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Fall of Dhaka Page 1 of 42 Fall Of Dhaka i have recently been to bangladesh where people were still furious regarding the deplorable incident. they hated us. we encountersd different persons who lost their dear ones during the dismemberment. they felt pakistanis like colonizers even worse than british. the only thing they liked abt pakistan was the cricket team specially shoaib n afirdi had a great fan following. since return from dhakka i tried to collect n find material on that sad episode of our history in which we lost our dear brothers. i was amazed to see that text books hardly have reference aboutr bangladesh. Our generation is hardly interested in past and majority of population must be unaware of the fact that Pakistan in 1947 comprised of even Bangladesh. ----------------------------------------------------------- Fall of Dhaka 1971 Introduction Bangladesh is a state in an ancient land. It has been described by an American political scientist as "a country challenged by contradictions". It is neither a distinct geographical entity, nor a well-defined historical unit. Nevertheless, it is the homeland of one of the largest nation in the world whose groupings for a political identity were protracted, intense and agonizing. The key to these apparent contradictions lies in her history. Historically, the word Bangladesh is derived from the cognate "Vanga" which was first mentioned in the Hindu scripture Aitareya Aranyaka (composed between 500 B C and 500 A D). It is derived from: - Malik Rizwan Yasin Chhina 0092 300 9289949
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Page 1: Dhaka Fall

Fall of Dhaka Page 1 of 28Fall Of Dhaka

i have recently been to bangladesh where people were still furious regarding the deplorable

incident. they hated us. we encountersd different persons who lost their dear ones during the

dismemberment. they felt pakistanis like colonizers even worse than british. the only thing they liked

abt pakistan was the cricket team specially shoaib n afirdi had a great fan following. since return

from dhakka i tried to collect n find material on that sad episode of our history in which we lost our

dear brothers. i was amazed to see that text books hardly have reference aboutr bangladesh. Our

generation is hardly interested in past and majority of population must be unaware of the fact that

Pakistan in 1947 comprised of even Bangladesh.

-----------------------------------------------------------

Fall of Dhaka 1971

Introduction

Bangladesh is a state in an ancient land. It has been described by an American political scientist as

"a country challenged by contradictions". It is neither a distinct geographical entity, nor a well-

defined historical unit. Nevertheless, it is the homeland of one of the largest nation in the world

whose groupings for a political identity were protracted, intense and agonizing. The key to these

apparent contradictions lies in her history.

Historically, the word Bangladesh is derived from the cognate "Vanga" which was first mentioned in

the Hindu scripture Aitareya Aranyaka (composed between 500 B C and 500 A D). It is derived

from: -

• The Tibetan word "Bans" which implies "wet and moist". According to this interpretation,

Bangladesh literally refers to a wetland.

• Bodo (aborigines of Assam) words "Bang" and "la" which connote "wide plains."

I have divided the history of Bengal in the three periods: -

1. Ancient Bengal (326 B.C. to 1204 A.D.)

2. Mediaeval Bengal (1204 to 1757)

3. British Rule in Bengal (1757 to 1947)

Political Dynamics in Ancient Bengal (326 B.C. TO 1204 A.D.)

The earliest historical reference to organized political life in the Bangladesh region is usually traced

to the writings on Alexander's invasion of India in 326 B.C. The evidence from various sources

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Fall of Dhaka Page 2 of 28refers to the rise and fall of a large number of principalities in the region. There are two schools of

opinion regarding the political evolution of ancient Bengal: -

1. According to one school, the Bangladesh region in the ancient period was an integral part of

mighty empires in north India. These historians maintain Gangaridai and Prasioi empires were

succeeded by the Mauryas (4th to 2nd century B.C.), the Guptas (4th-5th century A.D.), the empire

of Sasanka (7th century A.D.), the Pala Empire (750-1162 A.D.), and the Senas (1162-1223 A.D.).

2. The revisionist historians maintain that epigraphic evidence suggests that only some of the areas,

which now constitute Bangladesh, were occasionally incorporated in the larger empires of South

Asia. In their view, political fragmentation and not empire was the historical destiny of Bangladesh

region in the ancient times. Inscriptions attest to the existence of a succession of independent

kingdoms in southern and eastern Bengal. These local kingdoms included the realms of

Vainyagupta (6th century), the Faridpur kings (6th century), the Bhadra dynasty (circa 600-650 A

D), Khadaga dynasty (circa 650-700 AD), Natha and Rata dynasty (750-800 A D), the rulers of

Harikela (circa 800-900), Chandra dynasty (circa 900-1045 A D), Varman dynasty (circa 1080-1150

A D), and Pattikera dynasty (circa 1000-1100 A D).

