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Çankaya University
Engineering Department
Ackno!"#$"%"n&
0 1ould like to offer my special and endless t/anks to my
supervisor Halil T. Eyyu%oglu for /is /elp,
guidance, support and encourage t/roug/out my study.
i
.).Purpose 333333333333333333333..
.4.5ignificance 33333333333333333333
.-.5cope 33333333333333333333.........
)..5tages of t/e pro$ect3333333333333333..33.........4
)....;esearc/ing #iterature 3333333333333..4
)...4.Po1er Calculation33333.333333333.
)..)..Determining t/e compati%ility of t/e t/eory and
practice33.@
)..).).Determining t/e design components33333333..*
a )< THE 0= 5ECT0!(33333333333..
% )< THE ;= 5ECT0!( 33333333333..4
)..).4.&ssem%ling t/e mo%ile p/one $ammer for @** 6H9
net1ork ...-
)..).-.Conducting tests33333333333333...-
-).HAT (AN BE DONE
MORE/))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1-
iii
1)1)Bck$o4n# 5 Po6!"%
Ae /ave eBperienced a %oom in t/e num%er of mo%ile p/one
users in recent years. T/is /as
caused t/e need of a more efficient and controlla%le signal
transmission in some environment suc/ as
li%rary, /ospital or conference room 1/ere silence is
re>uired.=or t/is aim, t/e usage of mo%ile
p/one $ammers /ave %een gro1ed up. 6o%ile p/one $ammer is a
transmitter t/at disrupts t/e
communication %et1een %ase stations and mo%ile p/ones. Today,
mo%ile $ammer devices are
%ecoming civilian products rat/er t/an electronic 1arfare
devices.
1)2)P47o8"
0n t/is pro$ect, 1e attempted t/e design and development of mo%ile
p/one $ammer for "56
@**. Ae aimed to determine system parameters, make po1er
calculations for device, and compare
our parameters and po1er calculations 1it/ t/e reality.
&dditionally, 1e planed to esta%lis/ system
desing and assem%le a device and lastly conduct some tests.
1)3)S9$n9*9cnc"
Designing mo%ile p/one $ammer is a /ard issue in Turkey. 0n
literature, 1e can not find
almost no study related to t/is topic. 5o, if 1e ac/ieve to design
a $ammer at t/e end of t/is pro$ect,
t/is 1ill make an important contri%ution to t/e people 1anting to
study on t/is topic.
1))Sco7"
0n t/is pro$ect, 1e 1orked on one of t/e net1orks to $am,
not on all net1orks. "56 @** 1as
dealt 1it/, %ut not "56 +** or CD6& @**.
1)-)So4c"8 5 M"&:o#8
A/ile dealing 1it/ t/is pro$ect, primary and secondary
sources 1ere used. 5ome researc/
1as done and studies and analysis on t/is topic 1ere o%tained.
#ater, as a primary source, some
1))S4%%;
&t t/e end of t/e pro$ect, 1e could ac/ieve to assem%le
a mo%ile p/one $ammer for @**
6H9 net1ork.
1)<)O$n9=&9on
)
2) DIS(USSION o* 'INDINGS
6o%ile $ammer is a device 1/ic/ distur%s t/e communication
%et1een t/e mo%ile %ase station
and mo%ile e>uipment %y transmitting t/e noise signal at t/e
fre>uency, on 1/ic/ %ot/ are trying to
communicate 1it/ eac/ ot/er. =irstly, $ammers 1ere invented to
prevent t/e communication %et1een
t/e army personnels of enemy and in time t/ey developed into
civilian life. T/e tec/nology %e/ind
t/e mo%ile $ammer is overpo1ering t/e mo%ile p/one signals and
decreasing t/e 5(;? 5ignal to
(oise ;atio<for mo%ile communication.
2)1)S&$"8 o* &:" Po>"c&
!ur pro$ect mainly consists of t1o different stages, 5tage
and 5tage ).
2)1)1)T:" *98& 8&$" o* &:" 7o>"c&? P:8" 1
5tage is t/e part of t/at 0 tried to understand t/e logic
and 1orking principle
%e/ind a mo%ile p/one $ammer. =or t/is reason, t/is part
consists of researc/ing literature as a first
step and determining t/e operational parameters as a second step.
#astly, in t/e frame1ork of t/is
data, some po1er calculations /ave %een carried out.
2)1)1)1) R"8"c:9n$ L9&"&4"
=ive types of devices are kno1n to /ave %een developed ?or
%eing
considered for development< for preventing mo%ile p/ones
communications in certain specified
locations.
Type&Devices @ $ammers. 0t contains several independent
oscillators transmitting
$amming signals t/at %lock fre>uencies used %y mo%ile
communication devices for call
esta%lis/ment.
Type Devices intelligent cellular disa%lers) T/e device
normally 1orks as a detector. A/en it
detects signaling from t/e %ase station to t/e mo%ile station, it
signals t/e %ase station not to esta%lis/
communication. T/is process of detection and interruption of call
esta%lis/ment is done during t/e
interval normally reserved for signaling and /ands/aking.
