram. oRond, nicSes Semdeg ar gvqonia ase-

Ti gamomwvevi pirdapirobiT Camoyalibeb-

uli da amavdroulad amgvari, TiTqmis ze-

adamianuri STagonebiT daculi ulmobeli

sisastikis idea. magram es idea mTlianad

antikur filosofiaSi iqna SemuSavebuli

da igi rogorc ferflis qveS cecxli, ux-

ilavad Rvivoda elinuri geniis yvelaze

gamomwvev qmnilebebSi. platoni, mimarTavs

ra erTeul adamians Tavis `kanonebSi~,

sazeimod acxadebs: `Sen TviTon sabralo

mokvdavo, rac ar unda mcire iyo _ mainc

mniSvnelovani adgili gikavia (yofierebis)

saerTo wesrigSi... magram Sen ar fiqrob

imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela calkeuli war-

monaqmni warmoiSoba saxed yovelTa (ar-

sebulTa), raTa man bednierad icxovros,

rom araferi keTdeba SenTvis da rom Tvi-

Ton Seqmnili xar samyarosaTvis~.7 _ roca

7 platonis `kanonebidan~ es damowmeba Sestovis

mier moyvanilia Zalzed Tavisufali Targmanis sax-

iT; ar aris miTiTebuli arc dedanis, arc rusuli

Targmanis Sesabamisi punqtuacia. (mTargm.).

50

platoni aseTi SemarTebiT akeTebs am ga-

nacxads, is ukve mTlianad aRemateba nic-

Ses. saberZneTis ukanaskneli didi filo-

sofosi plotini am azrs gamoTqvams ufro

konkretuli da amaRlebuli sityvebiT:

Sen vaJebs giklaven, aupatiureben Sens

asulebs, gingreven samSoblos _ araferia

amaSi saSineli da SemaZrwunebeli. es yove-

live aris da unda iyos da swored ami-

tom simSvidiT unda miiRo. marTalia bo-

los da bolos plotinma mogvca gonebaze

gadafrenis genialuri mcdeloba. scada

`codnisa da gonebis~ miRma dadgoma.8

me aq amjerad ar SemiZlia vrclad vim-

sjelo am sakiTxze, radganac sxvagan saSu-

aleba mqonda sakmarisad melaparaka maTze.

magram is rCeboda antikuri azrovnebis

CarCoebSi, raki aerTianebda platons, ar-

istotelesa da stoikosebs.

TviTcxadi ueWvelobebisadmi mor-

Cileba mas aiZulebda adamianuri yofnis

saSinelebani mieRo, rogorc aucile-

blobani, romelnic gamomdinareoben yo-

fierebis sawyisiebidan da fesvebidan, ami-

tomac isini arian sabolooni da amdenadve

8 huserlTan saubrebSi mxolod erTxel mo-

miwia plotins Sevxebodi. magram man Tavisi

saocari gulwrfelobiT, romelic yovelT-

vis mxiblavda, miTxra: `plotini me arasodes

Semiswavlia da mis Sesaxeb sxva araferi vici,

garda imisa, rac Tqvens wignebSi amovikiTxe~.

51

saWironi da kanonierni. da ase grZeldeba

Cvens dRevandelobamde. rogorc senekam

Tqva, udrtvinvelad da sixaruliT dae-

morCilo, rasac goneba gamogvicxadebs

cxovrebaSi, adamianuri da RvTiuri sibrZ-

nis ukanaskneli sityva: Fata volentem Ducunt, nolentem trahunt (laT. _ bediswera marTavs survi-

lebsac da arasurvilebsac). bedisweris idea,

yvelafrisadmi gulgrili, brma da yru

bedisweris idea yvela gonieri arsebis

azrTa ganuyofeli TviTmpryobeli xdeba.

TviTon nicSe, romelic aseTi gaafrTebiT

esxmoda Tavs monaTa morals da ase paTe-

tikurad ganadidebda batonTa morals,

TayvaniscemiT qeds moidreks bedisweris

winaSe. mas miaCnda, rom is iyo bedis mor-

Cili, Seasrulo misi neba, ara SiSis gamo,

aramed sindisis karnaxiT, arc samarcxvi-

noa da arc saSineli. is Riad da STagonebiT

qadagebs ara marto morCilebas, aramed

ukve siyvaruls bediswerisadmi (amor fati), mTeli misi ulmobelobisa da Seubrale-

blobisadmi: Cveni goneba da is codna, rac

CvenTvis gonebas moaqvs, gvicxadeben WeS-

maritebebs, romlebic dauZlevelni arian

ara marto CvenTvis, aramed yvela arsebi-

saTvis, TviT angelozebisa da RmerTebi-

sTvisac ki. yovelgvari mcdeloba Seebr-

Zolo am WeSmartebebs, winaswarve ganwir-

ulia marcxisaTvis. nicSe, iseve, rogorc

52

huserli, TiToeuli Taviseburad rom

gamoTqvams am ideas, grZnobdnen maT Seu-

valobas, rom imyofebian TavisTavad cxa-

di ueWvelobis dacvis qveS.

magram kidev erTxel davsvam kiTxvas,

aseTi daJinebiT ratom magzavnida huser-

li kirkegorTan? kirkegoric aseve xSir-

ad da bevrs laparakobda bedisweraze, da

mTeli Tavisi yovlisganmWvreti unariT

namdvilad aRemateboda huserlsac da nic-

Sesac. is werda: rac ufro Rrmaa adamiani,

rac ufro didia misi masStabi, rac ufro

genialuria igi, miT ufro ganukiTxavad

batonobs masze bedisweris idea. magram

nicSesa da huserlis sapirispirod is ama-

Si ar xedavs `sidiades~. Znelia, acxadebs

is, gamotyde amaSi, magram gviwevs, vTq-

vaT, rom genialuri adamiani aris udidesi

codvili. upirobo ndoba gonebisadmi, ara

marto maSin, roca is Tavis Tavze iRebs

empiriul samyaroSi an yofierebis ganapi-

ra zonebSi gamriges rols, aramed maSinac,

roca Cveni cxovrebis movlenebs gavya-

varT yofierebis ganapira mijnebisaken,

aris codva, aris dacema, udidesi dacema,

yvela dacemaTa Soris, rac ki SeiZleboda

warmogvedgina _ swored amis Sesaxeb gvi-

ambobs biblia dabadebis wignis dasawyis-

Sive: adamianma igema cnobadis xis nayo-

fi da moswyda sicocxlis wyaros. Cveni

53

gonierebisaTvis es _ ugunurebaa. kirkeg-

orma es SesaniSnavad icis, icis ukeTesad,

vidre romelime sxvam. magram es `codna~

mas ver aCerebs. iobi misTvis ubralod

`mravaltanjuli berikaci~ rodia, misT-

vis iobi `moazrovnea~, marTalia is `kerZo

moazrovnea~, magram iseTi, romlisganac

SeiZleba gavigonoT is, rac ar gaxsniaT

arc Tanamedrove filosofiis warmomad-

genlebs (hegels), arc Zveli saberZneTis

brwyinvale simpoziumebs: arsebobs iseTi

saswori, romelzec adamianuri mwuxareba

ufro mets iwonis, vidre yvela zRvaTa

qviSani erTad aRebulni. vimeoreb _ rameTu

ramdenic ar unda vimeoroT, mainc cotaa,

_ kirkegorma SesaniSnavad icis TviTcxadi

ueWvelobebis batonoba adamianebze: man

Tavis Tavze gamoscada is, rac cota vinmes

Tu gamoucdia. da mainc, wminda weriliT

STagonebuli, is axdens grandiozul mcd-

elobas gadalaxos TviTcxadi ueWveloba-

ni. TavisTavad cxad ueWvelobebs rogorc

samxils upirispirebs _ adamianuri mwux-

arebis sidiades da im saSinelebebs, rom-

lebSic gaxlarTulia Cveni cxovreba, ra

Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT: mxolod

mas ar mouwia Tvalaxelili mdgariyo yo-

fierebis saSinelebaTa winaSe, _ sxvanic,

filosofosnic da arafilosofosnic,

imyofebodnen mis mdgomareobaSi. magram

54

swored aq warmoiSva kirkegoris winaSe

diadi da saxifaTo dilema: gavagrZelo

Tu ara Zveleburad yofna yofierebis

saSineli saxis winaSe _ miviRo Tu ara das-

rulebul da saboloo WeSmaritebad is,

rasac Cveni goneba gvTavazobs, rogorc

aseTs, Tu mivyveT biblias da davayenoT

gonebisa da mis mier motanili codnis

kompetenciis sakiTxi: adamianuri sibrZne

ugunurebaa uflis winaSe. gonebiseul

`tvinisWyletas~9 davupirispiroT iobis

`yvirili~, `godeba ieremiasi", winaswarme-

tyvelTa da apokalipsis quxili? es, kidev

erTxel vityvi, ueWvelad _ ùgunurebaa~,

magram gana ugunureba ar aris cxovrebis

saSinelebani, romelnic imis winaSe ix-

sneba, vinc iZulebuli xdeba pirdapir

TvalebSi Caxedos maT? gana gonierebis

sazRvrebSi SeiZleba iyos iobi, Tavisi

saSineli gamocdilebiT, Tavisi bedkruli

xalxis gamo mgodebeli ieremia, ploton-

ic, Tavisi xsovniT mowyvetil ymawvilebze

da namusaxdil gogonebze? Cven vdgavarT

orgvar ùgunurebaTa~ Soris. erTi mxriv,

es aris gonebis ugunureba, romlisTvisac

misive aRmoCenili yofierebis saSinele-

baTa Sesaxeb `WeSmaritebani~ _ dasruleb-

uli, saboloo, yvelasaTvis savaldebulo

maradiuli WeSmaritebania, meore mxriv,

9 dedanSia «умотрения»

55

es aris kirkegoriseuli àbsurdi~, ro-

melic bedavs daiwyos brZola maSin, roca

Cvenive gonebis mtkicebulebebisa da misi

sicxadeebis mixedviT, brZola SeuZlebe-

lia, rameTu is ganwirulia samarcxvino

marcxisaTvis. vis gavyveT _ elinuri sim-

poziumis warmomadgenlebs, Tu iobsa da

winaswarmetyvelebs _ romel ugunurebas

mivaniWoT upiratesoba? iobis wigni, ier-

emias godeba, winaswarmetyvelTa quxi-

li, apokalipsis grgvinva eWvs ar tovebs

saimisod, rom bibliurma `kerZo moaz-

rovneebma~ ar damales adamianuri yof-

nis saSinelebani da sakmarisad mtkiceni

da mamacni iyvnen saimisod, rom pirdapir

saxeSi SeexedaT imisaTvis, rac miRebulia

iwodebodes sinamdviled. da mainc, _ Phi-loshopiae perennis _ didi warmomadgenlebis

sapirispirod _ sinamdvilis Zaxili maT ar

uxmobs garduvalobisadmi morCilebisaken.