The weakness of social, political and economic institutions provided a suitable environment for

freedom of religion. Throughout history, small kingdoms blossomed and withered like wild flowers in

this region.

Contribution of Bangladesh to Ancient Civilization

Bangladesh is the frontier of South Asian civilization. It is the natural bridge between South and

South East Asia. Because of its location, Bangladesh was the intermediary in trade and commerce

between the South Asian sub-continent and the Far East. Bangladesh region also played a seminal

role in disseminating her beliefs, art and architecture in the wider world of Asia. Ancient Bangladesh

also witnessed the flowering of temple, stupas and monastic architecture as well as Buddhist art

and sculpture.

Evolution of Mediaeval Bengal (1204-1757)

The Middle age in Bengal coincided with the Muslim rule. Out of about 550 years of Muslim rule,

Bengal was effectively ruled by Delhi-based all India empires for only about two hundred years. For

about 350 years Bengal remained virtually independent. The Muslim rule in Bengal is usually

divided into three phases: -

1. The first phase, which lasted from 1204 to 1342, witnessed the consolidation of Muslim rule in

Bengal. It was characterized by extreme political instability.

2. The second phase, which spanned the period 1342 to 1575, saw the emergence of independent

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Fall of Dhaka Page 3 of 28local dynasties such as the Ilyas Shah dynasty (1342-1414), the dynasty of King Ganesha (1414-

1442) and Hussein Shahi dynasty (l493-1539).

3. The third phase, which lasted from 1575 to 1757, witnessed the emergence of a centralized

administration in Bengal within the framework of the Mughal Empire. The Mughal viceroys in Bengal

curbed the independence of powerful landlords and suppressed the Portuguese pirates who

frequently interfered with the flow of foreign trade.

Following were the major achievements of Muslim rule in the region: -

1. The political unification of Bengal was a gift of the Muslim rulers.

2. The political unity fashioned by the Muslim rulers also promoted linguistic homogeneity.

3. The gradual expansion of Islam in this region. The gradual process of conversion to Islam in

Bengal resulted in an intense interaction between Islam and Hinduism. At the folk level, however,

there was less confrontation and more interaction between Hinduism and Islam.

4. The share of Muslims in the total population was higher in areas remote from the seats of Muslim

rule.

5. Islam was propagated in the Bangladesh region by a large number of Muslim saints who were

mostly active from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. Among these missionaries Hazrat Shah

Jalal, Rasti Shah, Khan Jahan Ali, Shaikh Sharafuddin Abu Tawamah, Shah Makhdoom Ruposh,

Shaikh Baba Adam Shahid, Shah Sultan Mahisawar, Shaikh Alauddin Alaul Huq, Shah Ali Bagdadi,

etc. deserve special mention.

6. Islam ultimately succeeded in penetrating deeply into Bengal because the social environment of

this region was congenial to the diffusion of a new religion.

7. The Muslims in Bengal were concentrated in the eastern areas and the share of Hindu population

was much higher in western areas.

8. The Muslim rule in Bengal contributed to economic polarization and cultural dichotomy.

The Glory that was Mediaeval Bengal

The Bangladesh region reached the peak of economic affluence during the mediaeval period. It was

known as one of the most prosperous lands in the world. The Moorish traveler Ibn-e-Batuta who

visited Bengal in the fourteenth century described Bengal as the wealthiest and cheapest land of

the world and states that it was known as "a hell full of bounties".

Because of its fertile land and abundance of seasonal rainfall, Bengal was a full of agricultural

products. Famines and scarcity were virtually unknown as compared to other areas of Asia. Bengal

was the focal point of free trade in the Indian Ocean since the 14th century. It was the virtual

storehouse of silk and cotton not only of India and neighboring countries but also of Europe. The

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Fall of Dhaka Page 4 of 28Dhaka region used to produce the finest cotton in the world. A very large quantity of cotton cloth

was produced in different areas of Bengal. Bangladesh also had extensive export of silk clothes.

