Diagnostics of metastatic skeletal lesions in breast ... · trepanobiopsy of flank bones with histopathological examination of received material was performed in 6 patients to verify

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Diagnostics of metastatic skeletal lesions in breast cancer patients with the use of 3D NLS-graphy and bone scanning

Lavenstein T., Frudenberg L., Goehde S.

(Klinikum und Fachbereich Medizin Johann Wolfgang

Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Maine)

INTRODUCTIONSkeletal system is the most frequent localization

area of distant metastases in case of breast cancer (BC). Metastases in bones develop in 30-80% of breast cancer patients in the course of the disease. Bones are affected in the first place in 26-50% of patients who suffer from disseminated form of the disease. According to the information available the mostly affected areas are: vertebral column and pel-vic bones. At the same time the risk of metastatic skeletal affection is high in case of generalized stages of disease; in case of I-II stage of disease the risk does not exceed 2.6%. That is why routine skeletal screening examination aimed at the detec-tion of metastases in early disease patients with no clinical symptoms of bones affection is consid-ered as unreasonable. Bone scan is usually used as a screening method in patients with common form of disease or upon availability of clinical data confirm-ing bones affection. However bone scanning results are frequently uncertain due to low specificity of the method; also such method is not good at detection of lytic metastases. Roentgenologic research meth-

ods (including traditional radiography and computer tomography) are used to specify received data. Com-puter tomography is chosen more frequently as long as traditional radiography is under-sensitive and it detects destruction foci only in case of considerable loss of bone substance. Computer tomography allows separate visualizing of cortical and trabecular bones and also surrounding soft tissues, though it also does not provide an early diagnostics of metastatic lesions in bone marrow.

The advantages of new 3D NLS method are: direct display of bone marrow and the visualization possibil-ity of its tumor infiltration before any bone altera-tions appear. Other considerable advantages of 3D NLS-method are: availability, usability and fast rate of examination. The latest technical achievements in this field led to the creation of special modes in 3D visualization (4D Tissue, DeepVision, FastVision) which provide exceptional image quality.

Unique ultramicroscanning technique (which ex-ists only in NLS-method) with the use of spectral-en-tropy analysis allow determination of morphological affiliation of the formation according to its spectral similarity to model processes, assess metastatic le-sion of skeletal bones, surrounding soft tissues and lymphatic nodes, determine the presence and type of genetic aberrations in tumoral subclones which even-tually will determine the scope of surgical treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODSCHARACTERISTICS OF EXAMINED PATIENTS. Pro-

spective study includes 33 breast cancer patients. They were randomly selected from April , 2009 up to June, 2010. The average age of patients is 51 (from 30 to 68). Among examined ones there were 9 patients with breast cancer diagnosed for the first time, the rest of 24 patients were examined at different dates after combination therapy. Inclusion criteria into the study were the following: widespread stage of the disease at the moment of diagnosing and/or high clinical possibility of bone metastases in the process of case follow-up after special treatment of breast cancer.

All patients were treated with the use of 3D NLS and CC with 99mTs-Technephore. Time interval be-tween the researches did not exceed 25 days. X-ray examination including helical computer tomography (HCT) of thoracic and abdominal cavity or clinical ob-servation with duration of not less than 6 months in-cluding radiological research methods of skeletal sys-tem served as a referential method; nonperforating

Сonsiderable advantages of 3D NLS-method are: availability, usability and fast

rate of examination.

trepanobiopsy of flank bones with histopathological examination of received material was performed in 6 patients to verify metastatic lesions of pelvic bones.

3D NLS METHOD. Scanning was performed us-ing «Metatron»-4025 system with software program which allows visualization of all skeletal bones, sur-rounding soft tissues and lymphatic nodes. NLS-re-search started from the assessment of the whole body and then the following body parts were assessed at detailing: head and neck; torso and proximal shoul-der parts; pelvis and proximal femora parts. Research protocol for each anatomical part included the fol-lowing data: large-scale NLS-scanning in 3D mode at 3 mutually transverse planes; ultramicroscanning mode in the regions of interest with spectral-entropy analysis. Total time required for the research was ap-proximately 30 minutes.

BONE SCANNING METHOD. Skeletal system bone scanning was performed with the use of two-detector gamma camera according to the standard method in anterior and back view in 2 hours after intravenous injection of 740 Mbk 99mTs-Technephore. Images were taken using low-energy high-resolution collimating optics; whole-body table movement speed was 12-16 cm/min. Scanning procedure took 15-20 min.

DATA ANALYSIS. Focal or diffuse (homogeneous or heterogenous) chromogenecy increase of the fo-cus more than 4 points according to Fleindler ’s scale was considered as a sign of metastatic lesion during NLS-graphy. Changes of bone marrow were considered as benign in case of their localization directly under degenerative changed disks or near to the articular surfaces. Spectral-entropy analysis had crucial sig-nificance in all cases.

