Diabetes 101 Nutrition 120. The Facts! Diabetes is a disease in which your body cannot properly store and use fuel for energy. The fuel that your body.

Diabetes 101Diabetes 101

Nutrition 120Nutrition 120

The Facts!The Facts!

• Diabetes is a disease in which your body Diabetes is a disease in which your body cannot properly store and use fuel for cannot properly store and use fuel for energy. The fuel that your body needs is energy. The fuel that your body needs is called glucose, a form of sugar. Glucose called glucose, a form of sugar. Glucose comes from foods such as breads, cereals, comes from foods such as breads, cereals, pasta, rice, potatoes, fruits and some pasta, rice, potatoes, fruits and some vegetables. To use glucose, your body vegetables. To use glucose, your body needs insulin. Insulin is made by a gland in needs insulin. Insulin is made by a gland in your body called the pancreas your body called the pancreas

• More than 2 million Canadians have More than 2 million Canadians have diabetes! diabetes!

Type 1 – Mrs.HW (also Type 1 – Mrs.HW (also called insulin dependent called insulin dependent

OR juvenile diabetes)OR juvenile diabetes)No one really knows what causes type 1 diabetes. We do No one really knows what causes type 1 diabetes. We do

know that: know that: • There is nothing you could have done to prevent type 1 There is nothing you could have done to prevent type 1

diabetes, even if you had been to see the doctor sooner. diabetes, even if you had been to see the doctor sooner. • The body's defence system may attack your insulin-The body's defence system may attack your insulin-

making cells by mistake, but we don't know why. making cells by mistake, but we don't know why. • People usually find out they have type 1 diabetes before People usually find out they have type 1 diabetes before

the age of 30, most often in childhood or during their the age of 30, most often in childhood or during their teens. teens.

• It is not caused by eating too much sugar. It is not caused by eating too much sugar. • Approximately 10% of people with diabetes have type 1Approximately 10% of people with diabetes have type 1

Type 2Type 2

• The remaining 90 % have The remaining 90 % have type 2! The type 2! The pancreas does not produce enough insulin or pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not effectively use the when the body does not effectively use the insulin that is produced.insulin that is produced.

• Type 2 diabetes usually develops in Type 2 diabetes usually develops in adulthood, although increasing numbers of adulthood, although increasing numbers of children in high-risk populations are being children in high-risk populations are being diagnosed.diagnosed.

• If you have type 2 diabetes, you may be able If you have type 2 diabetes, you may be able to keep your blood glucose levels in a target to keep your blood glucose levels in a target range through healthy eating, physical activity range through healthy eating, physical activity and by taking diabetes medication. and by taking diabetes medication.

33rdrd Type Type

• Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes, is a , is a temporary condition that occurs temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy. It affects during pregnancy. It affects approximately 3.5 per cent of all approximately 3.5 per cent of all pregnancies and involves an pregnancies and involves an increased risk of developing increased risk of developing diabetes for both mother and child. diabetes for both mother and child.

Is Diabetes Serious?Is Diabetes Serious?

• If left untreated or improperly If left untreated or improperly managed, diabetes can result in a managed, diabetes can result in a variety of complications, including: variety of complications, including:

• Heart disease Heart disease • Kidney disease Kidney disease • Eye disease Eye disease • Problems with erection (impotence) Problems with erection (impotence) • Nerve damage Nerve damage

What are the risk factors What are the risk factors for diabetes?for diabetes?

• If you are aged 40 or over, you are at risk for type 2 diabetes If you are aged 40 or over, you are at risk for type 2 diabetes and should be tested at least every three years.and should be tested at least every three years.