The Bangladesh region was also one of the largest producers of sugar. The sugar from this region

used to be exported to other parts of South Asia and the Middle East.

British Rule in Bangladesh (1757-1947)

The greatest discontinuity in the history of Bengal region occurred on June 23, 1757 when the East

India Company - a mercantile company of England became the virtual ruler of Bengal by defeating

Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah through conspiracy. Territorial rule by a trading company resulted in the

commercialization of power. It had never suffered from a system, which touched their trades, their

occupations, their lives so closely. The plunder of Bengal directly contributed to the industrial

revolution in England. The capital collected in Bengal was invested in British industries. Lack of

capital and fall of demand, on the other hand, resulted in de-industrialization in the Bangladesh

region. In the long run, the British rule in South Asia contributed to transformation of the traditional

society in various ways: -

1. The introduction of British law, a modern bureaucracy, new modes of communication, the English

language and a modern education system, and the opening of the local market to international trade

opened new horizons for development in various spheres of life.

2. It also created a universal empire that brought different areas of the sub-continent closer to each

other.

3. The city-based Hindu middle classes became the fiery champions of all-India based nationalism.

4. The British rule brought to surface the rivalry between the Hindus and Muslims, which lay

dormant during the five hundred years of Muslim rule.

5. The rivalry between Muslim and Hindus first surfaced in the political arena, when the British

partitioned the province of Bengal in 1905 for administrative reasons. The Hindus viewed it as a

sinister design to weaken Bengal, which was the vanguard of struggle for independence. The

partition of Bengal ultimately turned out to be a defeat for all. The partition was annulled in 1911.

To the Muslims, the annulment of the partition was a major disappointment. It virtually shook their

faith in the British rulers. The communal problem was not unique to Bengal; it became the main

issue in all India politics.

The Road to Pakistan

The Pakistan Resolution of 1940 at Lahore was the outcome of the political confrontation between

Hindus and Muslims. The Lahore Resolution demanded that geographically contiguous units "be

demarcated into regions which should be constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be

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Fall of Dhaka Page 5 of 28necessary so that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority should be grouped to

constitute "Independent States" in which the constitutional units be autonomous and sovereign".

The vernacular Muslim elites in Bengal maintained that from the constitutional point of view, the

Lahore Resolution asserted that South Asia consisted of many nations and not of two nations. It

was, in effect, a blueprint for the balkanization of South Asia and not merely for its partition into two

units and that the Lahore Resolution was legally a charter for a Muslim dominated independent and

sovereign Bengal. The partition of the South Asian sub-continent into two independent states in

Political Background (1947-1970)

Transition to Nationhood (1947-58)

Pakistan was born in bloodshed and came into existence on August 15, 1947, confronted by

seemingly insurmountable problems.

1. The rehabilitation of 12 million people involved in the mass transfer of population between the

two countries.

2. Pakistan's boundaries were established hastily and

3. The minimal requirements of a working central government were missing.

4. Until 1947 the East Wing of Pakistan, had been heavily dependent on Hindu management. After

partition people from West Pakistan took their place.

5. After partition, Muslim banking shifted from Bombay to Karachi.

6. Much of the investment in East Pakistan came from West Pakistani banks. Because of this the

Bengalis found themselves excluded from the managerial level and from skilled labor and West

Pakistanis tended to favor Urdu-speaking Biharis.

7. Pakistan had a severe shortage of trained administrative personnel. The Muslim Bengalis didn't

have any past administrative experience because of which high-level posts in Dhaka, were usually

filled by West Pakistanis or by refugees from India who had adopted Pakistani citizenship.

8. One of the most divisive issues was the question of what the official language of the new state

was to be. Every province was upset that their language will be a second-class language. In East

Pakistan, the dissatisfaction quickly turned to violence. The Bengalis constituted a majority (an

estimated 54 percent) of Pakistan's entire population. In 1954, the National Assembly designated

"Urdu and Bengali and such other languages as may be declared" to be the official languages of

Pakistan.

The government machinery established at independence was similar to the viceregal system that

had prevailed in the pre-independence period. When Quaid-e-Azam died in September 1948, the

seat of power shifted from the governor general to the Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan. After the

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Fall of Dhaka Page 6 of 28assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan on October 16, 1951, Pakistan faced an unstable period that

would be resolved by military and civil service intervention in political affairs. The Constituent

Assembly was an ineffective body, which took almost nine years to draft a constitution, which for all

practical purposes was never put into effect.