High spectral similarity (D<0,425) with etalon

«Metastatic tumoral subclone» generally referred to metastatic lesion focus. Results verification of spec-tral-entropy analysis was performed based on histo-logic examination of trepanobioptates received after trepanobiopsy of bony tissue in the area of interest. The results of spectral-entropy analysis were con-firmed by the histological methods in 99.1% of cases.

The probability of metastatic lesion (when per-forming bone scanning) was assessed according to the localization and quantity of super-active foci with consideration of radiopharmaceutical hyper-fixation in them.

Skeletal system was divided into 10 anatomical parts to perform analysis of research results. These parts were: neck vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lum-bar vertebrae, pelvic bones, cranial bones; proximal parts of thigh bones; proximal parts of humeri, collar bones and scapulae; ribs; breast bone. The research results were determined individually to each ana-tomical part in whole considering it as a single lesion regardless of the number of metastatic lesions in it. 3D NLS and bone scanning results for each part were ranked as positive, controversial or negative. Result verification was performed based on X-ray examina-tion data, including helical computed tomography, histological inspection or clinical observation with the use of radiology methods

Comparison of diagnostic effectiveness of 3D NLS and bone scan was performed by receiver oper-ating characteristic curve method with the use of application statistical programs package SPSS 11.5 for Windows. As supplementary to it the detailing of detected lesions in skeletal system parts was per-formed for each method.

Additional possibilities of 3D NLS method were

Pic.1. Disseminated metastatic lesion of skeleton in breast cancer patient. Bone scanning (a) detected multiple foci of hyper activity in ribs and thoracic vertebra (arrow pointers)

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determined by the calculation of detected meta-static lesions in other organs which were detected by spectral-entropy analysis and were confirmed by the radiological methods of diagnostics (helical computed tomography, helical computed tomography with bolus opacification, magnetic resonance tomog-raphy of cerebrum with opacification).

RESULTS OF THE STUDY AND DISCUSSIONAs can be seen from the above we used 3D NLS

method which allowed receiving images of proximal parts of femoral and humerus bones, pelvic bones and major part of axial skeleton, ribs and cranial bones with quality suitable for diagnostic purposes.

Metastatic lesion of the skeleton was verified in 30 (90.9%) out of 33 patients when using 3D NLS method and in 24 of patients (72.7%) when bone scanning method was used.

Multiple lesion of the skeletal system was diag-nosed in 21 of patients; notably that multiple foci were also frequently detected within the limits of single anatomical part. Solitary lesion was diagnosed only in 3 patients, pelvic bones lesion was diagnosed in 2 patients and lumbar vertebra was diagnosed in 1 patient.

In total 330 skeletal parts were assessed in 33 of patients with the use of NLS-graphy and bone scan-ning, verification was performed in 200 parts which were used for the further analysis. Metastatic lesion was diagnosed in 126 parts out of 200, in 74 parts there was none.

NLS-graphy detected 114 out of 126 parts, con-troversal results were received in 2 cases (both did not confirm at verification), no false-positive results. In the mode of NLS-ultramicroscanning the majority of metastatic lesions visualized well.

Bone scanning detected 87 out of 126 parts, controversal results were received in 20 cases (16 of them did not confirm at verification), 1 case of false-positive result.

Response curves were modeled in coordinate axes «sensitivity» and «specif icity». Diagnostic effectiveness of the test when using receiver oper-ating characteristic (ROC) method is defined by the area under curve; notably that the bigger the area the more effective method is. Area under curve for NLS-graphy was 0.951±0.016 (95% DI 0.920–0,982), for Bone scanning–0.821±0.026 (95% DI 0.764–0.879). It shows the higher diagnostic eff iciency of NLS-graphy in comparison to bone scanning. After that the number of detected lesions with the use of each method according to individual anatomi-cal skeleton parts was compared. As can be seen from pic.4 the metastatic lesion of skeletal sys-tem was detected more frequently (in majority of examined parts) with the use of NLS-graphy than when using bone scanning. Bone scanning proved to be more effective at X-raying of r ibs and cranial bones. Dif fuse lesion of pelvic bones detected at NLS-graphy in 6 patients was proved by the results

of nonperforating trepanobiopsy of flank bones; notably that in 3 out of 6 patients there were no changes on scintigrams.

Besides bone metastases the metastases of other localization were detected at NLS-graphy: multiple metastatic liver lesions were diagnosed in 8 patients, in 2 patients it was combined with cerebral affection and in 1 patient it was combined with lung metasta-ses. Liver affection in all cases was confirmed by the spectral-entropy analysis.