iq, sadac spekulaturi filosofia yovel-

gvari SesaZleblobebis dasasruls xedavs

da unebisyofod dabla uSvebs xelebs, iq

eqsistencialuri filosofia diad da gad-

amwyvet brZolas iwyebs. eqsistencialuri

filosofia ar aris refleqsia (Besinnung), romelic awarmoebs sinamdvilis `dakiTx-

vas~ da WeSmaritebebs eZebs cnobierebis

uSualo monacemebSi; is aris daZleva

imisa, rac Cvens gonierebas dauZleveli

56

eCveneba. `RmerTisaTvis, _ daucxrom-

lad imeorebs kirkegori, _ araferia Seu-

Zlebeli~. am lakonuri fraziT ajamebs

yvelafers, rac man Seityo wminda weril-

isgan. SesaZleblobani ganisazRvreba ara

ucvleli WeSmaritebebis mier, romlebic

mkvdari an momakvdavi xeliT aris Cawer-

ili qveynierebis wyobaSi, SesaZleblobani

cocxali, usrulyofilesi arsebis xelSia,

romelmac Seqna da akurTxa adamiani. ra-

nairi saSinelebanic ar unda gamogecxa-

don Cvens yofierebaSi (vimeoreb, aravis

ise ar Seucvnia isini, rogorc winaswarme-

tyvelebs, mefsalmuneebs da mociqulebs),

isini mainc ar aSiSvleben Cven winaSe

`WeSmaritebebs~ da ar gveubnebian rom

SeuZlebelia maTi amoWedva. mefsalmune

wamoiZaxebs: `De profundis ad te Domine, cla-mavi~ (laT. _ Cemi dacemidan Semogtiri, RmerTo).

saSineli dacemisa da sasowarkveTilebis

sirRmidan adamians uxmobs uflisaken.

winaswarmetyvelTagan da mociqulTagan

gvsmenia: `sikvdilo, sad ars Seni Zleva,

jojoxeTo, sad ars Seni gamarjveba?~ isi-

ni gvmoZRvraven Cven: RmerTi rom Tanao-

bs yovel cocxal adamianSi da rom sab-

olood zeobs ara sinamdvile, Tavisi us-

amarTlobebiT da daundoblobiT, aramed

RmerTi, romlis mier `yoveli Tmis Reric

daTvlilia adamianis Tavze~. RmerTi, ro-

57

melic aris siyvaruli, romelic sufevs,

raTa SegviSros cremli. saTqmeladac ar

Rirs, rom Cveni gonebisaTvis mTeli es

brZola, yvela aRTqma, aRTqmebTan daka-

vSirebuli yvela gataceba, aris bodviTi

iluzia da siyalbe. sicocxlis kanoni ar

iqmneba cocxali RmerTis mier, sicocxlis

kanoni siyvaruli ki ar aris, aramed mara-

diuli Seurigebeli mtrobaa. ukve elinTa

didma filosofosma ìcoda~, rom brZola

aris meufe yovelTa. saWiroa gavaRmer-

ToT ara bibliuri Semoqmedi, aramed qva,

sisulele, arara, xolo qvis gamaRmerTe-

beli adamianisaTvis gmirebi isini ki ar

arian, vinc yovelives sawyiss, saTaves da

fesvs siyvarulSi xedaven, aramed isini,

vinc cxovrebaSi axorcieleben mtrobis

princips: ara mociqulni da winaswarm-

etyvelni, aramed hanibali, romelmac

ukve bavSvobaSi dado fici, rom ukuniTi

ukunisamde SeiZulebda roms; anda kato-

ni, misi Caetamm censeo Carthaginem delendam esse~ (laT. _ garda amisa me vfiqrob, rom karTa-

geni unda daingres). sicxadeebis winaSe qed-

modrekili da WeSmaritebaTa Sesaxeb maTi

damkiTxveli gonebisaTvis mociqulTa da

winaswarmetyvelTa naqadagebis sivyaruli

_bavSvuri mgrZnobeloba, sabralo senti-

mentalobaa, romelic ukvalod ikargeba

istoriis morevSi _ xolo mociqulTa

58

da winaswarmetyvelTa grgvinva-quxili _

Rrublebidan ki ar ismis, aramed istori-

is sanagvidan _ xolo bibliis Tqmuleba

pirveli adamianis codviT dacemis Sesaxeb

_ naivuri da yalbi gamonagonia: sicocxlis

xe ara marto ar nadgurdeba Semecnebis xis

nayofTagan, aramed swored maTgan gamom-

dinareobs da maTiT aris ganpirobebuli.

rogorc huserlma gamogvicxada: goneba

daadgens, sibrZne unda daemorCilos. `wm.

ioanes gamocxadebaSi~ gacxadebulia, rom

RmerTi ara marto yvela cremls mogvw-

mends, aramed im wyalobasac mogvaniWebs,

rom sicocxlis xis nayofi vigemoT. rom-

eli ganaTlebuli adamiani, daTanxmdeba

ioane maxarebelis sityvebis Sewynarebaze,

Tundac imaze, rom seriozulad ganixi-

los isini? yvelas surs ìcodes~, yvelas

sjera, rom codna ukanaskneli da das-

rulebuli WeSmaritebis matarebelia _ man

icis Tu ra aris da ra ar aris, ra aris

SesaZlebeli da ra SeuZlebeli. da veravin

bedavs codniT moxveWil WeSmaritebebTan

SekamaTebas. magram rogor gabeda kirkeg-

orma, romelTanac me gamagzavna huserlma,

daewyo kamaTi iq, sadac amas veravin xe-

davs? rogor gadawyvita man ebrZola iq,

sadac yvela nebdeba mters Sewyalebis

59

imediT? am kiTxvaze pasuxi amave dros

iqneba, Cemdami pasuxi maqs Seleris mier

dasmul SekiTxvaze.

an _ an

huserlisaTvis, iseve rogorc kirkeg-

orisaTvis, Sualeduri gadawyvetilebani

filosofiaze uaris Tqmas moaswavebda.

orives winaSe mTeli Tavisi yoflismomcv-

elobiT aRimarTa problema: Entweder-oder. huserli sasowarkveTilebamde mihyavda

azrs, rom Cveni adamianuri codna pirobi-

Tia, SefardebiTi, gardamavali, rom TviT

iseTi maradiuli da uyoymano WeSmarite-

bac ki, rogoric aris `sokrate mowamles~,

SeiZleba Seiryes da rom is ukve Seryeu-

lia da aRar arsebobs angelozebisa da

RmerTebisaTvis; araviTari safuZveli

ara gvaqvs vamtkicoT, rom is odesme ar-

sebobas ar Sewyvets, TviT CvenTvisac,

Cveulebriv mokvdavTaTvisac ki. da aq

is, rogorc mkiTxvels axsovs, gaugonari

ZaliTa da SemarTebiT ayenebs Tavis Ent-weder-oder.10 Cven an yvelani giJebi varT,

an `sokrate mowamles~ aris yvela cnob-

ieri arsebisaTvis Tanabrad savaldebulo,

maradiuli WeSmariteba. aseve mrisxaned

da sabediswerod JRers kirkegorTan misi

10 kirkegorma Tavisi disertaciis Semdeg Seqmnil

pirvel did Sromas swored ase uwoda: Èntweder-Oder”.

60

Entweder-oder: an cnobierebis uSualo mo-

nacemebSi gonebis mier gaxsnili maradi-

uli WeSmaritebani, mxolod gardamavali

WeSmaritebania, xolo is saSinelebani, ro-

melic wilad xvda iobs, an romlebzedac

godebda ieremia, an isini, romelTa Sesaxe-

bac hquxda ioane Tavis `gamocxadebaSi~,

TviT misive nebiT, vinac Sehqmna samyaroc,

adamianebica da samyaros binadarnic, ga-

daiqcevian ararad, landad, iseve, rogorc

ararad iqceva gamoRviZebuli adamian-

isaTvis koSmaruli sizmris saSinelebani,

ganukiTxavad rom epyraT mZinares cno-

biereba, _ an Cven vcxovrobT SeSlil sa-

myaroSi. iobis, ieremias, ioanes da yvela

imaTi moTqmis, godebis, wuTisoflis sam-

duravis ZalisxmeviT, visTvisac `sinamd-

vile~ koSmarad gadaiqca, iwyeba gamom-

JRavneba, rom sicxade (очевидность) _ mis Sesaxeb huserlma gviTxra, rom is ar aris

zeciuri xma, _ arc ise gaudalaxavia da

gaumarTlebelia misi dauZlevelobis pre-

tenzia. kidev erTxel unda iTqvas: TviT

cxadi ueWvelobebis suverenuli ufle-

bebisadmi eWvebi, kirkegors wminda weril-

ma ukarnaxa: adamianuri sibrZne, _ rogorc

iq aris naTqvami, _ sigiJea RmerTis winaSe.

TavisTavad cxadis gadarCena winaaRmde-

gobis kanonsac ar SeuZlia. sizmareul xe-

dvaSi, _ roca adamianze aRiZvreba urCxu-

61

li, romelic mzad aris, mospos da dafer-

62

flos TviTon isic da mTeli samyaroc

da es maSin, roca TviTon Tavs grZnobs

paralizebulad, Tavdacvis unarmoklebu-

lad, romelime organos ganZrevis Zalac

rom ar Seswevs, _ xsna modis winaaRmde-

gobriv cnobierebasTan erTad; rom koS-

mari, romliTac aris adamiani Sepyrobili,

ar aris sinamdvile, aramed mxolod gar-

damavali sneulebaa. cnobiereba ambival-

enturia, rameTu mZinare winaswarmetyve-

lebs, rom sizmarSi myofis cnobiereba

ar aris WeSmariti, _ maSasadame, sakuTari

Tavis gamanadgurebel WeSmaritebas. koS-

maridan rom ganTavisuflde, saWiroa

ukuagdo winaaRmdegobis `kanoni~, rasac

emyareba yvela TavisTavad cxadi ueWv-

eloba da saRi azris mdgomareobani: unda

gabedo uzarmazari Zalisxmeva da gamoiR-

viZo; swored amitomacaa filosofia, ara

Besinnung, rogorc huserli ambobda, ara

refleqsia, romelic Zils gamouRviZeb-

els xdis, aramed brZola (Kampf). amaSia

Cemi ZiriTadi uTanxmoebani huserlTan.

dabadebis `wignTa~ idumal TqmulebaSi

pirveli adamianis sicocxlis xes upirisp-

irdeba sikvdilis matarebeli xe cnobadi-

sa. codniT mopovebuli WeSmaritebani ga-

dailaxeba adamianuri tanjviT.