A conservative Bengali, Governor General Khwaja Nazimuddin, succeeded Liaquat Ali Khan as

Prime Minister. Former finance minister Ghulam Mohammad, a Punjabi career civil servant, became

governor general.

In 1953 Ghulam Mohammad dismissed Prime Minister Nazimuddin, established martial law in

Punjab, and imposed governor's rule (direct rule by the central government) in East Pakistan.

In 1954 He appointed his own "cabinet of talents." Mohammad Ali Bogra, another conservative

Bengali and previously Pakistan's ambassador to the United States and the United Nations, was

named prime minister. Also In East Pakistan, the Muslim League was overwhelmingly defeated in

the provincial assembly elections by the United Front coalition of Bengali regional parties anchored

by Fazlul Haq's, Krishak Sramik, Samajbadi Dal (Peasants and Workers Socialist Party) and the

Awami League (People's League) led by Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy. Rejection of West

Pakistan's dominance and the desire for Bengali provincial autonomy were the main ingredients of

the coalition's twenty-one-point platform.

In September-October 1954 Prime Minister Bogra tried to limit the powers of Governor General

Ghulam Mohammad. The governor general, however, enlisted the tacit support of the army and civil

service, dissolved the Constituent Assembly, and then formed a new cabinet. Bogra, a man without

a personal following, remained Prime Minister but without effective power. General Sikander Mirza,

who had been a soldier and civil servant, became minister of the interior; General Mohammad Ayub

Khan, the army commander, became minister of defense; and Choudhry Mohammad Ali, former

head of the civil service, remained minister of finance

In September, 1955 Bogra fell in August and was replaced by Choudhry; Ghulam Mohammad,

plagued by poor health, was succeeded as governor general in by Mirza.

In 1956 the four provinces of West Pakistan were amalgamated into one administrative unit.

Provisions were made for an Islamic state as embodied in its Directive of Principles of State Policy,

which defined methods of promoting Islamic morality. The national parliament was to comprise one

house of 300 members with equal representation from both the west and east wings.

In September, 1956 Awami League's Suhrawardy succeeded Choudhry as Prime Minister in and

formed a coalition cabinet. He failed to secure significant support from West Pakistani power

brokers. Suhrawardy's thirteen months in office came to an end after he took a strong position

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Fall of Dhaka Page 7 of 28against abrogation of the existing "One Unit" government for all of West Pakistan.

In 1957 the president used his considerable influence to out Suhrawardy from the office of Prime

Minister. The drift toward economic decline and political chaos continued.

From 1954 to Ayub's assumption of power in 1958, the Krishak Sramik and the Awami League

waged a ceaseless battle for control of East Pakistan's provincial government.

The Revolution of Ayub Khan (1958-66)

Because of the ongoing condition on October 7, 1958, Mirza issued a proclamation that abolished

political parties, abrogated the two-year -old constitution, and placed the country under martial law.

On October 27, he swore in a twelve-member cabinet that included four generals in ministerial

positions and the eight civilians. Until 1962, martial law continued and Ayub purged a number of

politicians and civil servants from the government and replaced them with army officers.

The new constitution promulgated by Ayub in March 1962 has following features: -

1. All executive authority of the republic lies with the president.

2. As chief executive, the president could appoint ministers without approval by the legislature.

3. There was no provision for a Prime Minister.

4. There was a provision for a National Assembly and two provincial assemblies, whose members

were to be chosen by the "Basic Democrats.

5. Pakistan was declared a republic (without being specifically an Islamic republic) but, in deference

to the religious scholars.

6. The president was required to be a Muslim, and no law could be passed that was contrary to the

tenets of Islam.

The 1962 constitution made few concessions to Bengalis. Throughout the Ayub years, East

Pakistan and West Pakistan grew farther apart. The death of the Awami League's Suhrawardy in

1963 gave the mercurial Sheikh Mujibur Rahman the leadership of East Pakistan's dominant party.

Mujib, who as early as 1956 had advocated the "liberation" of East Pakistan and had been jailed in

1958 during the military coup, quickly and successfully brought the issue of East Pakistan's

movement for autonomy to the forefront of the nation's politics. During the years between 1960 and

1965: -

1. The annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product per capita was 4.4 percent in West

Pakistan versus a poor 2.6 percent in East Pakistan.