TypeCDevices @intelligent %eacon disa%lers) T/ese devices act as
%eacons, i.e. t/ey instruct
any mo%ile device 1it/in t/eir area of coverage to disa%le its
ringer or disa%le its operation. T/e
pro%lem is t/at t/ese types of devices re>uire intelligent
/andsets.
Type D Devices @Direct ;eceive and Transmit Fammers. T/ey
%e/ave as a small independent
%ase station. T/e $ammer is predominantly in receiving mode
and 1ill intelligently c/oose to interact
and %lock t/e cell p/one directly if it is 1it/in close
proBimity of t/e $ammer.
Type GE Devices @E60 5/ield I Passive Famming. T/is
tec/ni>ue uses Electromagnetic
0nterference ?E60< suppression tec/ni>ues to construct 1/at
is called a =araday cage. T/e =araday
cage essentially %locks all electromagnetic radiation from entering
or leaving t/e cage.
T/e tec/ni>ue 1e 1ill use in our pro$ect is t/e first one
called Denial of 5ervice
2)1)1)2)D"&"%9n9n$ O7"&9on! P%"&"8
Ae needed to determine some parameters 1/ic/ affect t/e
performance of
a mo%ile $ammer. T/ese parameters can %e categori9ed into 4
groups.
1 '"C4"nc; 6n#
=re>uency %and is an important factor for us, since 1e
first of all need to decide on
1/ic/ fre>uency 1e 1ill transmit our $amming signal. 0n mo%ile
communication, t/ere is
a tec/nology called =DD ?=re>uency Division DupleBing<. T/is
means t/at for a net1ork,
one part of t/e fre>uency %and is allocated to uplink signals
?from mo%ile p/one to t/e
%ase station<, anot/er part is allocated to do1nlink
signals ?from %ase station to t/e
mo%ile p/one<. T/anks to t/is tec/nology, 1e can talk and listen
simultaneously on t/e
-
station generally. T/is means t/at it is so muc/ easy to $am t/e
signals from %ase station
to t/e mo%ile p/one. T/ese %ands 1ork out at @4:@7* for "56
@**.
6 1 D98&nc" &o 6" >%%"#
&s t/e distance increases, t/e total po1er 1e need to
$am a mo%ile p/one increases
proportionally.
c 1 '"" S7c" Lo88P&: Lo88 '
&s our $amming signal travels t/roug/ t/e air, it 1ill
attenuate. T/ere are some factors
affecting t/e magnitude of =5#. T/ese factors can %e seen in t/e
calculation formula of
=5#.
'#B32)F20!o$#98&nc" 9n k%F20!o$*"C4"nc; 9n MH=
Derivation of =ree 5pace #oss formula
'SL ∗∗#2 ∗∗#∗*c2
JK5ignal 1avelengt/ ?in meters<
dKDistance from t/e transmitter ?in meters<
cK5peed of lig/t in vacuum ?in metersLsecond< cK4M*+
FSL(dB)=10*log10(4∗∗d∗!)"#)$ =
$0*log10(4∗∗d∗!)"#) ? in our calculationN d is in km and f
is in 6H9<
FSL(dB)=$0*log10(d)%$0*log10(!)
&fter determining t/e design parameters, 1e needed to kno1 /o1
muc/
po1er approBimately 1e 1ill need to ac/ieve $amming.
&s a $amming signal, 1e needed a signal t/at its
fre>ueny spectrum can cover
all fre>uencies in a specific range. & A/ite "aussian (oise
can model t/is in a %est 1ay.
'9$4"1 No98" Po" S7"c&! D"n89&;
'9$4"3 Po" S7"c&! D"n89&; o* M"88$" S9$n! 9n GSM
00
I ll >&>'0 M3 2d o K; ;@100 ; d+,#-9
I-/!-/-#- S+gl Po.-/=No*1000*$ M3=1010()=
0dB; FSL(dB)=$0log(0@1)%$0log(>'0)%&$@44=$@04
dB
7ol <o.-/ !/o; K;;-/= 0 dB; % $@04 dB= $@04
dB; = 1@ ;
T/is calculations are so roug/, %ecause 1e did not take t/e multi
fading, reflection:
refraction
2)1)2)T:" 8"con# 8&$" o* &:" Po>"c&?P:8"
2
During t/e stage ) of t/e pro$ect, 1e determined t/e
compati%ility of t/e t/eory
and practice, determined t/e design components of mo%ile p/one
$ammer, esta%lis/ed t/e
system design, and lastly assem%led a device for @** 6H9 net1orks
and conducted some
test.
