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Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway Unn Røyneland University of Oslo High fidelity or pure jalla? The problem of purism in culture, language and esthetics November 14-15 2003, Høgskolen i Hedmark
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Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

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Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway. Unn Røyneland University of Oslo High fidelity or p u r e j a l l a ? The problem of purism in culture, language and esthetics November 14-15 2003 , Høgskolen i Hedmark. The language situation in Norway. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Unn RøynelandUniversity of Oslo

High fidelity or pure jalla?The problem of purism in culture, language and estheticsNovember 14-15 2003, Høgskolen i Hedmark

Page 2: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway
Page 3: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

The language situation in Norway

Page 4: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Åsne 17 years from Tynset

Åsne: = viss vi kjæm til Oslo så ser dæm på oss som bygdetullinger det trur jæ og bønder dumme bønder [det trur] jæ =e=

Åsne:= if we come to Oslo then they look at us as rural weirdoes I think and peasants stupid peasants [I think] I =e=

Page 5: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Dialect• regional, social or ethnic variety of a language

• geographically determined variety - geolect

Standard• overarching spoken variety closely related to

the written standard norm• the spoken East Norwegian standard, close to

the written Bokmål standard

Page 6: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Modern Norwegian dialect change:regional dialect levelling

• horizontal (dialect-dialect) levelling

• vertical (dialect-standard) levellingcomplete convergence

incomplete convergence

• emergence of intermediate forms

Page 7: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Identity

• Dynamic, multi-layered, changeable and negotiable

• Social identityhere operationalized trough affiliations of different kinds: to social groups, to the local community and through socio-cultural

orientation ex. towards local lifestyle and local norms or towards urban lifestyle and urban norms

Page 8: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Comparative apparent time study of two neighbouring areas• Areas of study: Røros and

Tynset• Located 50 km apart• Belong traditionally to

different dialect areas, but still they have many dialect features in common

• Ethnographic fieldwork, interview with 27 adolescents and 10 adults

• 16 features, 12 social characteristics

Røros

Tynset

Page 9: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Palatalization of long alveolars and alveolar clusters

ball kveld spesielt

mann ma, band ba[], sant sa[c]

Page 10: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Gliding scale

] alveolar [] palatal

palatalized

alveolar ] post-alveolar

laminal

apical

alveolar post-alveolar

local: palatal – palatalized – apical post-alveolar – apical alveolar – laminal alveolar: standard

a

Page 11: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Long alveolars and alveolar clusters in Røros og Tynset

765 tokens16 informants

1192 tokens21 informants

0 %

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

60 %

70 %

80 %

Adults Adolescents

Palatal lateral

Intermediate form

Alveolar lateral

RØROS

0 %

20 %

40 %

60 %

80 %

100 %

Adults Adolescents

Palatal lateral

Alveolar lateral

TYNSET

Page 12: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Use of the different l-qualities according to group membership and local affiliation

Cruisers

School/sport

School/culture

Skaters

0 %

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

60 %

70 %

80 %

90 %

100 %

Cruisers School/sport School/culture Skaters

Palatal lateral

Intermediate form

Alveolar lateral

Page 13: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Carola frå Røros

Carola: [[=e=]] mer enn mange ja trur je [vertfall] tå dæm =e= kule folka som hate Røros og-- dæm prøve jo å legg om bevisst ’a = dæm skal jo itt snakke noe rørosisk for det er jo = ikke noe kult (LATTER) [[for å si det sånn]] det er bondespråk har je fått inntrykk av at det er sånn [=] men = je vet itt je = det er itt så mange som snakke [[kav rørosisk vet je]]

Carola: [[=e=]] yes more than most I think [at least] of the =e= cool people who hate Røros and– they consciously try to change = they won’t speak the dialect because it’s not cool (LAUGHTER) [[to put it like that]] it’s the language of peasants that’s my impression [=] but = I don’ know = there are not so many who speak [[the traditional dialect]]

Page 14: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

RAilin RBente

RCarola

RIris

RLinn

RChris

REirik

RMagne

RSondre

RTruls

RBjoern

RFinn

RHogne RTrym

RTore

TAasne TAne

TLaila

TIna TMia

TGunnar

TOla

TKaare

TArne

THans

TVarg

TBo

KJONNjente

KJONNgut

SKULEalmfag

SKULEyrkesfag

AKADja

AKADnei

LOKutkant

LOKsentrum

ORIENTlokal

ORIENTurban

HOLDNheimpl

HOLDNdialekt

GRUPPEbusraaner

GRUPPEskulidrett

GRUPPEsossskater

GRUPPEskulkultur

FRAMTIDflytte

FRAMTIDbli

FRAMTIDtilbake

SPAL1

SPAL2

NPAL1

NPAL2

LPAL1

LPAL2

MON1

MON2

NEG1

NEG2

TRYKK1

TRYKK2

JAM1

JAM2

APOK1

APOK2

BFPL1

BFPL2

UFPL1 UFPL2

PRESST1

PRESST2

PRESSV1

PRESV2

SUP

SUP2

PERS11

PERS12

Correspondence Analysis unnunge.dat

CA axis 1 (53.08%)

CA

axi

s 2

(20.