2. Bengali politicians complained that much of Pakistan's export earnings were generated in East

Pakistan by the export of Bengali jute and tea.

3. As late as 1960, approximately 70 percent of Pakistan's export earnings originated in the East

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Fall of Dhaka Page 8 of 28Wing.

4. By the mid-1960s, the East Wing was accounting for less than 60 percent of the nation's export

earnings, and by the time of Bangladesh's independence in 1971, this percentage had dipped below

50 percent. Mujib demanded in 1966 that separate foreign exchange accounts be kept and that

separate trade offices be opened overseas. Also West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's

"Decade of Progress," with its successful "green revolution" in wheat, and from the expansion of

markets for West Pakistani textiles, while the East Pakistani standard of living remained at an

abysmally low level. Bengalis were also upset that West Pakistan, because it was the seat of

government, was the major beneficiary of foreign aid.

Emerging Discontent (1966-70)

In 1966 Mujib announced his controversial six-point political and economic program for East

Pakistani provincial autonomy. He demanded: -

1. The government be federal and parliamentary in nature, its members to be elected with

legislative representation on the basis of population

2. The federal government have principal responsibility for foreign affairs and defense only

3. Each wing have its own currency and separate fiscal accounts

4. Taxation would occur at the provincial level, with a federal government funded by constitutionally

guaranteed grants

5. Each federal unit could control its own earning of foreign exchange; and

6. Each unit could raise its own militia or paramilitary forces.

Mujib's six points ran directly counter to President Ayub's plan for greater national integration.

In January 1968 the government arrested Mujib.

On 1968 Ayub suffered a number of setbacks in. His health was poor, and he was almost

assassinated at a ceremony marking ten years of his rule.

On February 21, 1969, Ayub announced that he would not run in the next presidential election in

1970. A state of near anarchy reigned with protests and strikes throughout the country.

On March 25,1969, Ayub resigned and handed over the administration to the commander in chief,

General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan. Yahya announced that he considered himself to be a

transitional leader whose task would be to restore order and to conduct free elections for a new

constituent assembly, which would then draft a new constitution.

On August 1969 Appointment of a largely civilian cabinet.

On November 12, 1970, a cyclone devastated an area of almost 8,000 square kilometers of East

Pakistan's mid-coastal lowlands and its outlying islands in the Bay of Bengal.

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Fall of Dhaka Page 9 of 28On December 7, 1970 Yahya announced plans for a national election. The elections were the first in

the history of Pakistan in which voters were able to elect members of the National Assembly

directly. In the election that followed, the Awami League won a triumphant victory. The misfortune

however was that the Awami League did not won a single seat in West Pakistan. Similarly, the

Pakistan People's Party did not have a single seat in eastern wing. At the Bengal Assembly

elections, the results were as follows:

Parties Seats

Awami League 298

Other Parties 5

Independents 7

TOTAL 310

At the National Assembly elections, the Awami emerged as the majority party, as the table shows:

Parties Seats

Awami League 167

Pakistan People's Party 88

Other Parties 5

Independents 7

TOTAL 310

The Awami League's electoral victory promised it control of the government, with Mujib as the

country's prime minister, but the inaugural assembly never met.

Political Events of 1971

The military, bureaucracy, and business, all West Pakistani-dominated, were shocked at the results

because they faced the prospect that the central government's power would be passed away to the

Bengalis, if the Awami League were allowed to shape the constitution and form a government. The

results of the election gave the Awami League the possibility of framing the constitution according to

its 6-point program. The election put the Pakistani ruling elite in such a position that, if it allowed the

democratic process to continue, then it would be unable to stop the Awami League from framing a

constitution that would protect the Bengali interests.

The month of December passed and yet there was no sign of the calling of the assembly.

On the 3rd of January 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called a mammoth public meeting in which he

administered an oath to the persons who had been elected to the national and provincial

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Fall of Dhaka Page 10 of 28assemblies by which they swore allegiance to the party's programme for provincial autonomy.

Between the election results and this meeting apparently no effort was made by General Yahya

khan to bring the leaders together for consultations, though later when he made such efforts the

Sheikh adopted hard attitude.

