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Diabetic Ketoacidosi s (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Jan 21, 2016

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Page 1: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan

PHM142 Fall 2015Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey HendersonInstructor: Dr. David Hampson

Page 2: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Introduction

• Life-threatening condition that arises when cells in the body are unable to get glucose they need for energy due to insufficient amount of insulin

• The body begins to break down fat and muscle for energy

• Ketones or fatty acids are produced

• They enter the bloodstream and make it more acidic

Page 3: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Causes

• Most susceptible people are those with Type 1 diabetes but it can happen with Type 2 diabetes

• Not enough food, having a severe infection or other illness, missed insulin treatment or becoming severely dehydrated

Page 4: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Symptoms

• Evidence of dehydration (dry mouth and decreased skin turgor)• Often, a "ketotic" odour ( "fruity“)• Nausea, vomiting, generalized weakness, confusion, abdominal 

tenderness and shortness of breath

Page 5: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Diagnosis

• Blood and urine tests for Ketone and glucose.

• The acceptable range for blood ketones is less than 0.6 mmol/L. 

• If Blood glucose levels are consistently greater than 14 mmol/L for more than 1 day and blood ketones between 1.5 and 3.0 mmol/L.

• Decrease in the circulating blood volume, tachycardia and low blood pressure.

Page 6: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose

• Insulin • Glycogen production• Fat (Triglyceride) Production

• Glucagon • Glycogen breakdown• Amino Acid breakdown• Fat breakdown 

Page 7: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.
Page 8: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Ketone Body: Formation and Consequences3 types of “Ketone Bodies”

• Good for periods of starvation… 

3-HB Dehydrogenase

Reduction Rxn

SpontaneousDecarboxylation

+H+

Page 9: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Ketone Body Metabolism during DKA

Page 10: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Treatment

Resolving Dehydration:• Recommended 0.9% NaCl IV bolus to improve plasma 

osmolarity

Insulin Therapy:• Encourage glucose uptake in peripheral tissues and decrease 

gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis

Page 11: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Treatment

Electrolyte Therapy:• K+ IV supplement required to avoid arrhythmias and cardiac 

arrest

• Bicarbonate therapy for severe ketoacidosis (pH<6.9)

• Phosphate therapy can be given (blood level < 10ml/dL) if phosphate and calcium levels are closely monitored

Page 12: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Prevention

Type 1 Diabetes:• No current, safe preventive measures 

Type 2 Diabetes:• Lifestyle changes

• Lower calorie and fat intake• Reduce sugar in diet• Increase fibre intake• Exercise -- recommended 150 minutes of ‘moderate’ or higher intensity of 

physical activity

Page 13: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Prevention

Type 2 Diabetes:• Drugs that can prevent the progression from pre-diabetes 

to diabetes:• Metformin

• Decreases liver production of glucose (i.e. decreases conversion of glycogen to glucose)

• Reduces absorption of glucose at intestinal level (i.e. lowers amount of glucose to get into the body)

• Exact mechanism unknown

Page 14: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Prevention

• Early detection of onset of diabetic ketoacidosis through:• Close and continuous monitoring of glucose levels and ketone levels 

through analysis of blood or urine• Identifying at-risk individuals (by health care providers)

• Educating the patient

• Increasing awareness and knowledge in the community

Page 15: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Conclusion

• Diabetes Ketoacidosis is a potentially lethal complication of diabetes (both type 1 and 2) where there is:

• increased level of ketone bodies• a drop in pH

• Variety of physiological effects

• Treatments are available but prevention would be best

Page 16: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

Summary Slide• Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes.

• It is characterized by evidence of high blood glucose and ketone levels. 

• High glucagon:insulin ratio leads to accumulation of ketone bodies leading to several 

pathophysiology  

• hyperglycemia, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, and decrease in blood pH. 

• The three main ketone bodies made are: acetoacetate, acetone, 3-Beta-

Hydroxybutyrate. These are formed in liver mitochondria

• Treatment: Saline (NaCl) infusion, K+ infusion, insulin therapy

• Prevention: Lifestyle changes (eating healthier + exercise), metformin

Page 17: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Mona Omran, Jung Eun Lee, Tiffany Ou, Annie Yan PHM142 Fall 2015 Coordinator: Dr. Jeffrey Henderson Instructor: Dr. David Hampson.

ReferencesCanadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. (2013). Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 Clinical 

Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2013, 37(suppl 1), S1-S212.

Casteels, K., & Mathieu, C. (2003). Diabetic ketoacidosis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 4(2), 159-166. doi:10.1023/A:1022942120000

Gosmanov, A. R., Gosmanova, E. O., & Dillard-Cannon, E. (2014). Management of adult diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 7, 255–264. 

Lebovitz, H. E. (1995). Diabetic ketoacidosis. The Lancet, 345(8952), 767-772.

Laffel, L. 'Ketone Bodies: A Review of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Application of Monitoring to Diabetes', Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 15 (1999), 412-26.

Rewers, A. (2010). Current controversies in treatment and prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis. Advances in Pediatrics,57(1), 247-267. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2010.09.001

Wolfsdorf et al. (2007). Diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatric Diabetes, 8, 28-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00224.x