vici, Zalze kargad vici, rogor

Seacbunebs Tanamedrove adamianis ga-

63

naTlebul azrs, aseTi daSvebis SesaZle-

bloba. ara marto evropuli azri, _ mTe-

li danarCeni samyarosgan himalais gauva-

li mTebiT gamoyofili indusTa azric,

igive kalapotSi miedineboda, romelSic

evropuli. brahmanizmi da ufro metad

budizmi, romelic evropel ganmanaTle-

blebs saTanadod ar auTvisebiaT, mTli-

anad gadis Semecnebaze, romelic emyareba

TavisTavad cxad ueWvelobebs. ar SeiZle-

ba gadailaxos movlenaTa kanonzomieri

mizezobrivi kavSiris principi, ar Sei-

Zleba daudges dasasruli metemfsiqozsa

da karmas, ar SeiZleba maradi WeSmarite-

bebis Secvla; rom yovelives, rasac aqvs

dasawyisi, unda hqondes dasasrulic,

_ yvela am àr SeiZlebas~ unda damor-

Cileba, isini unda miviRoT da SeveguoT.

marTalia, safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT,

rom dasavlurma azrovnebam induri mso-

flmxedveloba im ideebis Targze gamoW-

ra, romelic misive sakuTar istoriaSi

warmoiSvnen da ganviTardnen. indur az-

rovnebaze mefobs ganTavisuflebis anu

gamosyidvis idea, romelsac SeiZleba sul

sxva sazrisi hqondes, vidre Cven gvgonia.

gadmocemis mixedviT, TviTon buda sikvdi-

lis dadgomis Jams, sul imas imeorebda,

rom yvelaferi, rasac aqvs dasawyisi, unda

hqondes dasasrulic _ magram is aranak-

64

leb vnebianad, vidre ieremia an iobi,

laparakobda adamianur tanjvebze: erTad

rom Segvekriba adamianTa mier daRvrili

cremlebi, ufro meti saunje mogrovde-

boda, vidre oTxive did okeaneSi. isic,

iobis msgavsad, xom ar cdilobda zRvaTa

yvela qviSa gaetolebina adamianuri tanj-

vis saSinelebebTan? oRond budam saWirod

CaTvala es daemala `Teoretikosobis ada-

mianebis~ mZlevelis niRbiT. cxadia, aq ar

aris adgili am azris gasaSlelad. me mx-

olod imis xazgasma msurda, rom Tvicxadi

ueWvelobebiT mojadoebuli evorpuli

azrovneba, Tavis Tavs im `gamocxadebul~

WeSmaritebaze àRmatebulad~ warmoid-

gens, romlisTvisac adamianuri cremlebis

Zalmosileba aRadgens cxad ueWvelobebSi

aRmoCenil aucileblobebs; igi aRgviTq-

vams, rom Semoqmedamde amamaRlebel crem-

lebze da ara uSualo `mocemulobebis~

damkiTxvel gonebaze gadis gza sicocx-

lis sawyisebisaken, pirvelwyaroebisken,

fesvebisaken.

* * *

da swored amaSia Cemi pasuxi maqs

Selerisadmi da amasTanave, Cemi axsna-

ganamrteba imis Sesaxeb, Tu me ase arse-

biTad ratom viTvaliswineb da aseT gan-

sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ratom vaniWeb

65

huserlis filosofias. huserli iSviaTi

simamaciT da TviT gamoCenil adamianTaT-

visac ki _ uCveulo suliskveTebiT bedavs

daayenos yvelaze arsebiTi, yvelaze Zneli

da amasTanave yvelaze mtkivneuli sakiTxi

codnis `sazrisis~11 Sesaxeb.

Semecnebas rom sazrisi hqondes,

saWiroa misi absoluturad aRiareba _

da yovelive imis miReba, rasac is Cven-

gan moiTxovs. gavaRmerToT qva, miviRoT

daundobeli sisastike. TviTonac gavqvav-

deT, uari vTqvaT yvelaferze, rac Cven

yvelaze metad gvWirdeba da rac CvenTvis

yvelaze Zvirfasia, rogorc amas gvaswav-

lida TviT WeSmaritebis mier naiZule-

bi nicSe. anda ukuvagdoT absoluturi

Semecneba, avjanydeT maiZulebeli WeS-

maritebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic sruliad

gaugebaria, Tu ra uflebiT gvaiZuleben

da daviwyoT brZola TavisTavad cxad mo-

cemulobebTan, romlebic empiriuli ar-

sebobis saSinelebas TviTneburad aqcev-

en yofierebis maradiul kanonebad. axal

droSi pirveli gza airCia huserlma, meo-

re kirkegorma, romelTanac me huserlma

gamagzavna. rogorc ukve vTqvi, mogviw-

evs an gavaabsoluturoT WeSmariteba da

gavarelatiuroT sicocxle, anda uari

vuTxraT maiZulebel WeSmaritebas, raTa

11 dedanSia «Значимость» (mTarg.).

66

vixsnaT adamianuri sicocxle. TavisTavad

cxadi ueWvelobebis winaaRmdeg brZola

da maTi daZleva aris filosofiur enaze

gadaTargmna bibliuri aRTqmisa, Tu gne-

bavT, bibliuri gamocxadebisa: adamianuri

sibrZne ugunurebaa uflis winaSe. hu-

serli amas grZnobda Tavisi yovlismom-

cveli filosofiuri geniiT. swored amis

gamo magzavnida kirkegorTan, romelSic

Cemda gasaocrad, aRmovaCine dostoevskis

oreuli; xolo dostoevski mTeli Tavisi

nawerebiT mexmareboda movmzadebuliyavi

huserlTan sabrZolvelad: vin ifiqreb-

da rom filosofosi gamagzavnida Tavis

ideur mowinaaRmdegesTan? rom gonebisa

da misi ueWvelobebis himnTa mefsalmune

daafasebda adamians, romelic samkvdro-

sasicocxlo brZolaSi Caeba TavisTavad

cxad ueWvelobebTan?

* * *

gaigo da daafaso huserli, SesaZle-

belia mxolod maSin, Tu Cawvdebi mis uR-

rmes Sinagan kavSirs kirkegorTan. pirve-

li qeds udreks maiZulebel WeSmaritebas

da TviT gonebis ueWvelobebSi xedavs ga-

mocxadebas, meore ki `SiSiTa da ZrwoliT~

aRvsili suliT, gamocxadebas mihyveba iq,

sadac gonebisaTvis iwyeba maradiuli ara-

ra. pirvelisaTvis zRvaTa qviSani gadawo-

67

nis adamanur tanjvebs, xolo meorisTvis

adamianur tanjvas ufro meti wona aqvs

zRvaTa qviSaze. pirveli imaleba parere-s ukan, maradiul morCilebaSi, meore _ mi-

iswrafvis adamianuri gonebisagan miviwye-

buli gamoucnobi da idumali `jubere”.SeiZleba Tu ara, imedi viqonioT,

rom huserlisa da kirkegoris gamomwvevi

Èntweder-Oder” gardaqmnis Tanamedrove

azrvonebas, gamoaRviZebs mas maradiuli

Tvlemisagan? ara mgonia. Tanamedrove fi-

losofosebis mTeli Taoba fenomenolo-

giis skolidan gamovida. yvelam uRalata

huserl-kirkegoriseuli Entweder-Oder-s, isini axalgazrdobis wlebidanve ic-

nobdnen nicSesac da kirkegorsac, magram

amjobines dabrunebodnen Zvel lozungs:

ùkan kantisaken~. kantisaken, romlisTvi-

sac kirkegoriseburi absurdi moaswavebda

Schwarmerei und Aberglauben-is sferos da

romelic mas ase sZulda da romelzec ase

afrTxilebda Tavis mkiTxvelebs: `wminda

gonebis kritika~ man aseTi windaxedulo-

biT Searbila `praqtikuli gonebis kriti-

kaSi~. RmerTisa da sulis ukvdavebis pos-

tulatebma adamians unda daucxros Sfo-

Ti, romelic `wminda gonebis kritikidan~

miRebuli `RmerTis sikvdilis~ ambavma mo-

hgvara. magram gana gonebisaTvis misaRebia

es postulatebi? gana goneba yovelgvari

68

yoymanis gareSe ar miakuTvnebs maT Schwar-merei und Aberglauben-is sferos? ori azri

ar SeiZleba arsebobdes: yvelaze fantas-

tikuri crurwmenaa _ dauSvaT RmerTis

arseboba an virwmunoT sulis ukvdaveba,

sul erTia vuwodebT am WeSmaritebebs

aqsiomebs, Tu postulatebs! adamians ar

ZaluZs sicxadeTa SezRudva. dae, wm. weri-

lis alfa da omega _ uwyeba codviT da-

cemis Sesaxeb eweros Zveli aRTqmis da-

sawyisSive, xolo saxarebis bolos aRTqma

imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTi mogvcems si-

cocxlis xis nayofTa dagemovnebis nebas,

gana yvelasaTvis cxadi ar aris, rom Zveli

aRTqmac da axali aRTqmac fantastikisa

da crurwmenebis sferodan gamovidnen?

ganaTlebuli adamiani arasodes gahyveba

Zveli, veluri xalxis mier Seqmnili wignis

WeSmaritebas, iseve, rogorc ar daTanx-

mdeba iobis moTqma, ieremias godeba da

apokalifsis quxili daupirispiros gon-

ebis ganazrebebs da mis TavisTavad cxad

mocemulobebs. filosofia uars ar ityvis

kantze.

* * *

xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom kirkegor-

huserliseuli Entwader-Oder samudamod

uaryves adamianebma? rom Cven misjili

gvaqvs gavaRmerToT qvebi, viqadagoT daun-

69

dobeli sisastike moyvasisadmi, rogorc

es gamoacxada gonebiT Sepyrobilobis mo-

mentSi nicSem? da rom kirkegoriseuli ab-

surdi adre Tu gvian Zirfesvianad iqneba

amoZirkvuli adamianuri cnobierebidan?

ara mgonia. adamianis sulieri saqmianobis

zogad ekonomiaSi TavisTavad cxdi moce-

mulobebis gadalaxvis mcdelobebs aqvT,

marTalia SeumCneveli, daufasebeli, ma-

gram uzarmazari mniSvneloba. da me, us-

azRvrod davalebulad vTvli Cems Tavs

huserlisagan, romelmac Tavisi azris

dauZleveli ZaliT mimiyvana iqamde, raTa

damewyo brZola iq, sadac yvela `vTvliT~,

rom ar arsebobs gamarjvebis imedi. magram

rom ebrZolo, unda Sewyvito `daTvla~. es

me huserlma maswavla. marTalia, TviT hu-

serlis winaaRmdeg amboxi momiwia, magram

maSinac vxedavdi da axlac vxedav masSi

did, udiades filosofoss Cveni droisa.

70

fraiburgidan gamogzavnili kote baqraZis

werili meuRlis, nino diasamiZisadmi daTariRe-

buli 1924 wlis 27 apriliT, inaxeba kote baqraZis

pirad arqivSi. pirvelad gamoaqveyna prof. eduard

koduam wignSi èqsistencializmi filosofiis Ses-

axeb~. 1984 Tsu gamomcemloba.

kote baqraZe fraiburgis universitetSi iqna

mivlinebuli Tbilisis universitetidan filoso-

fiis problematikis Sesaswavlad da uaxlesi mim-

dinareobebis gasacnobad. iq is uSualod muSaobda

XX saukunis filosofiis fuZemdeblebTan. Semec-

nebis Teoriis sakiTxebs swavlobda hainrix rik-

ertis seminarebze da leqciebze. fenomenologias

eufleboda edmund huserlis xelmZRvanelobiT;

xolo ontologiis axali gzebis problemebs martin

haidegeris seminarebze ecnoboda. kote baqraZis

gamokvlevebma huserlis fenomenologiis Sesaxeb

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa XX saukunis qarTuli

filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi, saqarTveloSi

fenomenologiuri kvlevebis aTvisebisa da gaSlis

saqmeSi.