By and large most of the parties in the west did openly oppose the six points programme. It has

been alleged that Pakistan people's party alone did not. On the 7th of January 1971 with this

background General Yahya went to East Pakistan. The evidence suggest that at this stage the

presidential team did not have a copy of the six points programme and no serious efforts were done

to convince Sheikh on his six points. Accordingly the meeting was held. Mujib presented his six

pints and asked General Yahya: -

"Sir you know what the six points programme is, please tell me what objections you have to this

programme."

General Yahya said that he himself had nothing against the programme but the west Pakistanis

does have some problems. However, the meeting ended with the reference from General Yahya to

the Sheikh as his future prime minister.

From Dacca the president came to Karachi and on 17th January 1971 went o Larkana to pay a visit

to Mr. Bhutto. After this visit Mr. Bhutto went with some other members of his party to Dacca where

he met the Sheikh on the 27th of January 1971. Mr. Bhutto returned from Dacca really having failed

in his mission.

Mr. Bhutto met General Yahya at Rawalpindi on the 11th February 1971, and reported to him the

result of the discussions After this meeting, General Yahya announced that the assembly will met

on the 3rd of march 1971.

On the 15th of February, Mr. Bhutto called a press conference in Peshawar and said that the date

has come as total surprise to him. On the 21st February, a convention of the party took an oath to

abide by the party decision not to attend the assembly on the 3rd of March 1971.

On the 22nd of February 1971, the president convened a meeting of the governors and martial law

administrators at, which were present also, some high ranking military and civilian officers. He gave

a review of current situation and the stand of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. It is also a fact that the

president took the decision to postpone the national assembly as early as the 22nd February.

On the 1st of March General Yahya announced the postponement of the national assembly

meeting. The East Pakistanis reacted violently to the postponement and the immediate results were

the violent demonstrations and disturbances in Dacca. The army was called to cope with this

situation. Also, on that day Yahya named General Tikka Khan, as East Pakistan's military governor.

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Fall of Dhaka Page 11 of 28Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on the 7th of March 1971 announced a weeklong programme to continue

non-cooperation movement starting on March 2nd.

General Yahya reached Dacca on 15th march and met Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on the same date.

The proposals of Sheikh were: -

1. Martial Law is lifted.

2. National Assembly will start functioning both as a Constituent assembly and the legislature.

3. Power transferred both at national and provincial levels.

The second and third rounds were held on the 17th and 21st of March 1971 respectively. Mr. Bhutto

on an invitation from Dacca on the 19th reached Dacca on the afternoon of the 21st and met the

president. The next three days were occupied with discussions of president aides with the Pakistan

People's Party and the Awami League separately.

On the 23rd March 1971, General Yahya summoned a conference of the leaders at Dacca for the

10th. Again, Mujib refused to attend and there after General Yahya fixed the 25th for the meeting of

the assembly. Bengalis following Mujib's lead defiantly celebrated "Resistance Day" in East

Pakistan instead of the traditional all-Pakistan "Republic Day." The new flag of Bangladesh was

hoisted on all government and private buildings.

On the 24th and 25th march, Mr. Bhutto met the president to discuss the proposals of Awami

League. On the evening of the 25th the Pakistan's People's Party was informed about the final

proposals of Awami League. At about midnight between the 25th and 26th Dacca was awakened to

the nose of gunfire; military crackdown has started. General Yahya had already left Dacca.

On the 28th June 1971, General Yahya made a broad cast to the nation again in which he spoke

with sorrow of the recent happenings and emphasized once again that his aim had been to restore

democracy in the country.

Unfortunately due to the preplanned rebellious act of the Awami League situation as existed

immediately after the military action was as follows: -

1. Major portion of the territory of East Pakistan was in rebels hands.

2. Civil servants were also actively associated with Awami League. A large fled to India or had left

their work place.

3. Communications had been badly disrupted due to sabotage by the rebels.

4. Educational Institutions were the main centers of agitation and resistance.

5. It was difficult to apply normal laws of the country.

Military Aspect

The military aspect of the Indo-Pakistan war is naturally the most important part of my report.

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Fall of Dhaka Page 12 of 28THE Military Concept of National Defence

In the war Directive No 4 issued by Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan on 9th August 1967 the

National Aim is: -

"To preserve national security, integrity and the sovereignty of Pakistan, while promoting prosperity

and well being of its people so as to enable the country to find an honorable place on the comity of

nations. Within the context of this main aim and without prejudice to it, continue efforts to secure the

rights of self determination for the people of Kashmir."