Multiple metastatic lung lesions were also con-firmed by NLS-graphy, although the number of diag-nosed foci during NLS was less. Metastatic cerebral affection detected during NLS-graphy owing to the massive perifocal edema was confirmed by the results of spectral-entropy analysis, in both cases the ad-ditional small metastatic foci were detected during NLS-ultramicroscanning.

High efficiency of NLS-graphy in detection of tumoral infiltration of bone marrow was demonstra-tively proved by our researches and it has determined the intention to change from NLS-visualization of separate skeletal system parts (where bone metas-tasis may supposedly locate according to the data of other research methods) to NLS-screening of bone metastases in the whole body. Originally such screen-ing was performed by sequential NLS-scanning of 5-7 anatomic parts spreading to the whole skeletal sys-tem. The first assessment of results of NLS-graphy in Russia (Andriyanov A. and others) showed that its di-agnostic effectiveness surpasses bone scanning. The reason is clear since NLS-graphy allows metastases detection in bone marrow before any osteolytic and osteoblastic bone response appear, i.e. at an earlier stage than in bone scanning.

The recent years are characterized by an active development of new NLS-graphy technologies. In the first place it is 3D-ultramicroscanning technology initially intended for angiographic NLS-researches.

Pic 2. 3D NLS-graphy. Multiple foci of increased chromo-genecy detected in rear rib segments and bladebones, breast bone, proximal parts of femoral and pelvic bones

Methods of parallel images creation during volu-metric scanning (4D Tissues) provided further diag-nostics quality improvement.

The assessment of received image quality showed that it has the best quality and it is quite usable for diagnostics concerning the majority of examined skeletal parts. The comparison of diagnostic effec-tiveness by ROC curve method showed the predomi-nance of NLS-graphy screening over bone scanning method. The key advantage of NLS-graphy was the detection of the more spread metastatic affection in spine and pelvic bones.

Treatment of patients with bone metastases of

breast cancer is possible by means of various meth-ods, including radiation, drug or systemic treatment and also surgical , multimodality and combination therapy. Precise evaluation of metastatic lesions prevalence has important significance in choosing of correct treatment mode. According to the refer-ences data 41% of bone metastases are multiple in case of breast cancer and 37% of them are combined (i.e. other organs are also affected along with skel-etal system). Performed research has demonstrated that NLS-graphy allows effective detection of meta-static lesions not only in skeleton but also in liver, brain and even lungs.

Pic 3. NLS-ultramicroscopic research of bone marrow (a) taken from shin bone (b); spectral-entropy analysis (c) detected to-tal replacement of bone marrow by cancer cells which manifested by high spectral similarity towards model “Metastatic tu-moral subclone” (D=0.028)

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CONCLUSIONNLS-graphy performed by the sequential scan-

ning of three anatomical parts allows more effective (in comparison to bone scanning) detection of bone metastases in the majority of anatomical parts. NLS-graphy is a promising screening technique of bone metastases and it allows simultaneous detection of metastases in other organs; it helps the clarification of further examination program and the reduction of applied number of diagnostic techniques.

Although for a variety of reasons NLS-graphy in our country cannot be regarded as an alternate meth-od to bone scanning when performing screening test of bone metastases of breast cancer; such method may be used in patients with inconclusive results of bone scanning and high clinical risk of metastases formation and also in cases when correct informa-tion on spreading of metastatic process is necessary for the choice and planning of treatment method ap-propriate to the extent of lesions.

REFERENCES1. Steinborn M.M., Heuck A.F., Tiling R. et al. Whole-body bone marrow MRI in patient with meta-

static disease ti the skeletal system //J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1999. V. 23. P.123–129.2. Algra P.R., B loem J.L., Tissing H. et al. Detection of vertebral metastases: comparison between

MR imaging and bone scintigraphy// Radiographics. 1991. V. 11. P.219–232.3. Carrol K.W., Feller J.F., Tirman P.F. Usful internal standaras for distinguishing infiltrative marrow

pathology from hematopoetic marrow at MRI// J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 1997. V.7. P.394–398.4. Steinborn M.M., Heuck A.F., Tiling R. et al. Whole-body bone marrow MRI in patients with meta-

static disease to the skeletal system.// J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1999. V.23. P. 123–129.5. Eustace S., Tello R., De Carvalho V. et al. A comparison of whole-body turboSTIR MR imaging and

planar 99m Tc-methylene diphosphonate scintigraphy in the examination of patients with suspected skeletal metastases// Am. J. Roentgenol. 1997.V. 169. P. 1655–1661

6. Walker R., Kessar P., Blanchard R. et al. Turbo STIR magnetic resonance imaging as a whole-body screening tool for metastases in patient with breast carcinoma: preliminary clinical experience // J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 2000. V.11. P. 343–350.