71

kote baqraZe

Sexvedra huserlTan

`mivedi huserlTan... momixda mocda,

ori iaponeli profesori hyavda. gamovida

CemTan, bodiSi moixada, cota unda moiT-

minoTo. isargebleT Cemi wignTsacaviT,

waikiTxeT rameo, erTbaSad iReba kari da

frau huserli gamobrZanda... gaaba lapara-

ki Cemi kaci did raRacas werso, Tavisi

sistema gaaumjobesao. winaT calmxrivad

hqondao dawerili, ise, rogorc, magali-

Tad, TqvenTan TbilisSi yazbegze rom

avides kaci da mere es mTa aRweros mxo-

lod erTi mxridan, saidanac Tbilisiao.

es swori aRweraa, magram calmxrivio, axla

Cemma kacma meore mxarec dainaxa da imazec

werso. bolos gamovidnen iaponelebi da

Sevedi me. daiwyo laparaki, ginda Tu ara,

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Cemi wignebi ikiTx-

eo, sxvaSi ar Caixedoo. mkiTxa, Tu waikiTx-

eTo Cemi wignebi kalmiT xelSi, vuTxari _

`logikuri gamokvlevebi~ wavikiTxe-meTqi.

rogor Tu waikiTxeo, or TveSi ras gaigeb-

diTo. dilTaim miTxrao, rom erTi weli-

wadi kiTxulobda da Zlivs gaigoo da Tqven

or TveSi ras gaigebdiTo. filosofosebs

ar esmiTo. sul TavisTavze laparakobda,

rogor wavida win, rogor Secvala cnebebi.

rasakvirvelia, winandeli Secdoma ar iyo,

72

mxolod calmxrivi iyoo. rogorc, magali-

Tad, kaci kavkasiis romelime mTaze avida,

Semdeg SegiZlia amas frau huserlis si-

tyvebi miumato, igive iqneba: sityva-sityviT

huserlis naTqvami daemTxva frau huserl-

isas. mere damiwyo Tavis fenomenologiaze

laparaki. amboben, rom kolumbma amerika

aRmoaCinao. marTla amerika ki ar aRmoaCi-

na, aramed erTi patara kunZuli, miwis pata-

ra nawili da mere ki mTeli amerika sxvebma

daiares da aRwereso, ase rom, yvela Semdeg

mosulma igivenairi aRmoCena gaakeTao. ko-

lumbma mxolod safuZveli miscao. fenom-

enologiac aseao. aq didi samuSao velia.

me mxolod meTodi aRmovaCine da pirvelad

gamoviyene. axla yvelas, Tqvenc SegiZliaT

im uzarmazar velSi Tqveni aRmoCenebi gaa-

keToT. Tqven Cemi wignebi ikiTxeTo. Tu

giTxres, an sadme waikiTxoT, rom me vcde-

bi, ar daijeroTo, vinc amas ityvis, `ver

xedavso~. Cems fenomenologiaSi ki mTeli

saqme `xedvaSiao~. me rom geubnebiT, unda

damijeroT, imitom ki ara, rom me vTqvi,

ara me Zalian bevri Secdoma davuSvio, mag-

aliTad, reduqciebis ganmartebaSi. Zalze

viwrod mesmoda fenomenologia da sxvebic

CamomiTvala. Cemi mowafeebi imisTana rames

dainaxaven, romelsac me ver vxedavdio da

metyvian _ es ase ki ar ar aris, aramed iseo.

73

irakli braWuli

qeTi cxvariaSvili

edmund huserlis fenomenologia da

lev Sestovis àdogmaturi azrovneba~

dialogis saerTo niadagi

`hoi, amao survilebo, kacTa modgmisa

rarig mcdaria eg umweo silogizmebi".

dante aligieri,

samoTxe, qeba XII

lev Sestovisa da edmun huserlis fi-

losofiuri dialogi STagonebulia az-

rovnebis axali orientiriT, romelsac

Sestovi àdogmatur azrovnebas~ uwo-

debda, xolo huserli fenomenologias.

orive filosofosi Tvlida, rom dasav-

luri azrovnebis tradiciaSi kauzalobis

principis gabatonebam mcdar gzaze daay-

ena mTeli evropuli kacobrioba. am prin-

cipis mixedviT, yvalaferi winaswar aris

dadgenili da gadawyvetili _ me arCevani

ara maqvs. huserli ambobda: `calmxri-

vi inteleqtualizmi SeiZleba adamians

ubedurebad eqces~. huserli da Sestovi

gvafrTxileben, rom safrTxe emuqreba Ta-

visuflebis ideas, rac maTi azriT, az-

74

rovnebisa da yofierebis WeSmarit arsebas

Seadgens. Sestovi wers: RmerTi arasodes

gvaiZulebs! es imas niSnavs, rom arsebobs

arCevanis SesaZlebloba, sxvagvarad Ses-

asZleblobis fonze axali arCevanis per-

speqtiviT. ukve ganxorcielebul aqtebs,

ar unda mieniWos absoluturi ucvleli

mniSvneloba, rac imis pirobaa, rom ufro

da ufro maRali xarisxiTa da intensivo-

biT gamovlindes adamianuri yofierebis

axali SesaZleblobani. huserlis fenom-

enologiaca da Sestovis àdogmaturi

azrovnebac~ fokusirebuli arian cno-

bierebis warmomqmnel da gardamqnel aqte-

bze. maT Soris principuli azrTasxvaobaa

imaSi, rom am orientirs Sestovi uwodeb-

da `rwmenas~, xolo huserli azrovnebis

specifikur dispozicias, romlis saSuale-

biTac SesaZloa wminda cnobierebis velze

gaslva da arsTaWvreta (Wesensschau), ar-

sTaTanaziareba, nebismieri gancda-aqtis

reduqcireba (miyvana) wminda arsebamde

(eidos). aseTi `reduqciebi~ mudmivad xe-

laxla unda ganaxldes. huserliseuli

arsTa ganWvreta da Sestoviseuli `rwme-

nac~ gulisxmobs cnoberebis radikalur

sifxizles; dauSvebeli da damRupvelia

gonebis transi, yalbi sqemebis tyveobaSi

yofna. azrovneba mxolod universaluri

eWvis quraSi gamobrZmedili sicxadis gzas

75

unda mihyves. SestovisaTvis upirvelesi

da yvelaze didi sicxadea bibliuri rw-

mena, xolo huserlisTvis filosofiuri

azrovneba, romelic Tavisi arsebis mixed-

viT aris mkacrad eideturi mecniereba

anu fenomenologia.

merab mamardaSvili aRniSnavda, rom

ùazrovnebis zonebi~ kacobriobis isto-

riis mudmivi Tanmxlebia. zogjer isini ko-

losaluri `Savi xvrelis~ saxes iReben da

STanTqmiT emuqrebian cocxali azrovnebis

yovelgvar gamovlenas. Sestovis àdogma-

turi azrovnebis~ amocanaa àzrovnebis

Savi xrelidan~ Tavis daRweva. azrovneba,

romelic TavisTavad cxadi aqsiomebis

wanamZRvrebidan gamomdinareobs Tavis-

motyurebis seniT aris Sepyrobili. uaz-

rovnebis stiqiaSi STanTqmis simptomebia

gavrcelebuli gamoTqmebi: `bunrebrivia~,

ès xom TavisTavad cxadia!~, ̀ ra Tqma unda~

_ es sastiki da damRupveli hiperbolebi

gonebis sruli dabnelebis mauwyebelia.

Sestovi wers: `rac ar unda aiRo azris

ueWvel wanamZRvrad, sawyisad, _ yofi-

ereba, goneba, Tavisufleba, aucileblo-

ba, rwmena, codna, progresi, saRi azri _

saboloo Sedegi erTi iqneba _ TavisTavad

cxadi Tavismotyuebad Semogvibrundeba~

(Л. Шестоа, Апофеоз Безпочвенности, М., 2000).alber kamius cnobil `sizifes miTSi~

76

sagangebo ganxilvis sagani gaxda huserli-

sa da Sestovis koncefciaTa gansxvavebisa

da msgavsebis sakiTxi. roca huserli ar-

sTaWvretaze laparakobs, _ SeniSnavs ka-

miu, _ Cven gveCveneba, rom platons vus-

menT, magram ar arsebobs erTi idea, ro-

melic yvelafers axsnida; aris arsebaTa

usasrulo mravalferovneba, romelnic

sazriss aniWeben usasrulo obieqtebs.

fenomenologia vardeba raRac abstraq-

tul poliTeizmSi `(A. Camus, Le mythe de sisyphe/ Essai; sur l’absurde/ P., Gallimord, 1942 gv. 47-48)~ gonebis absoluturi da mkac-

ri identoba Tavis TavTan, romelsac hu-

serli moiTxovs, CemTvis miuwvdomeli da

absurdulia. aseTia is geometriuli veli,

romlzec RvTiuri goneba adgens Cemi gon-

ebis kanonebs. aq me aRmovaCen igive `meta-

fizikur naxtoms~, rasac religiuri fi-

losofia akeTebs; rac SestovisTvis aris

rwmenis sagani, is huserlisTvis aris mara-

diuli usasrulo goneba.

fenomenologiaSi gvexsneba ara tradi-

ciuli substanciuri tipis universaluri

goneba, aramed usasrulod mravali uni-

versumebis realizaciis veli.

huserlis filosofiis dalageba,

sul erTia, iqneba is saswavlo mizniT Tu

sistematuri gamokvlevebis mizniT, Zalian

Zneli da mZime saqmea. saqme isaa, rom Tvi-

77

Ton huserls ar hqonda Tavidanve yvela-

feri garkveuli. man TandaTan gamoimuSava

fenomenologiuri midgomebi.