• Should be tested earlier and/or more often if you are:Should be tested earlier and/or more often if you are:• A member of a high-risk group (Aboriginal, Hispanic, Asian, South A member of a high-risk group (Aboriginal, Hispanic, Asian, South

Asian or African descent) Asian or African descent) • Overweight (especially if you carry most of your weight around Overweight (especially if you carry most of your weight around

your middle) your middle)

• Or you have:Or you have:• A parent, brother or sister with diabetes A parent, brother or sister with diabetes • Health complications that are associated with diabetes Health complications that are associated with diabetes • Given birth to a baby that weighed more than 4 kg (9 lb) Given birth to a baby that weighed more than 4 kg (9 lb) • Had gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) Had gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) • Impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose Impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose • High blood pressure High blood pressure • High cholesterol or other fats in the blood High cholesterol or other fats in the blood

What are the symptoms?What are the symptoms?

• Unusual thirst Unusual thirst • Frequent urination Frequent urination • Weight change (gain or loss) Weight change (gain or loss) • Extreme fatigue or lack of energy Extreme fatigue or lack of energy • Blurred vision Blurred vision • Frequent or recurring infections Frequent or recurring infections • Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal • Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet • Trouble getting or maintaining an erection Trouble getting or maintaining an erection

Can you prevent Can you prevent diabetes? diabetes?

• Scientists believe that lifestyle Scientists believe that lifestyle changes can help prevent or delay changes can help prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. A the onset of type 2 diabetes. A healthy meal plan, weight control healthy meal plan, weight control and physical activity are important and physical activity are important prevention steps.prevention steps.

How is diabetes treated?How is diabetes treated?• Education:Education: Diabetes education is an important first step. All Diabetes education is an important first step. All

people with diabetes need to be informed about their people with diabetes need to be informed about their condition.condition.

• Physical Activity: Physical Activity: Regular physical activity helps your body Regular physical activity helps your body lower blood glucose levels, promotes weight loss, reduces lower blood glucose levels, promotes weight loss, reduces stress and enhances overall fitness.stress and enhances overall fitness.

• Nutrition:Nutrition: What, when and how much you eat all play an What, when and how much you eat all play an important role in regulating blood glucose levels.important role in regulating blood glucose levels.

• Weight Management:Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy weight is Maintaining a healthy weight is especially important in the management of type 2 diabetes.especially important in the management of type 2 diabetes.

How is diabetes How is diabetes treated?treated?

• Medication: Medication: Type 1 diabetes is always Type 1 diabetes is always treated with insulin. Type 2 diabetes is treated with insulin. Type 2 diabetes is managed through physical activity and managed through physical activity and meal planning and may require meal planning and may require medications and/or insulin to assist your medications and/or insulin to assist your body in making or using insulin more body in making or using insulin more effectively.effectively.

• Lifestyle Management: Lifestyle Management: Learning to Learning to reduce stress levels in day-to-day life can reduce stress levels in day-to-day life can help people with diabetes better manage help people with diabetes better manage their disease.their disease.

The Prevalence and Costs The Prevalence and Costs of Diabetes of Diabetes

• In 2000, the World Health In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that Organization (WHO) estimated that over 177 million people have over 177 million people have diabetes. By 2025, this figure will diabetes. By 2025, this figure will top 300 million. top 300 million.

Cont…Cont…• Approximately 80% of people with diabetes Approximately 80% of people with diabetes

will die as a result of heart disease or stroke. will die as a result of heart disease or stroke. • Diabetes is a contributing factor in the deaths Diabetes is a contributing factor in the deaths

of approximately 41,500 Canadians each year. of approximately 41,500 Canadians each year. Canadian adults with diabetes are twice as Canadian adults with diabetes are twice as likely to die prematurely, compared to persons likely to die prematurely, compared to persons without diabetes. For example, a Canadian without diabetes. For example, a Canadian with diabetes is four times as likely to die at with diabetes is four times as likely to die at age 35 than a 35-year-old without diabetes. age 35 than a 35-year-old without diabetes.

• Life expectancy for people with type 1 Life expectancy for people with type 1 diabetes may be shortened by as much as 15 diabetes may be shortened by as much as 15 years. Life expectancy for people with type 2 years. Life expectancy for people with type 2 diabetes may be shortened by 5 to 10 years diabetes may be shortened by 5 to 10 years

Cont…Cont…• The financial burden of diabetes and its The financial burden of diabetes and its

complications on people with the disease and on complications on people with the disease and on the Canadian healthcare system is enormous. the Canadian healthcare system is enormous.