7. Lauenstein T., Freudenberg L., Goehde S. Whole-body MRI using a rolling table platform for the detection of bone methastases// Eur. Radiol. 2009. V.12. P. 2011–2019.

8. Nakanishi K., Kobayashi M., Takahashi S. et al. Whole-body MRI for detecting metastatic bone tumor: Comparision with bone scintigrams// Magn. Reson. Med. Sci. 2004. V. 4. P. 11–17.

9. Schmidt G.P., Schoenberg S.O., Schmid R. Screening for bone metastases: whol-body MRI using a 32-channel system versus dual-modality PET-CT// Eur. Radiol. 2007. V.17(4). P.939–949.

10. Tamada T., Nagai K., Iizuka M. et al. Comparison of wholebody MR imaging and bone scintigra-phy in the detection of bone metastases from breast cancer//Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 2000. V. 60(5). P. 249–254.

11. Nakanishi K., Kobayashi M., Nakaguchi K. et al. Whole-body MRI detecting metastatic bone tumor: Diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted images// Magn. Reson. Med. Sci. 2007. V. 6. P. 147–155.

12. A.M. Andriyanov, A.V. Batischev, O.P. Khlopushina. Possibilities of combined NLS-study and magnetic-resonance imaging in differential diagnostics of soft tissues sarcomas // Collection of sci-entific papers of the Institute of Practical Psychophysics “NLS-diagnostics in medicine. Prospect of development”. Tome 3. Moscow. Katalog, 2010, p. 96-102.

Three-dimensional computed NLS-graphy in renal cancer stage diagnosing

T. Palosaari, A. Sugimoto, J. O’Connor, S. Hansen

University Medical Center at Princeton, USA

INTRODUCTIONDifficulties of modern diagnosing and adequate

surgical treatment of renal cancer (RC) are conditioned mainly by absence of certain specific clinical manifes-tations of RC, continuous asymptomatic course and late applying of patients to a clinic for specialized help. At the same time about 50% of renal tumors are diagnosed at asymptomatic stage during clinical studies not related to RC, these cases are called “radiologist tumor”. Among “accidentally” revealed tumors 85% are localized forms, when at the presence of clinical symptoms only 40-45% of tumors develop in a kidney.

Development of renal cancer surgical treatment technologies with a tendency to almost global intro-duction of laparoscopic and organ-preserving meth-ods of surgery considerably increases requirements not to only well-timed diagnostics of RC, but to eval-uation of its regional prevalence ratio mainly. The main objective of three-dimensional NLS-graphy of patients with renal cancer was in defining or speci-fying of the main process stage and in some cases in differential diagnostics of revealed neoplasm.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe studied 335 patients suffering from renal

cancer. In the structure of researched patients men prevailed men (57.6%) aged 61 – 70 (33%) and 71 – 80 (27.7%) NLS-research was fulfilled with diagnostic system “Metatron”-4025 (ClinicTech Inc., USA; the IPP, Omsk). In 213 patients at pre-surgical period NLS was applied in standard mode consisting of two consecu-tive stages: two-dimensional and three-dimensional scanning of kidneys and retroperitoneal space. A part of patients was subjected to 3D-ultramicroscanning with spectral-entropic analysis (SEA) (77.3%).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCriteria of NLS-evaluation of RC regional preva-

lence taking into account size of a tumor are system-

atized depending on a direction of primary tumor in-vasion, presence of vascular affection symptoms and regional metastasis.

Results of NLS-study have proven that among symptoms of local distribution of RC the most frequent symptoms belonged to a section containing invasion of primary tumor to structural elements of kidney’s cavitary system. The most frequent were symptoms of kidney’s cavitary system manifested by presence of hyperchromogenic nidus (in 46.2% of cases) and in-distinct contours of cavitary system elements. Then, in accordance with frequency of appearance, were symptoms of invasion confirming extrarenal spread-ing of primary tumor. In this category with almost the same frequency we registered symptoms related to

affection of surrounding tissues (30.8%), in majority of cases combined with hyperchromogeneity of the external contour (capsule) of the tumor itself (26.7% of cases). SEA-symptoms of regional metastasis were detected in 57.4% of studied patients.

At the same time we should emphasize the fol-lowing factor. The first two categories of RC regional invasion criteria and symptoms of tumor invasion into neighboring organs are characterized by the clear de-pendence of symptoms revealing frequency from size of the primary tumor with maximum values at tumors above 70 mm size. Symptoms of regional metastasis and symptoms of thrombogenesis or invasion into

Criteria of NLS-evaluation of RC regional prevalence taking into account size of a tumor are systematized depending on a direction of primary tumor invasion,

presence of vascular affection symptoms and regional metastasis.