Tematuri Semobrunebebi da Sexedule-

baTa ̀ neli zrda~ Cans mis ZiriTad Sromeb-

Si: `logikuri gamokvlevebi~ (1990-1901),

`filosofia rogorc mkacri mecniereba~

(1911), ìdeebi wminda fenomenologiisa

da fenomenologiuri filosofiisaTvis~

(1913), `kartezanuli meditaciebi~ (1929),

èvropul mecnierebaTa krizisi da tran-

scendentaluri fenomenologia~ (1936). ar

aris aucilebli huserlis SemoqmedebiTi

biografia warmovidginoT rogorc er-

Tiani filosofiuri sistemis agebis pro-

cesi. mkvlevrebs SeniSnuli aqvT, rom

mis SromebSi gvxvdeba mniSvnelovani da

xSirad Znelad gansamartavi cvlilebebi

(К. Бакрадзе, Очерки по истории новейшей и современной буржуазной философии, 1960, Тб. с. 506-507). huserlis naSromebi Sedgeba

mravali aTeuli paragrafisagan, romle-

bic Tavis mxriv siaxlisa da aRmoCenebis

Semcveli gamokvlevebia. es garemoeba

TiTqmis SeuZlebels xdis, (yovel SemTx-

vevaSi erTi romelime avtorisaTvis) hu-

serlis memkvidreobis srululyofil

sistematiur gamokvlevas.

huserlis filosofiuri Semoqmede-

ba Ziebebis, aRmoCenebisa da axali hori-

78

zontebis gaxsnis dauboloebel process

warmoadgens. huserlis TiTeuli azri

Tu meToduri miTiTeba, Tavidanve ar iyo

(arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo) calsaxad

gansazRvruli. daZabuli da xangrZlivi

meditaciebis Sedegad TandaTan irkveoda

da zustdeboda fenomenologis zogadi

mizandasaxulobac.

mTeli samyaro, romelSic Sedis ada-

miani da adamianuri me-ebi, rogorc kerZo

realobani, Tavisi arsis mixedivT SiSveli

intencionaluri arsia. yvelaferi rac

àris~, aris imdenad, ramdenadac mimarTe-

baSia. rogorc calke aRebuli nivTebi,

aseve mTeli samyaroc `mimarTebis~ gareSe

realobas moklebulia (Ideen zueiner reinch Phanomenologie und phanomenologiche philoso-phi, Halle, 1913, p. 93).

`samyaro~ raRac jer absoluturad

arsebuli ki ar aris da mere ki ar ukav-

Sirdeba raRacas, `sxvas~, aramed igi sru-

liad araferi ar aris absoluturi azriT.

samyaros sulac ar aqvs àbsoluturi

arsi~. mas iseTive `raRacis~ arseba aqvs,

rac principulad mxolod intencional-

uria, anu aris iseTi, rac cnobierebis mi-

eraa warmodgenili da gamovlenili.

79

moZRvreba regionul ontologiebze

meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT gad-

amwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda huserlis

moZRvrebas `regionuli ontologiebis~

Sesaxeb. huserli araerTxel miuTiTebs,

rom evropul mecnierebaTa ganviTareba

damokidebulia am ùprincipules safuZ-

velze~.

mecnierebaTa kantiseuli `transcen-

dentaluri dafuZneba~ mecnierebaTa er-

Tianobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaa, romelic

intersubieqturobis unitarul models

emyareba. yoveli mecniereba imdenad aris

mecniereba, ramdenadac ùniversaluri

maTezisis~ regulaciebs eqvemdebareba.

huserlma mecnierebaTa unitaruli

modeli `regionuli ontologiebis~ mod-

eliT Secvala, ramac gza gauxsna Taname-

drove meTodologiur pluralizms. (d.

litli, socialuri axsnis mravalferovne-

bebi. Sesavali socialur mecnierebaTa fi-

losofiaSi, Tsu gamomcemloba, 2013, gv.

344-342). arsebulTa sxvadasxva regionebis

adekvaturi analizi SesaZlebelia mxolod

Sesabamisi saazrovno warmonaqmnebis meS-

veobiT.

huserlis mixedviT, empiriul saganTa

`regioni~ specifikur regulaciebs eqvem-

debareba. yoveli empiriuli sagnobrivi qm-

80

nis specifikur vels, romelsac unda ikv-

levdnen Sesabamisi regionuli mecniere-

bani anu regionuli ontologiebi. es re-

gionuli mecnierebani SeiZleba gaiSalon

TavianTi usasrulo mravalferovnebiT

da usasrulo aspeqtebiT. maTi amosavalia

`bunebis regionis~ sakuTrivi eideturi

dasabami. am fundamentze SeiZleba daS-

endes yvela faqtismecniereba da bunebi-

smecnierebaTa yvela saxeoba. igive iTqmis

nebismier regionze.

faqtis mecnierebani `faqtis~ re-

alobas gansazRvraven sivrcul-drouli

parametrebis mixedviT. faqtobrivia is,

rasac Tavisi droiTi xangrZlivoba da

sivrculi adgilmdebareoba aqvs. sxe-

ulebrivi `yofna~, mas SeiZleba droisa

da sivrcis nebismier sxva monakveTSic

hqondes (erTiani sxeulebrivi konfigura-

ciiT), sadac aseTive xasiaTis `realuri~

iqneboda. e.i. misi `realobis~, namdvilo-

bis Tu `faqtobriobis~ arsi ar Seicvle-

boda; e.i. SeiZleba Seicvalos ise, rom

misi faqtobrioba uclveli darCes.

amgvari yofiereba `SemTxveviTia~! ra-

tom? imitom, rom Tavisi arsebis mixed-

viT sxvagvarad yofna SeuZlia. aseTi

regulaciebiT mowesrigebuli sagnebi

TavisTavad ganxilulni, `SemTxveviTni~

arian. huserlma gadatrialeba moaxdina

81

gabatonebul SexedulebebSi, rom bunebis

kanonebi obieqturni da aucilebelni ari-

an, sinamdvileSi am `regionis~ faqtobrivi

mdogmareoba WeSmaritebaTa garkveuli

arsebis kuTvnilebaa. rogorc mTel am

`regons~ aqvs Tavisi arsi, aseve yovel in-

dividualur sagansac Tavisi sakuTari ar-

seba aqvs.

huserli akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskv-

nas: ar SeiZleba bunebis kanonTa Sez-

Ruduli sayovelTaoobis aRreva arsis

sayovelTaosTan da e.w. èdetur aucile-

blobasTan~.

amdenad, yoveli individualuri mWvre-

teloba SeiZleba arsis Wvretad (ideacia)

gadaiqces. es SesaZlebloba ganxorcield-

eba mxolod maSin, roca ganWvretis aqtSi

ganiWvriteba wminda arsi anu eidosi.

es iTqmis yvela nivTobrivTan dakav-

SirebiTi. igive iTqmis yvela sxva regionis

Tu `regonul ontologiasTan~ dakavSire-

biTac saerTod. iseve rogorc individu-

aluri empiriuli mWvretelobisaTvis mo-

cemulia individualuri sagani, aseve ar-

sTaWvretisaTvis mocemulia wminda arsi.

àq adgili aqvs ara marto garegnul ana-

logias, aramed radikalur damTxvevas.

arsisWvretac, ra Tqma unda, mWvretelo-

baa, iseve rogorc eideturi saganic saga-

nia~ (Ideen... p. 10-11).

82

es TviTneburi fantazia ki ar aris,

aramed sagnisa da cnobierebis arsobrivi

korelaciurobis bazisuri WeSmaritebaa.

individualuri sagnis cnobiereba sagans

mis sxeulebriv TvisebaSi swvdeba; amis ms-

gavsad arsisWvretac aris im raRacis cno-

biereba, razec misi Wvretaa mipyrobili;

rac Wvretis aqtSi misive korelaciuri

mocemulobaa. magram is, iseTi `raRa-

caa~ risi warmodgena da naTlad gaaz-

reba SesaZlebelia sxva aqtSi. namdvili

mWvreteloba anu mWvreteloba misi ar-

sebis mixedviT, aris swored arsismWvre-

teloba (Wesensshau). radikaluri naTes-

aoba individualur-empiriul mzerasa da

arsisWvretas Soris imaze miuTiTebs, rom

ar SeiZleba maTi erTmaneTisagan mowyve-

ta. maTi Sexebis wertilebis ignorireba,

magram es arafers ar cvlis im mxriv, rom

mWvretelobis es orive saxe pirncipulad

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan (ldeen, p.12).fenomenologia radikalurad uku-

agdebs sityva èidosTan~ dakavSirebul

yovelgvar mistikur bundovanebas. ei-

dosis anu wm. arsis Wvreta iseve kargad

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes realur mocemu-

lobebSi, rogorc Tavisufali fantaziiT

warmosaxul velze. warmomsaxvelma mWvre-

telobam SeiZleba ganaxorcielos wminda

arsTa ganWvreta mogonebis, mxatvruli

83

Txzvis, religiuri aqtebis da sxva msgavsi

mocemulobebis ìdeirebis~ meSveobiT.

faqtobrivisa da eideturis gamijv-

nis Teziss emyareba meToduri gansxvaveba

faqtismecnierebaTa da arsismecnierebaTa

Soris. gamocdilebis mecnierebani, emyare-

bian cdis, eqsperimentis monacemebs, ga-

mocdileba aris maTi ganuyofeli aqti,

xolo arsismecnierebani sinamdvileebs

ki ar ikvleven, aramed ìdealur sinamd-

vileebs~. es qmnis wminda eideturi mec-

nierebis arsebas. geometria da maTematika

praqtikuli mecnierebania da maT unda

gaemijnos wminda logika da fenomenolo-

gia. fenomenologia principulad gamor-

icxavs empiriul mecnierebaTa Semecnebi-

Ti Sedegebis yovel CarTvas eideturSi.

faqtobrivisagan yovelTvis mxolod faq-

tobrivi gamomdinareobs da ara ediose-

bi. fenomenologia mkacrad icavs yvela

eideturi mecnierebis damoukideblobas

faqtis _ mecnierebebisagan. samagierod

arc erT faqtismecnierebas ar SeuZlia

srulyofili ganviTareba eideturi mec-

nierebisagan damoukideblad.

empiriul saganTa yovel `regions~ da

`wminda regionul arss~, Seesatyviseba re-

gionuli eideturi mecniereba anu regio-

nuli ontologa, romelic SeiZleba gaiSa-

los specialuri tipis ontologiur dis-

84

ciplinaTa mTeli kompleqsis saxiT. yovel

faqtismecnierebas Tavisi fundamenti aqvs

eidetur mecnierebaSi.

yvela bunebismetyveluri empiriuli

mecnierebis baziss qmnis saerTod bunebis

Sesaxeb regionuli eideturi ontologia.

igive iTqmis nebismieri regionisaTvis.

yvela empiriuli mecniereba unda daefuZ-

nos mxolod mis Sesabamis regionul on-

tologiebs da ara yvela mecnierebisaTvis

saerTo wminda logikas. yovel individu-

alur movlenas Tavisi arsi aqvs, rom-

lis wvdoma SeiZleba eideturi siwmindiT

(Ideen, p. 60).

bunebrivi ganwyobis dogmatizmi da

misi radikaluri Secvla _

`brWyalebSi Casma~

huserlis mTavari devizi ̀ ukan sagnebi-

saken!~ mogviwodebs WeSmaritebas vwvdeT

dedanSi sagnis mocemulobiT. sagnobrivi

viTarebis intuiciuri xedva WeSmaritebis

wvdomis garantia. am gzas Tu mivyvebiT

veraviTari Teoria, ideologia, crurw-

mena gzidan veRar agvacdens. WeSmaritebis

saxe aris is, rac man gviCvena, gamogviCina,

gamogvimJRavna ìntuiciaSi~.

