Diabetes

Learning outcomes

The learning objectives of this lesson is to:

• Understand the definition of Diabetes.

• Understand the pathogenesis of Diabetes.

• Identify the types of Diabetes.

• Understand the general symptoms of Diabetes?

• Understand the definition of pre-diabetes.

• Understand the causes of Diabetes.

What is diabetes?

It’s a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal.

Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, or sugar, for our bodies to use for energy.

The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies.

Pathogenesis

To understand why insulin is important, it helps to know more

about how the body uses food for energy. Your body is made up

of millions of cells. To make energy, these cells need food in a

very simple form.

When you eat or drink, much of the food is broken down into a

simple sugar called "glucose." Then, glucose is transported

through the bloodstream to these cells where it can be used to

provide the energy the body needs for daily activities

The amount of glucose in the bloodstream is tightly regulated

by insulin and other hormones. Insulin is always being

released in small amounts by the pancreas. When the

amount of glucose in the blood rises to a certain level, the

pancreas will release more insulin to push more glucose into

the cells.

When you have diabetes, your body either doesn't

make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as

well as it should.

This causes sugar to build

up in your blood.

Pathogenesis

Types of diabetes

1. Type 1 diabetes (5% to 10 % of all diagnosed cases of

diabetes).

2. Type 2 diabetes (90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of

diabetes).

3. Gestational Diabetes (2% to 10% of all pregnancies ).

What is pre-diabetes?

Fasting glucose ranges

Pre-diabetes is when the amount of glucose in your blood is above normal yet not high enough to be called diabetes

With pre-diabetes, your chances of getting type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke are higher.

With some weight loss and moderate physical activity, you can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes.

Stress and being ill (such as with severe flu) or having an

infection.

Not getting enough insulin. Overeating. Pregnancy.

General causes of diabetes:

Taking medicines that can raise

blood sugar levels, such as those

for sleep, some decongestants, and

corticosteroids (such as

prednisone).

Adolescence, because of hormone changes and rapid growth.

General Symptoms of diabetes:

Frequent urination

More infections than usual.

Tingling or numbness in hands or

feet

Sores that are slow to heal

Sudden vision changes Extreme hunger Feeling tired much

of the time

Very dry skin Unexplained weight loss Excessive thirst

General Symptoms of diabetes:

Summary questions

1. What is diabetes?

2. what are the types of diabetes?

3. What is the hormone that helps glucose get into the cells of our bodies?

4. What is pre-diabetes?

5. What causes diabetes?

6. What are the symptoms of diabetes?