Ae made some po1er calculations for "56 @**. Ho1ever, t/ese
calculations are so roug/ as mentioned previously %ecuse t/ey dont
consist of t/e effects of
reflection and refraction of t/e $amming signal. 5o, 1e needed to
kno1 1/et/er 1e 1ere close to t/e
reality or not. =or t/is aim 1e %oug/t a mo%ile p/one $ammer. T/is
$ammer could successfuly $am
t/e "56 @**, "56 +** and 4" net1orks at approBimately maBimum )*
m.Ae could not analy9e
t/is $ammer on t/e spectrum analy9er to determine its fre>uency
range and signal strengt/ %ecause of
some pro%lems related to t/e analy9er .
@
*
2 THE I' SE(TION
T/e 0= design of t/e mo%ile p/one $ammer $ust consists of a
Triangle Aave
"enerator. ?to tune t/e OC! in t/e ;= section)
2?1 T9n$!" ." G"n"&o
T/e c/eapest and easiest 1ay of producing a triangle 1ave is to use
a timer in
'9$4" --- T9%"
'9$4" --- T9%" 9n A8&6!" V96&9on Mo#"
'9$4" 10 P9n (onn"c&9on o* --- T9%" 9n A8&6!" Mo#"
0nitially, 1/en t/e po1er is turned on, t/e capacitor C is
unc/arged and t/us t/e trigger voltage at
pin ) is * O. T/is causes t/e output of t/e lo1er comprator
to %e /ig/ and t/e output of t/e upper
)
and keeping t/e transistor off. T/en, C %egins c/arging t/roug/ ;a
and ;% ?=igure @<. A/en t/e
capacitor voltage reac/es to OccL4, t/e lo1er comprator s1itc/es to
its lo1 ouput state, and 1/en t/e
capacitor voltage reac/es to )OccL4, t/e upper comprator s1itc/es
to its /ig/ output state. T/is sets
t/e flip flop /ig/ output and transistor on. (o1, t/e capacitor
disc/arges t/roug/ ;) and disc/arge
transistor. A/en it disc/arges to OccL4, t/e lo1er comprator
s1itc/es to /ig/, and t/e output
%ecomes 9ero and transistor off. &nd t/is process repeats
itselfs. 5o, 1e can get a triangle 1ave from
t/e pin ).
0n our pro$ect, 1e needed a duty cycle, meaning t/at c/arging time
e>uals 1it/ t/e disc/arging time.
=or t/is aim, 1e simply connected a diode parellel 1it/ ;% and also
;a must %e e>ual to ;%.
O8c9!!&9on *"C4"nc; * 1)RFR6(
6 2 THE R' SE(TION
T/e ;= part consists of
Po1er &mplifier
'9$4" 11)(o%7!"&" B!ock D9$% o* 00 MH= Mo69!" P:on"
J%%"
4
'9$4" 12)P9n&"# (9c49& Bo# o* 00 MH= J%%"
2)1)2))(on#4c&9n$ &"8&8
T/e tests could not %e performed %ecause of lack of a
spectrum analyser.
3) (ON(LUSIONS
T/e pro$ect could %e ended up 1it/ all stages /o1ever test part
could %e completed partially.
=irstly,main logic and tec/nology %e/ind a mo%ile p/one $ammer 1ere
determined clearly and t/is logic 1as
%ased on a mat/ematical %ackground.5ome po1er calculation 1as
performed and in t/e stage of assem%ling
t/e $ammer,it 1as reali9ed t/at t/e t/eory and reality could not
agree so muc/.!ur approBimate po1er
-
some effects suc/ as multipat/ fading 1/ic/ are not taken into
account in approBimate calculation.&fter
some t/eoretical part,design components 1ere determined for a @**
6H9 $ammer and necessary sc/ematic
1as created.PC dra1ing 1as performed in 0sis and lastly a mo%ile
p/one $ammer for @** 6H9 net1ork
could %e assem%led successfully.
) (OST O' THE DEVI(E
Circuit elements? timer,capacitors,resistors< * T#
T/e cost of t/e PC 4 T#
Total cost K * T#
-).HAT (AN BE DONE MORE/
!ur device is cum%ersome .0t is $ust transmitting a $amming signal
in all @** 6H9 do1nlink
fre>uency %and.Using an =P"& card,device performance can %e
increased.&dditionaly,instead of
transmitting po1er in all fre>ency %and,a smart $ammer 1/ic/
transmits according to fre>uency
S9$n! &o No98" R&9o SNR 0n analog and
digital communications, signal:to:noise ratio, often 1ritten
5L( or
5(;, is a measure of
signal strengt/ relative to %ackground noise.
'#9n$ 0n 1ireless and mo%ie communication systems, signal is
attenuated %y t/e propagation
media and t/is affect is called fading.
'"" S7c" Lo88 T/e free space pat/ loss, also kno1n as =5P#
is t/e loss in signal strengt/ t/at occurs
1/en an electromagnetic 1ave travels over a line of sig/t pat/ in
free space.
I' 0n communications and electronic engineering, an intermediate
fre>uency ?0=< is a fre>uency to 1/ic/
a carrier fre>uency is s/ifted as an intermediate step in
transmission or reception.
R' Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the
range of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds
to
the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents
which carry radio signals