• A person with diabetes incurs medical costs that A person with diabetes incurs medical costs that are two to three times higher than that of a are two to three times higher than that of a person without diabetes. A person with diabetes person without diabetes. A person with diabetes can face direct costs for medication and supplies can face direct costs for medication and supplies ranging from $1,000 to $15,000 a year. ranging from $1,000 to $15,000 a year.

• Based on a U.S. study, diabetes and its Based on a U.S. study, diabetes and its complications cost the Canadian healthcare complications cost the Canadian healthcare system an estimated $13.2 billion every year. By system an estimated $13.2 billion every year. By 2010, it's estimated these costs will rise to $15.6 2010, it's estimated these costs will rise to $15.6 billion a year and by 2020, $19.2 billion a year. billion a year and by 2020, $19.2 billion a year.

Prevention of Type 2 Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes

• The onset of type 2 diabetes may be The onset of type 2 diabetes may be prevented or delayed, through increased prevented or delayed, through increased physical activity, healthy eating, weight loss, physical activity, healthy eating, weight loss, not smoking and stress reduction. Taking not smoking and stress reduction. Taking these steps now can lead to a healthier future. these steps now can lead to a healthier future.

• In a large study, people at risk of type 2 In a large study, people at risk of type 2 diabetes were able to cut that risk 58% by diabetes were able to cut that risk 58% by exercising moderately for 30 minutes a day exercising moderately for 30 minutes a day and by losing 5-7% of their body weight. In and by losing 5-7% of their body weight. In people over 60, the risk was cut by almost people over 60, the risk was cut by almost 71%. Other large studies have shown similar 71%. Other large studies have shown similar results in reducing risk. results in reducing risk.

The World Wide Epidemic:The World Wide Epidemic:Prevalence of DiabetesPrevalence of Diabetes

5%

8%

14%

4%

3%

The Worldwide Epidemic:The Worldwide Epidemic:Diabetes TrendsDiabetes Trends

30

135177

221

300

370

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Mil

lion

s w

ith

Dia

bete

s

1985 1995 2000 2010 2025 2030

Sources: www.who.intwww.idfZimmet P. et al Nature: 414, 13 Dec 2001

The Canadian Epidemic:The Canadian Epidemic:Prevalence of Diabetes in Prevalence of Diabetes in

Canada, 1996Canada, 1996

0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.7% 0.7%

1.9%2.7%

4.4%

5.9%

8.2%

9.6%10.2%

12.6%

10.2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Age Group

Prev

alen

ce (

%)

Overall self-reported prevalence (15+): 3.4% (n=786,000)

Source: Statistics Canada, National Population Health Survey, Public Use Microdata, 1996/97

The Canadian Epidemic: The Canadian Epidemic: Prevalence in Canada, 1994/95 to Prevalence in Canada, 1994/95 to

2000/01, by Province2000/01, by Province 1996 - 1997

2.53.1

3.23.20

3.203.23.2

3.40

4.60

4.6

Prevalence (%)

1.30 to 2.903.00 to 3.403.50 to 3.90

4.00 to 4.405.00 to 5.405.50 to 5.90No data

3.10

1998 - 1999

3.4

4.4

3.13.13.1

3.33.6

4.0

5.2

3.1

2000 - 2001

1.3

3.43.9

4.0

4.0

4.14.2

5.0

5.1 5.2

5.8

3.2

1994 - 1995

2.7

2.8

2.83.0

3.13.1

3.2

3.50

3.6

3.90

Source: Statistics Canada: CANSIM II

NB & DiabetesNB & Diabetes

• Over 34,000 people have diabetes in New Brunswick, or 5.4 per cent of the population.

• • The rate of undiagnosed diabetes can be as high as 30 per cent in New Brunswick.