f. bekonis empirizmi iTxovda gonebis

85

gawmendas idolebisagan. erTaderTi avto-

riteti WeSmaritebis sakiTxebSi gaxda av-

tonomiuiri goneba. evropuli azrovneba

bekonis mowodebebma gansazRvra: codna

Zalaa! ukuvagdoT sagnobriv-cdiseul

viTarebasTan SeuTavsebeli yvela ùsa-

gno~ crurwmena! empiriuli cdis sarwmu-

nooba emyareba induqciur daskvnas, anu

faqtebis ganzogadebiT miRebul daSvebebs

da varaudebs. ramdenad sarwmunoa aseTi

daskvna? _ kiTxulobs huserli. bekoni

Tanamedrove mecnierebis damwyebi da ma-

mamTavari gaxda. inglisis am lord-kan-

clerma `mecnierebaTa diadi aRorZinebis~

proeqti Seadgina, romlis mizania Semec-

nebiTi gziT bunebaze gabatoneba. mecni-

eruli codna kacobriobis progresisa da

keTildReobis safuZveli xdeba. induqci-

uri logika, aRmoCenaTa logikaa da amitom

winsvlis garantias iZleva. induqcionisti

rom gaxde, unda ganiwmindo TanSobili da

SeZenili crurwmenebisagan, anu idolebi-

sagan. dasaZlevia oTxi mTavari idola:

gvaris, gamoqvabulis, moednis da Teat-

ris. induqcionisti emyareba varauds, rom

`sagnebi xvalac iseve moiqcevian, rogorc

dRes". induqciuri daSvebebi usafuZvloa,

deduqciuri daskvna usasrulo regresis

nakls Seicavs. bertran raselma induq-

cionisti im indaurs Seadara, romelsac

86

fermaSi 9 saaTze sakenks uyrian da am

faqtidan is askvnis, rom `9 saaTze sakenks

miyrian~ WeSmariti debulebaa. magram in-

duqcionisti indauri mwared Secda. Sobis

wina dRes 9 saaTze mas Tavi mohkveTes.

huserlma erTgan SeniSna: namdvili

Tanmimdevruli empiristebi, Cven, fenom-

enologebi varTo, cdis principi, rom bo-

lomde davicvaT bekonisgan gansxvavebuli

gza unda movnaxoT: davkiTxoT uSualod

sagnebi TavianT TviTmocemulobebSi. ver

davemyarebiT cdis ganyenebiT (induqciiT

da deduqciiT) miRebul monacemebs. Cven

ar SegviZlia wanamZRvrad viguloT rame

maCvenebeli. e.i unda gavTavisufldeT

yovelgvari wanamZRvrebisagan. es meTo-

duri skefsisi gamoiyena dekartem da mi-

iRo ueWveli debuleba _ `vazrovneb, ma-

Sasadame varsebob~. huserli dekartesgan

gansxvavebiT, moiTxovs realobis msjelo-

bisagan radikalur Sekavebas (Epohe).`bunebrivi ganwyoba~ myari fiqsire-

buli ganwyobaa, romelic grZeldeba bune-

brivi faqtobrivi arsebobis mTel manZil-

ze. es isaa, rac gamocdilebiseulad aris

CvenTvis cnobili yovelgvar azrovnebamde,

rac kognituri operaciebis uwinaresad

mocemul `yofierebis~ codnas emyareba. aq

da exla mocemulobis ueWvelobis sazrisi

winaswar aris nagulisxmevi. am sazrisis

87

saxelia `kauzaloba~, mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSirebis sayovelTaooba. es `sazrisi~

miRebulia ukritikod, dogmaturad. esaa

bunebrivi ganwyobis didi wanamZRvari da

`generaluri Tezisi~. sworad am Teziss

emyarebian pozitiuri mecnierebani.

Cven, rogorc moazrovne filoso-

fosebma, swored es didi crurwmena unda

gavfantoT, kritikuli ganxilvis Temad

vaqcioT bunebrivi ganwyobis generaluri

Tezisi. pirveli nabiji (operaciaa) rac

unda gadavdgaT, esaa bunebrivi ganwyobis

generaluri Tezisis `brWyalebSi Casma~

anu misgan Tavis Sekaveba. swored am op-

eracias uwodebs huserli berZnul sityva

Epohe-s.èpoqe~ operaciaa, romlis ZaliTac

Cveni gafilosofoseba xdeba. epoqes meS-

veobiT neitralizdeba faqtiteti (Faktiz-itat). Cven vaTavisuflebT `faqtebis~ tyve-

obidan. epoqes aqvs emansipaciuri (gamaTa-

visuflebeli) funqcia.

bunebriv ganwyobaSi Cven naivurad, uz-

runvelad vcxovrobT aRqmasa da gancdaSi

mocemul garemoSi. epoqeTi Tavi Sevika-

veT samyaros faqtobriobis, namdvilobis

mtkicebulebisagan. ki ar uarvyofT an

veWvobT (rogorc dekarte), aramed saer-

Tod Tavs vikavebT namdvilobis Sesaxeb

yovelgvari bWobisagan. bunebrivi ganwyo-

88

bis generaluri Tezisi antiTezisiT ki ar

CavanacvleT, radikalur skepticizmSi ki

ar gadavanacvleT, aramed saerTod Seva-

CereT am tipis msjeloba da gamovTiSeT

yovelgvari Sesabamisi interesi.

gamoricxva-epoqes mimarTulebiT ise

Rrmad mivdivarT, ramdenadac es aucile-

belia im Tvalsazrisis mosapoveblad, rom

cnobierebas Tavis TavSi aqvs sakuTrivi

arseboba, romelsac epoqe-gamoTiSva ver

Seexeba. rCeba fenomenuri naSTi. esaa prin-

cipulad Taviseburi regioni, igi axali

mecnierebis, _ fenomenologiis _ velia.

epoqe aris srulad gacnobierebuli

da aucilebeli operacia, rac nivTobrivi

obieqturobis azrobriv destruqcias ax-

dens. misi meSveobiT CvenTvis xelmisawv-

domi xdeba wminda cnobierebis veli da

mTeli fenomenologiuri regioni. es `re-

gioni~ ucnobi rCeba bunebriv ganwyobaSi,

radgan bunebriv ganwyobaSi sxva arafris

danaxva ar SeiZleba garda bunebrivi gare-

mosi.

mas Semdeg rac Cven daveufleT fenom-

enologiur ganwyobas da vaxorcielebT

eidetur reduqciebs, amiT mivaRwieT imas,

rom nacvlad naivur aqtTa ganxorcielebi-

sa, cnobierebis aqtividan amovrTeT, Seva-

CereT yvela faqtobrivi nivTi, adamiani,

Tu movlena; Zaladakargulad vaqcieT

89

yvela pozitiur mecnierebaTa monacemebi,

saerTod kulturis yvela konstruqti.

Cven aRar vsargeblobT maTiT, e.i. aqtiu-

rad aRar gvaqvs maTi "regioni" mxedvelo-

bis areSi. mzera mivapyariT imas, razec is

acxadebda pretenzias _ `yofierebas~, anu

movaxdineT `yofierebis sazrisis~ Tem-

atizeba _ Cven amiT araferi dagvikargavs,

mopovebiT ki movipoveT mTeli absolu-

turi arsi. nacvlad aRqmisa da gancdis

naivuri aqtebisa, Cven axla vcxovrobT ab-

solutur gancdaTa usasrulo velze.

Epohe-s meSveobiT xdeba gonebis radi-

kaluri metamorfoza, aqtualuri xedvis

areSi eqceva `faqtitetisgan~ (Faktitat) gan-sxvavebuli ganzomileba _ cnobierebis yo-

fiereba. esaa mocemulobis gansakuTrebu-

li saxe. arsebiTad aq saqme gvaqvs sicxadis

(Evidenc) gancdebTan. sagnobriobis yovel

saxes Tavisi specifikuri TviTmocemulo-

bis (evidenciis) saxe aqvs. cnobierebis nam-

dvili cxovrebis niSania sicxadis gancda

radikaluri refleqsiis pirobebSi (z. kak-

abaZe, èqsistencialuri krizisis~ prob-

lema da edmund huserlis transtenden-

cialuri fenomenologia~, 1985).

ìntencionaluri analizi~ sul sxva

ram aris, vidre analizi am sityvis Cveu-

lebrivi azriT. huserli ase ganmartavs

am rTul cnebas. ìntencionaluri anal-

90

izi aris gaxsna (warmoCena) aqtualobebisa

da potencialobebisa, romelSic konsti-

tuirdebian sagnebi, viTarca sazrisis er-

Tianobani~. (e. huserli, parizuli mox-

senebebi, Tb. 2010, Tar. n. naTaZisa gv. 51).

cnobierebis namdvili sicocxle (Be-wusstseinsleben) mdgomareobs mis srul aqti-

ur-aqtiT intensivobaSi, axal intenciaTa,

SesaZleblobaTa aRmoCena-gamomJRavnebis

procesSi. erTi romelime intenciis gafe-

tiSeba iwvevs cnobierebis sicocxlis Se-

ferxebas.

yoveli aqtualuri cda yovelTvis

aris garemoculi SesaZleblobebis hori-

zontiT. huserli mas ìnaqtualobaTa me-

diums~ uwodebs. swored am nagulisxmevi

faruli SesaZleblobebis gamomJRavneba,

eqsplikaciaa fenomenologia. gvaxsendeba

rusTavelis cnobili strofi:

àma saqmes dafarulsa brZeni divnos

gaacxadebs~

`nivTi~ arasdros SeiZleba gaxdes

yovelmxriv aRqmuli, amitom is arasodes

aris samudamod dadgenili. yoveli nivTo-

brivi yovelTvis Seicavs SesaZleblobas

aRqmul iqnes sxva perspeqtivaSi. yoveli

eqplikaciis aqtiT vuaxlovdebiT arsebu-

lis yovelmxriv arsebas, Tumca verasodes

ver mivaRwevT mas.

meToduri miTiTeba winaswar arafers

91

ambobs rogoria momavali perspeqtiva;

gagebis horizontis gaxsna xdeba nabij-

nabij, ìdeireba~ gancdis aqtSi gamoav-

lens pirveladi telosis sazriss, ro-

melic winaswar ar gvaqvs da arc aris

erTmniSvnelovnad dadgenili, is TviT

aqtSi dgindeba Tu vlindeba da wminda aq-

tualobaa. wminda aqtualobaSi samyaro sa-

myaroobs cnobierebis korelaciul TviT-

vlenaSi, TviTCenaSi, TviTgamorkvevaSi.

faraoni da misi mumia

sasaflaoni

`sarkofagidan dgeba mumia. ra siCumea.

haeri lurji abreSumia...

is iyo mefe, axlaa mtveri, rom

saukuneT rigi gariyos,

ar SeuZlia iyos pirferi, ar SeuZlia

mtveri ari iyos~.

