Did You Get It? Presentación de vocabulario pp. 422–423 …mcweb.mccracken.kyschools.us/etext/avancemos2/dat… · · 2010-04-10the following sentences. ... followed by a verb
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• You have learned how to use the subjunctive with impersonal expressions. Some impersonal expressions do not require the subjunctive. Read and study the following sentences.
Es cierto que hay incendios forestales. (It is certain that there are forest fi res.)
Es cierto que yo soy voluntario. (It is certain that I am a volunteer.)
Es verdad que nosotros reciclamos todos los días. (It is true that we recycle every day.)
Es verdad que ellos protegen el medio ambiente. (It is true that they protect the environment.)
EXPLANATION: When an impersonal expression indicates certainty, you use the present indicative, not the present subjunctive.
• Read and study the following sentences.
No es cierto que haya incendios forestales. (It is not certain that there are forest fi res.)
No es cierto que yo sea voluntario. (It is not certain that I am a volunteer.)
No es verdad que nosotros reciclemos todos los días. (It is not true that we recycle every day.)
No es verdad que ellos protejan el medio ambiente. (It is not true that they protect the environment.)
EXPLANATION: When an impersonal expression indicates doubt or uncertainty, it is followed by a verb in the present subjunctive.
¡AVANZA! Goal:Learn how to use verbs in the present tense or subjunctive mood with impersonal expressions about truth.
• In English, you form the future tense with the word will before an infi nitive. In Spanish, you also form the future tense with the infi nitive, but with a set of verb endings attached. Read the following sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced verbs. Do the endings appear to be the same or different for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs?
Hablaremos sobre la importancia de proteger el medio ambiente.(We will talk about the importance of protecting the environment.)
Vivirá en la selva para luchar contra su destrucción.
(He will live in the jungle to fi ght against its destruction.)
Reciclaré el vidrio, el papel y el cartón todas las semanas.
(I will recycle glass, paper, and cardboard every week.)
Tú limpiarás el parque y recogerás la basura los martes y los viernes.
(You will clean the park and pick up the trash on Tuesdays and Fridays.)
En el futuro, respiraremos aire puro en la ciudad de Nueva York.
(In the future, we will breathe clean air in the city of New York.)
Para el 2010, todos compraremos vehículos híbridos para ir al trabajo.
(By 2010, all of us will buy hybrid vehicles to go to work.)
Mañana escribiremos un artículo sobre las especies en peligro de extinción en la zona.
(Tomorrow we will write an article about the endangered species in the area.)
EXPLANATION: The future tense is formed by attaching a set of endings to the infi nitive of the verb. The endings are the same for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. Study the following chart and use it as a quick reference for the future tense forms of all regular verbs.
Infi nitive Future Tense Endings*
hablar
+
é emos
comer ás éis
vivir á án
* Note that all future tense endings have an accent except the nosotros(as) form.
¡AVANZA! Goal: Learn how to form the future tense of regular verbs.
Level 2 p. 432Did You Get It? Presentación de gramática
2 Complete each sentence using the future tense of the verb in parentheses.
1. A causa del smog, muchas personas aire sucio en el futuro. (respirar)
2. Ella el vidrio, el cartón y el papel. (reciclar)
3. El periodista un artículo sobre la deforestación. (escribir)
4. Mis amigos y yo los recursos naturales. (conservar)
5. Yo de voluntario para Greenpeace. (trabajar)
6. Vosotros basureros para recoger la basura de la calle. (traer)
7. Tú el medio ambiente en tu comunidad. (proteger)
8. Usted los recursos naturales en su ciudad. (conservar)
9. Nosotros los papeles en el parque. (recoger)
10. Marisa y Mónica una reunión de voluntarios. (preparar)
3 Have you decided what you and your friends will do in the future to protect the environment? Using the cues below, write 10 sentences stating what each person will do. Be as creative as possible.
• Here are some things you might do on your vacation.
acampar (to camp)
comprar recuerdos (to buy souvenirs)
comer al aire libre (to picnic, to eat outside)
comer en un restaurante (to eat in a restaurant)
dar una caminata (to hike)
descansar (to rest)
dormir (to sleep)
montar a caballo (to ride horses)
montar en bicicleta (to ride a bike)
nadar en el mar / la piscina (to swim in the sea / pool)
tomar fotos (to take pictures)
visitar un museo (to visit a museum)
Práctica
1 Say what each person will do while on vacation, based on what the person likes. The fi rst one is done for you.
1. A Luis le gusta estar al aire libre.
2. A Andrea le gusta el agua. .
3. A mí me gustan los animales. .
4. A nosotros nos gusta caminar. .
5. A mis padres les gusta dar regalos. .
6. A mí me gusta usar una cámara digital. .
7. A vosotros os gusta ver obras de arte. .
8. A ti te gusta descansar. .
2 What will you do on your next vacation? Write a short paragraph telling what you most likely will do on your next vacation. Follow the model.