05%

)

Local orientation traditionalist

Cultural orientation, local

Mobil, but traditional

Tradition

Modernity

LOCAL URBAN

Urban academic, mobil

Local features Levelled features

Page 15: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Ina 17 years from Tynset

Ina: nei det er vel kanskje en del som ikke føler at dæm er-- har noe– at det er noe å føle tilhørighet om for vi har ikke noe sånn noe å vår stolt av på Tynset som dæm har på Røros så at vi føler behov for å = ja det kan godt vår [= ] men det har noe med forskjellig utgangspunkt og det da = at dæm har mer-- = en rørosing er en rørosing men en tynseting er noe litt mer udefinerbart det finnes mange sånne som meg sånn =

Ina: I suppose there are some people who don’t feel that they are = have something- that there is anything to feel affiliation with because we don’t have anything to be proud about in Tynset like they have in Røros so we feel the need to = yes that may be [=] but it’s got to do with different points of departure too = that they have more- = a “rørosing” is a “rørosing” but a “tynseting” is something a bit more indefinable there are many people like me like =

Page 16: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

LitteraturAbrahamsen, J. E. 1995. Utvalde palatal-tal: metodekritisk ljos på avpalataliseringi i yngre mål i

Herøy på Sunnmøre. Trondheim: Hovedoppgave i nordisk – NTNU. Auer, Peter & Frans Hinskens 1996.The convergence and divergence of dialects in Europe. New

and not so new developments in an old area. Sociolinguistica No. 10,1-25 (ed. Ammon, Mattheier, Nelde) Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.

- 2001. A Typology of European Dialect/Standard Constellations, or Europe’s Sociolinguistic Unity. Plenary paper given at the 34th Societas Linguistica Europaea Meeting in Leuven, Belgium 28.08 – 01.09.2001.

Blom, Jan P. & John J. Gumperz. 1972. Social meaning in linguistic structure: code-switching in Norway. In Directions in Sociolinguistics, Gumperz, J. & D. Hymes (eds.), 407-434. New York: Academic Press.

Dahl, O. C. 1981. Lateraler i en trønderdialekt, i I Jahr, E. H. & O. Lorentz (red.) Fonologi/ Phonology. Studier i språkvitenskap 1. Oslo: Novus, 308-318.

Endresen, R. T. 1991. Fonetikk og fonologi. Ei elementær innføring. Oslo: Universistetsforlaget.- 2000. Språklydlære: fonetikk og fonologi, i Endresen, Simonsen & Sveen

(red.). Innføring i lingvistikk. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Hanssen, E. 1990. Nordland, i Jahr, E.-H. Den store Dialektboka, Oslo: Novus.Jahr, E. H. 1981. L-fonema i Oslo bymål. I Jahr, E. H. & O. Lorentz (red.) Fonologi/Phonology.

Studier i språkvitenskap 1. Oslo: Novus, 328-344.Ladefoged, P. 2001. Vowels and Consonants. An Introduction to the Sounds of Language.

Massachusetts USA & Oxford UK: Blackwell.Moen, I. & H. G. Simonsen 1997. Kontaktmønstre for apikale plosiver i østnorsk, MONS 7,

154-168.

Page 17: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Litteratur forts.

Mæhlum, Brit 1992. Dialektal sosialisering. En studie av barn og ungdoms språklige strategier i Longyearbyen på Svalbard. Oslo: Novus.

- (1996). Codeswitching in Hemnesberget – Myth or reality? Journal of Pragmatics 25, 749-761.

Røyneland, Unn 1998. Språkleg regionalisering på Røros og Tynset. Målbryting 2, 98-120.- 2001a. Is age-grading always a potential problem in apparent time studies? In

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Language Variation in Europe , Fontana, J., L. McNally, T. M. Turell , E. Vallduví (eds.), 187-197.

- (forthcoming). Dialects in Norway - catching up with the rest of Euope? In Are dialects in Europe dying? Special issue of The Internatonal Journal of the Sociology of Language.

Sandøy, Helge 1998. The Diffusion of a New Morphology in Norwegian Dialects. Folia Linguistica 32, 83-100.

- 2000. Utviklingslinjer i moderne norske dialektar. Folkmålsstudier 39, 345-384. Simonsen, H. G. & I. Moen 2001. En elektronisk database over norske språklyder. MONS 9

Oslo: Novus, 211-220.Skjekkeland, Martin (2000). Dialektutviklinga i Noreg dei siste 15 åra – drøfting og analyse.

Skriftserien nr. 67, Høgskolen i Agder.Vold Ulset, K. A. 2002. Språklig regionalisering i Trøndelag. En studie av ungdommers

talemål i nedre Melhus. Hovudoppgåve i nordisk språk, INL, NTNU.

Page 18: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Universitetet i OsloHistorisk-filosofisk fakultet

Unn Røyneland

Institutt for nordistikk og litteraturvitskap

Pb. 1013 Blindern

0315 Oslo

e-post: [email protected]

Page 19: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

- Regionalization around

regional centers in north

and west – both horizontal

og vertical levelling

- Regionalization towardsOslo and East Norwegian standard in the eastern part – mostly vertical levelling

Different tendencies

Page 20: Dialect and identity among adolescents in present day Norway

Regionalization

• the region gradually replaces the local community as the important linguistic and mental orientation unit

• more important to display regional affiliation and identity than strictly local

• local “places” do not stop being important