galaktion tabiZe

faraoni da misi mumia yofnis sruliad

sxvadasxva wess ekuTvnian. romelia ramze-

sis namdvili àrseba~, arsebis mixedviT

yofna _ roca is aris faraoni Tu roca

aris mumia? mumiad yofna misi garkveuli

faqtobrivi arsebobaa. huserlis termi-

nebiT, faqtitetis sferos kuTvnilebaa,

xolo yoveli `faqtobrivi~ SemTxveviTia,

radgan misi sxvagvarad yofnac SesaZlebe-

92

lia. romelia ramzesis arsiseuli, eidosi-

seuli, qvaliteturi arsebobis wesi?

galaktionis qmnileba `sasofloni~

mxat vruli simarTlis ZaliT yofierebis

gamocanas gvatyobinebs. qmnileba azrovne-

bas STaagonebs SesaZleblisa da SeuZle-

belis, zRvardebulisa da usazRvroebis

rTuli kavanZis gaxsnas. qmnileba gveubne-

ba: àr SeuZlia iyos pirferi, ar SeuZlia

mtveri ar iyos~...

fenomenologia naTelyofs, rom faq-

tobrivi aucilebloba, sinamdvileSi Sem-

TxveviTobaa. ès~ mxolod imitom aris,

rom aris ìs~! Sedegi imdenad aris, ramde-

nadac aris mizezi. maSasadame faqtobrivi

aucilebloba SesaZloa zmanebiTi, aranam-

dvili `pirferuli~ aucilebloba iyos.

huserlis sityvebiT, esaa SemTxveviToba,

romelsac faqtobrioba hqvia.

yoveli individualuri movlena `Sem-

Txvevaa~, imitom, rom mas Tavisi arsebis

mixedviT, sxvagvarad yofna SeuZlia. mu-

mia arsebobs aq da axla drois monakveT-

Si, Tumca SeiZleboda drois nebismier

sxva monakveTSi earseba. amiT arsebiTad

araferi Seicvleboda. es ar aris arse-

biTi aucilebloba. arsobrioba arsebobs

TavisTavad, maSasadame eideturi Sesa-

Zlebloba an SeuZlebloba (aucileblo-

ba) ar aris faqtobrivze damokidebuli.

93

amiT ukugdebulia bunebis faqtobriobis

totaloba, mas eniWeba mxolod `regio-

nuli~ sinamdvilis statusi. daZleulia

naturalizmi, relativizmi. faqtobrivad

SeuZlebeli, arsobrivad SesaZlebelia!

galaktionis xedvaSi: `sarkofagidan dgeba

mumia...~.

Sestovi SeniSnavs: azrovneba Caiketa

sxvagvarad SeuZleblobis sferoSi, amaSia

pirvelqmnili codva. RmerTi siyvarulia,

anu is arasodes gvaiZulebs. iZulebiTi

aucilebloba aris arara, man TandaTan

miiTvisa yofierebis predikati. goneba ki

amas dumiliTa da TvlemiT Sexvda. gon-

ebam, romelic RmerTTan gvanaTesavebs,

uRalata Tavis daniSnulebas. amitom

qriste geTsimaniis baRSi Txovs mociqu-

lebs sfixizles, Txovs Tvlemas ar miscen

Tavi.

yvelaferi is, rac nivTobriv samyaro-

Sia mocemuli, mxolod saalbaTo, savarau-

do da SemTxveviTi sinamdivlea. ar arse-

bobs samyaros gamocdilebidan miRebuli

arc erTi sabuTi, romelic samyaros ar-

sebobis utyuarobaSi dagvajerebda. Seu-

Zlebelia ise moxdes, rom gamocdilebis

Semdgomma cdam gamoamJRavnos wina gamoc-

dilebiT dadgenilis siyalbe; gvauwyos,

rom wina dajerebuloba mxolod iluzia,

halucinacia, zmanebiTi samyaro yofila,

94

rogorc es SeemTxva oidiposs, romelmac

SeZrwunebulma aRmoaCina, rom is Tebes

mefe da iokastes qmari ki ar aris, ar-

amed sruliad sxva viTarebis sinamdviles

ekuTvnis.

SemTxveviTobis samyaros Tezas, hu-

serli upirispirebs wminda cnobierebis

àucilebeli~ samyaros Tezas. nivTo-

brivi sferos SemTxveviTobis sapirispi-

rod, cnobierebis Sinagani me-s gancdis

arsSi mocemulia refleqsiis SesaZle-

bloba, rogorc absoluturi sicxadis qa-

raqteri. SesaZloa cnobierebis Sinagani

refleqsiebi iyos warmosaxviTi fiqciebi,

gamogonili molandebebi, magram TviTon

gamomgonebeli cnobiereba ar aris gamo-

gonebuli.

huserlis mier gakvleuli gziT Tu

wavalT, unda SevZloT istoriis usasru-

lo noematuri sazrisis CarTva sasrul

cnobierebaSi. posthuserlianuri fenom-

enologiis TvalsaCino warmomadeneli, Jak

derida huserlis narkvevis `geometriis

sawyisis~ komentarebSi aRniSnavs: sazrisis

idealuroba ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos

is iyos raimenairi obieqti, is arc ara-

nairi subieqti ar aris, arc fantasti-

kuri an mistikuri transia. huserlma xom

araerTxel uaryo fenomenologiis dada-

naSauleba `platonizmSi~.

95

ìdeebi~ sxva araferia Tu ara cno-

bierebis ukve ganxorcielebuli an gansax-

orcielebeli aqtebis invariantuli

qvalitetebi. amitom maT ar gaaCniaT ar-

seboba miRmur Tu saiqio samyaroSi. is-

toriis noematuri sazrsisis totaluri

restavracia, aseTi ram SesaZlebelic

rom iyos, rogorc Cans, iseve moaxdenda

geometriis Sinagani istoriis parali-

zebas, rogorc radikaluri SeuZleblo-

ba yovelgvari restavraciisa. (Эдмунд Гуссурль, Начало геометрии, Введение Жака Деррида, 1996 М. с. 175). frangi filoso-

fosi svams kiTxvas, marTlzomieria ki

vilaparakoT geometriis istoriis mxo-

lod erT sawyisze? xom ar aris geome-

tria Sobis usasrulo aqtebis mdinare-

ba: TiToeul aseT Sobis aqtSi farulad

cxaddeba sxva, warsuli da momavali Sobis

aqtebi. derida darwmunebulia, rom Tvi-

Ton huserli ueWvelad dagvTanxmdeboda

misi Tvalsazrisis aseT interpretaciaze,

radgan fenomenologiis fuZemdebelis

miTiTebiT cnobierebis aqtTa noematuri

Sinaaarsi da dasabamieri apriori usasru-

lo teleologiuri sazrisiT arian dakav-

Sirebulni.

XXI saukunis mecnierebam huserlis kv-

alad, radikalurad Secvala mecnieruli

axsnis paradigma, Tanamedrove meTodolo-

96

giuri pluralizmi aRiarebs, rom arsebo-

ben humanitarul da socialur mecniere-

baTa velebi, romelbic ar artikulird-

ebian mizezobrivi axsnis formiT. kvlevis

umniSvnelovanesi speqtri sul ufro me-

tad emyareba sazrisuli interpretaciebis

hermenevtikul meTodikas.

sicocxlis samyaroSi dabruneba

ìgi sicocxlea Seni sicocxlisa~

netari avgustine

aristotelem adamiani gansazRvra Ani-mal rationale-d _ gonebiT dajildoebul

cocxal arsebad. goneba (ratio) emsaxureba

sicocxlis samyaros (Animalitas). bunebaSi

arsebobisaTvis brZola miCneulia praq-

tikuli inteleqtis Casaxvisa da ganvi-

Tarebis wyarod. Camoyalibebuli saxiT,

is cnobierebis saxes iRebs. anu xdeba

gancdebis azrebad gaformeba. amis Sede-

gad adamiani xdeba homo faber _ mwarmoe-

beli arseba; cocxali arseba, romelic

TviTon awarmoebs Tavisi sasicocxlo ar-

sebobisaTvis saWiro pirobebs; angariSobs,

zomavs (pirveli mecnierebani iyvnen geo-

metria - `miwismzomeloba~ da astronomia

`varskvlavTmricxveloba~) qcevis Sede-

gebs, qmnis xelovnur xelsawyo-iaraRebis

97

samyaros, magram is mainc rCeba ànimalur

arsebad~ da misi gancdebic ànimaluri

gancdebia~.

rogorc bergsoni SeniSnavs, intele-

qti sicocxlis samyarosagan ganyenebis

gziT midis erTganzomilebian abstraq-

ciaTa samyarosaken. am gzaze _ TandaTan

afarTovebs sicocxlis samyarosgan gany-

enebis vels da bolos aRwevs universal-

uri maTezisis stadias. ai, swored am mo-

mentSi moxda gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis ga-

datrialeba evropuli kacobriobis isto-

riaSi. bergsonis sityvebiT, ìnteleqti

xelidan dausxlta praqtikas~ da daiwyo

adamianuri yofierebis yvela sferoze ga-

batoneba. saSualeba iqca miznad. msaxuri

iqca batonad.

nicSe, bergsoni, dilTai da sxva `si-

cocxlis filosofosebi~ iwyeben moZrao-

bas `calmxrivi inteleqtualizmis~ dasa-

Zlevad, sicocxlis samyaroSi dasabrune-

blad. isini inteleqts upirispireben si-

cocxlis intuicias. sicocxlis simpaTe-

tikur uSualo wvdomas. amitom ambobda

huserli: `namdvili Tanmimdevruli berg-

sonianelebi Cvena varTo~.

sicocxlis samyaroSi (Lebenswelt) dab-

runeba, romelsac fenomenologia axdens,

amave dros, aris bunebriv ganwyobaSi mo-

cemuli zedapirulobis gadalaxva, àn-

98

imaluri gancdebis~ gadaqceva `sulis

gancdebad~ da sicocxliT savse sicocx-

lis sawyisebTan kavSiris aRdgena.

hans-georg gadamerma miuTiTa, rom

huserliseuli `sicocxlis samyaros~

(Lebehswelt) cneba Seicavs orazrovne-

bas da erTgvar paradoqsulobasac. erTi

mxriv, es aris raRac mTeli, romelSiac

Cven vcocxlobT, rogorc istoriulad

cxoveli arsebani; meore mxriv ki es aris

transcendentalurad reducirebuli su-

bi eqturoba, rogorc yovelgvari obieq-

tivaciis safuZveli (Г._Г. Гадамер, Истина и метод, М., 1988, с. 298-299)

`sasicocxlo samyaroSi~ gveZleva ara

marto SiSveli bunebis obieqtebi, aramed

Rirebulebebic. magram aq yvelaferi war-

modgenilia mxolod `mimdinare situaci-

urobaSi~. rogorc herakleze ambobda _

yvelaferi mimdinareobs, erT mdinareSi

orjer ver Sexval. aseTia cnobierebis yo-

fierebis (Sein des Bewuβtsein) Tavisebureba.