Modelo: Durante las próximas vacaciones, probablemente iré con mi familia a visitar a mis abuelos. Ellos viven en el campo. Allí, daremos caminatas, montaremos a caballo y comeremos mucho. Si vamos a la ciudad, que no está muy lejos, compraré recuerdos para mis amigos. ¡Y claro que compraré un recuerdo para mí!
¡AVANZA! Goal: Learn to talk about professions and hobbies.
Level 2 pp. 446–447
Hobbies and professions
• Here are some ways to talk about future careers and hobbies. Read the terms below and think about ¿Qué profesión te gustaría tener? (What do you want to be?)
Careers and professions el (la) arquitecto(a) (architect)
el (la) artista (artist)
el (la) bombero(a) (fi refi ghter)
el (la) carpintero(a) (carpenter)
el (la) cartero(a) (postman/postwoman)
el (la) científi co(a) (scientist)
el (la) dentista (dentist)
el (la) detective (detective)
el (la) diseñador(a) (designer)
el (la) enfermero(a) (nurse)
el (la) médico(a) (doctor)
el (la) piloto (pilot)
el (la) policía (policeman/policewoman)
el (la) profesor(a) (professor)
el (la) veterinario(a) (veterinarian)
Hobbies el (la) alpinista (mountain climber)
escalar montañas (to climb mountains)
el (la) buceador(a) (scuba diver)
Discuss career choices ganarse la vida como . . . (to earn a living as . . . )
el ofi cio (occupation)
la profesión (profession)
Scientifi c advances el conocimiento (knowledge)
la cura (cure)
descubrir (to discover)
mejorar (to improve)
los robots (robots)
Other words / phrases Algún día . . . (Some day . . . )
Did You Get It? Presentación de gramática Level 2 p. 451
¡AVANZA! Goal: Learn how to form the future tense of some irregular verbs.
Future tense of irregular verbs
• You have learned to form the future tense of regular verbs. Some verbs have irregular stems. Read the following sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced part of the verb.
—¿Sabremos la respuesta mañana? (Will we know the answer tomorrow?)
—Sí, la sabrán mañana. (Yes, you will know it tomorrow.)
EXPLANATION: Saber loses the letter e in the stem. Study the chart for all forms of saber. Similar verbs are haber (habr-), poder (podr-), and querer (querr-).
Infi nitive Stem
saber (to know) sabr- sabré sabremos
sabrás sabréis
sabrá sabrán
• Read these sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced part of the verb.
—¿Saldréis para la ciudad mañana? (Will you leave for the city tomorrow?)
—Sí, saldremos mañana. (Yes, we will leave tomorrow.)
EXPLANATION: Salir loses a letter (i) and gains a letter (d) in the stem. Study the chart for all forms of salir. Similar verbs are poner (pondr-), tener (tendr-), and venir (vendr-).
Infi nitive Stem
salir (to leave) saldr- saldré saldremos
saldrás saldréis
saldrá saldrán
• Read these sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced part of the verb.
—¿Me dirás la verdad? (Will you tell me the truth?)
—Sí, lo haré. (Yes, I will do it.)
EXPLANATION: Decir and hacer do not follow either pattern. Review the chart.
¡AVANZA! Goal: Review direct object, indirect object, and refl exive pronouns.
Pronouns
• Pronouns act as substitutes for nouns. Read the following sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words. They illustrate the different kinds of pronouns you have learned in Spanish.
(1) Ella se gana la vida como doctora. Nosotros nos hacemos la comida.
(She earns (herself) a living as a doctor.) (We prepare (ourselves) lunch.)
(2) La madre le habla al médico. La madre le habla.
(The mother talks to the doctor.) (The mother talks to him.)
(3) El arquitecto diseñó los edifi cios. El arquitecto los diseñó.
(The architect designed the buildings.) (The architect designed them.)
EXPLANATION: (1) Refl exive pronouns appear with refl exive verbs. They refer to the same person, place, or thing as the subject. (2) Indirect object pronouns answer to whom? or for whom? about the verb. (3) Direct object pronouns answer whom? or what? about the verb.
• Now read these sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced word.
Te doy el libro a ti. Te lo doy.
(I give the book to you.) (I give it to you.)
Juanita le da la carta a Susana. Juanita se la da.
(Juanita gives the letter to Susana.) (Juanita gives it to her.)
EXPLANATION: When both object pronouns appear in the same sentence, the indirect object goes fi rst. If both pronouns start with l, you change the indirect object pronoun to se.
• Read and study these sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words.
Dímelo más tarde. No me lo digas ahora.
(Tell it to me later!) (Don’t tell it to me now!)
EXPLANATION: Attach pronouns to affi rmative commands. Place them before negative commands.
• Recall some of the words used to talk about clothing.
llevar (to wear) el sombrero (hat)
la camisa (shirt) los zapatos (shoes)
los calcetines (socks) el suéter (sweater)
los jeans (jeans) el vestido (dress)
la chaqueta (jacket) la falda (skirt)
la ropa (clothing) la gorra (baseball hat)
Práctica
1 Identify each item of clothing you see on the people in the pictures.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2 What are you wearing today? First write a sentence to describe the clothes you have on today. Then look around and write what the two people next to you are wearing today.