Sefasebebis aqtSi Cven mimarTuli

varT Rirebulebebze; sixarulis gancdaSi

imaze, rac gvaxarebs; siyvarulis gancda-

Si imaze, vinc gviyvars; imedis gancdaSi,

risi imedic gvaqvs; sikvdilis SiSis ganc-

daSi, risic gveSinia; magram gancdaTa es

nakadebi `situaciur gancdebad~ rCeba ma-

nam, vidre ar ganxorcieldeba maTi saz-

99

risebis eqsplicireba. `bunebrivi~ gancde-

bi mxolod gamsagnebel TviTcnobierebaSi

iqceva `srul intencionalur gancdebad~.

gancda aqtualurdeba cogito-s (az-

rovnebis) specifikuri formiT. cogito aris

mRviZare `me~, romelic gancdaTa `herak-

liteseburi mdinareebis~ SigniT, uwyvetad

axorcielebs refleqsiebs cnobierebis

mwarmoebel aqtebze, huserlis terminiT,

`kogitaciebze~. aq saqme gvaqvs ormag re-

fleqsiebTan, TviT aqtebze refleqsebT-

an. gancda TivTcnobierebis aqtebiT gan-

icdis radikalur modifikacias.

Sestovs da huserls emigraciaSi

wasvla mouwiaT. Sestovi komunistebma

gaaZeves ruseTidan, xolo huserli 1933

wels nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis

Semdeg mudmivi safrTxis qveS iyo Tavisi

ebrauli warmoSobis gamo. is praRaSi gae-

qca nacistebs.

huserli Tavis ukanasknel religiur-

filosofiur cdebs uziarebda erT-erT

uaxloes mowafes edit Stains, romelic

monazvnad aRikveca da Tavis did maswav-

lebels uvlida sicocxlis ukanasknel

dReebSi. edit Staini nacistebma sakoncen-

tracio banakSi gagzavnes da iq mowameo-

brivad aResrula. is kaTolikurma ekle-

siam wmindanad Seracxa.

lev Sestovi, semituri warmoSobis

100

rusi moazrovnea, mis TxzulebebSi Cans

dostoevskiseburi qristianobidan miRe-

buli mZafri STabeWdilebebis kvali. hu-

serli semituri warmoSobis germaneli

protestanti qristiania. isini erTmaneTs

dauaxlovdnen Rrma SegnebiT, rom mcdar-

ia gabatonebuli Sexeduleba RmerTze da

mecnierebaze. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,

raki RmerTma erTxel daadgina samyaros

wesrigi, ukve yvelaferi ucvlelia. xom

ar aris RmerTi horizontTa horizon-

tis saxeli, romelic cxaddeba usarulo

ganxorcielebaSi da romliskenac miwyiv

`gzaSi varT~? orive moazrovnisaTvis esaa

RmerTisa da adamianis TanaSemoqmedebi-

sakan gzismaCvenebeli SekiTxva. rogorc

Sestovi miuTiTebs (dostoevskis damowme-

biT), RmerTma gabeda Tavisufali arsebis

_ adamianis Seqmna. adamiani jer ver be-

davs Tavis Tavisuflebas.

101

eqskursi fenomenologiis

arsis gagebisaTvis

`Cven axla iseT aqtebSi vcxovrobT, rom-

lis mocemuloba absoluturi

gancdis usasrulo velia~

e. huserli

huserlis moZRvreba Zalzed rTuli,

`mkacrad mecnieruli~ formiT aris gad-

mocemuli. mis cnebiT aparatSi garkve-

va specialistebsac uWirT. èideturi

reduqcia~, ìdeacia~, àrsTaWvreta~,

`cnobierebis sicocxle~ da sxva, ar aris

erTmniSvnelovnad ganmartebuli posthu-

serlianur fenomenologiaSi. siZneles qm-

nis is garemoebac, rom huserlis cnebebi

Znelad iTargmneba ucxo enebze, huser-

lis Sromebis konteqstidan amoglejili

saxiT, isini TiTqmis kargaven dedniseul

mniSvnelobebs. da mainc, fenomenologiam

uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina mTel in-

teleqtualur kacobriobaze. dRes TiTq-

mis yela kulturul qveyanaSi Seqmnilia

fenomenologiuri sazogadoebani; hu-

serls yvela qveynis inteleqtualebSi hy-

avs mimdevrebi, maT Soris profesionale-

bic da TviTnaswavli, moyvaruli fanebic.

fenomenologiis arsis naTlad gansam-

artavad xSirad mimarTaven magaliTebs

literaturidan, istoriidan, yoveldRi-

102

uri cxovrebidan. Cvenc mivyveT am gamoc-

dilebas da vcadoT rTuli terminologi-

uri aparatis gamoyenebis gareSe cota ram

gavigoT filosofosobis am Taviseburi

nairsaxeobis Sesaxeb.

xose ortega i gaseti gvTavazobs avi-

RoT martivi cxovrebiseuli situacia.

kvdeba adamiani, momakvdavis oTaxSi imy-

ofebian eqimi, mRvdeli, coli, Svilebi,

megobrebi; notariusi, xelovani, romelic

moiwvies aseTi mniSvnelovani movlenis aR-

sabeWdavad. situaciis TiToeul monawiles

aqvs cnobierebis Taviseburi xedva, anu Ta-

viseburad ganicdis situacias. TiToeuli

es mzera-gancda `mimarTulia~ imis mniSvn-

elobaze, Rirebulebaze, rasac ganicdis.

momakvdavis gancda mimarTulia sakuTari

sicocxlis Sewyvetis, gaqrobis, aRar-

yofnis mocemulobaze. axlobelTa mwux-

arebis gancda mimarTulia Rirebul ar-

sebasTan faqtobrivi samudamo ganSorebis

mocemulobaze. eqimi, iuristi, mRvdeli,

mxatvari, TiToeuli Taviseburad ganic-

dis sikvdilis faqtobriv mocemulobas.

momakvdavi, maT mzera-gancdaSi mocemulia

drosa da sivrceSi adgilmdebare arsebu-

lis saxiT, romelsac esaWiroeba samedici-

no, iuridiuli, sakulto-ritualuri Tu

`figuris~ damafiqsirebeli momsaxureoba.

yvela `monawiles~ aseT gansxvavebuli

103

gancdebi aqvT, magram maT erTi didi saer-

To aqvT, isini arsebiTad ar gansxvavdebi-

an erTmaneTisagan. cnobierebis yvela aR-

werili mdgomareoba mocemulia bunebrivi

ganwyobis gulubryvilobaSi; magram yve-

las aqvs SesaZlebloba gafilosofosdes.

amisaTvis yovelma maTganma Tavi unda Sei-

kavos situaciis namdvilobis mimarTebi-

sagan (interesebisagan); warmosaxviT gamo-

vides faqtobriobidan, garedan Sexedos

viTarebas da Tavis Tavs am viTarebaSi.

daikavos sruli dauintereseblobis pozi-

cia `faqtobrivis~ mimarT. mzera Semoa-

brunos (re-fl exio) sakuTar gancdebze. maTi

cnobierebis mdinare sxva kalapotSi dai-

wyebs dinebas. amgvarad `gafilosofoseb-

uli~ xelaxla ibadeba axal ucnob samSob-

loSi. momakvdavi unda daukvirdes saku-

Tari sikvdilis gancdas, romelic aqamde

arasodes hqonia aRqmuli da wvdomili. is

unda gahyves gancdis dinebas maZiebeli

mzeriT; dakiTxos sikvdilis cnobiereba;

aRuqmeli gancda aqcios aRqmul fenom-

enad; imogzauros Tavisive gancdis nakad-

Tan erTad, romelic yovelTvis aris jer-

kidev-ar-damdgarisken dauboloebeli

msvle loba.

analogiurad unda moiqcnen situaciis

sxva monawilenic. maSin gancdebi gardai-

qmneba, cnobierebis aqtebi moeqceva gran-

104

diozul dasabamier panoramaSi.

eqimi da notariusi gaiazreben samedi-

cino da iuridiul `faqtismecnierebaTa~

sazrisul sawyisebs; mRvdlis gancda rw-

menis pirveladi sazrisiT ganaTdeba. xe-

lovanis mzera viTarebis xatovan gamo-

saxulebas gamoamJRavnebs; imedisa da

molodinis nebismieri gancda aRivseba

esqatologiuri sazrisiT da RmerT-

Tan pirispir Sexvedris molodiniT. amis

Sedegad, TviTon gancdaSi moxdeba mniS-

vnelovani cvlileba. `gancdas~ gaexsneba

axali, manamde ucnobi Tvalsawieri; aqamde

ìs~ momwyvdeuli iyo sxvagvarad SeuZle-

blobis damTrgunvel, `saSinel~, `saSiS~

gvirabSi. fenomenologiuri refleqsia

aRmoaCens, rom ìs~ garemoculi yofila

usasrulo SesaZleblobaTa sinaTliT ga-

naTebuli veliT. am velze sikvdilis

gancda cxadi mocemulobis saxiT Wvrets

sikvdilis `mniSvnelobas~ yofierebis

mTelSi.

105

Lev ShestovTo the memory of great philosopher

Edmund Husserl

Georgian translation, introductionAnd notes by Irakli Bratchuli and

Keti Tskhvariashvili

Summary

The present publication is the essey of famous Russian philosopher Lev Shestov. It represents the dialog and discussion of Shestov and Husserl. In this publication by pro and contra arguments are dem-onstrated two different philosophical paradigms. Shestov protects position wich calls phideizm (cua credo apsurdum) and Husserl protects position called evidencialism. According this position belief needs proovs and arguments. Husserl on the criti-cal version of enliaghtment made wider the consept of maind. Shestov demands redical destruction of maind. For him the belief of god is a great paradox. Husserl’s aim was modernization of enlightment tradition and Shestov’s aim was to overcome this tradition. Shestov interprets Huserl’s one fenom-enology unknown aspect. This is coverd inpact of Soren Kierkegaard’s ideas, on his phenomenologi-cal method. What Kierkegaard called paradox of belief Husserl also calls science. In Shestov’s essay is discovered Husserl’s transcendental phenomelol-

106

ogy’s implicit akin to religious existentialism. The conversations of Shestov’s and Husserl’ are the pet-tern of philosophical dialog and rational discussion. The dialog of these two philosophers shows us the transpormation of religion philosophy. Here is dem-onstrated how the traditional religious philosophy turns to phenomenology of religion. This last one principly rejects scholastic consept. It’s based on re-ligion experience. Phenomenology of religion gives us religion experience of noematic principles. The difference between noematic and existentional is not absolute, but relative. Shestov tries to represent the importance of Husserl’s philosophy to modern europien mankind.

107

daibeWda gamomcemloba `meridiani~-is stambaSi

Tbilisi, cemis q. #3

tel.: 214-77-11

E-mail: [email protected]

lev Sestovi


(edmund huserli)

didi filosofosis xsovnasLev Shestov lev Sestovi didi filosofosis xsovnas (edmund huserli) ...

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