The directive lays down that the mission of the armed forces would be: -

"On commencement of hostilities or as soon as favorable conditions are created or offered,

offensive operations will be undertaken to capture and hold as much enemy territory as possible

whilst containing and neutralizing the enemy forces elsewhere by all means at our disposal in the

west. In the East contain and neutralize as many enemy troops as possible, inflicting maximum

casualties without running the risk of annihilation."

Since the commencement of the political crises and the military action in East Pakistan in March

1971, certain significant changes had taken place: -

1. India had entered into a military alliance with the Soviet Union, thus ensuring substantial supplies

of sophisticated weapons in all fields, and decisively tilting the military balance against Pakistan.

2. The prolonged military action in East Pakistan had completely alienated the local population, with

the result that the Pakistan army was faced not only with external aggression, but also with the

constant threat of internal subversion.

3. India has openly started training forty to fifty thousand guerillas for infiltration into East Pakistan.

4. By the month of October and November 1971, India had concentrated on the border of East

Pakistan a force equivalent to nearly twelve divisions.

5. The declare objective of India at this juncture was the establishment of Bangladesh by

overrunning the capturing part, if not the whole of East Pakistan.

6. The Pakistan Army was stretched in penny-pockets all along the East Pakistan border wit India.

In view of these facts and circumstances, the concept that "the defence of East Pakistan lies in

West Pakistan" needed a serious fresh look by those responsible for the formulation of our defence

policy. The first important task was to hold out in East Pakistan as long as possible so as to enable

International community to intervene effectively. General Yahya and most of his commanders are of

the view that allocation of more forces to East Pakistan could not have produced any different

results, as East Pakistan could not be held in any case.

Area Distribution

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Fall of Dhaka Page 13 of 28The area was divided into three sectors namely: -

1. Eastern sector consisting of Narsinghdi- Ghorosal- Demra- Narayanganj.

2. Northern Sector comprised of area Kaliakair- Rajendrapur- Joydevpur- Tunji

3. Western Sector consisted of Damrai- Savar- Mirpur

The southern sector lying between Padma and Buri Ganga was left unprotected because natural

obstacles covered that area.

Sector No. Sector Name Responsibility

1 Jessore 9th division

2 Area- Rajshahi- Dinajpur-Rangpur- Bogra 16th division

3 Jamalpur-Mymensingh- Dacca 14th division

4 Sylhet- Moulvi Bazaar- Brahmanbaria 14th division

5 Comilla- Laksham- Chittagong Area 14th division

Sector No. Commandere Divisional Headquarter

1 Maj.-Gen. M.H.Ansari Jessore

2 Maj.-Gen. Nazar Hussain.Shah Bogra

3 Maj.-Gen. Jamshed Dacca

4 Maj.-Gen.Qazi Abdul Majid Khan Brahmanbaria

5 Maj.-Gen. M. Rahim Khan Chandpur

The Formulation of Defence Plans

The original mission allotted to the commander, Eastern wing Lt-Gen Niazi were to: -

1. Restore Government authority in East Pakistan.

2. Fight Insurgency.

3. Ensure that no chunk of territory is taken over by the rebels where they can form the government

of Bangladesh.

4. Seal the Borders.

5. Protect the loyal civilian population.

6. Keep the river and land communications open for commercial, administrative and military

purposes.

7. Defence East Pakistan against external aggression.

8. Keep regular troops in certain designated towns and defend them as fortresses or strong points.

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Fall of Dhaka Page 14 of 289. Keep the maximum number of enemy forces involved in East Pakistan and not allow them to be

shifted to face West Pakistan.

The Indian strategy was directed mainly towards capturing a sizable portion or chunk of territory

either in north Bengal or in the chittagong division to establish Bangladesh but the alternative

possibility of India resorting to a Knock out Blow to East Pakistan by the quick capture of Dacca was

not ruled out. The concept of fortresses was planned. A fortresses is a place well defended,

equipped and manned in strength to hold out all costs and, if necessary to withstand even a fairly

long siege, but this concept in not an accepted strategy in military doctrines. The main objective of

this strategy was to keep the enemy forces involved in as large portion as possible so that he may

not be able to extricate any force to radically alter the position on West Pakistan border. As many as

25 fortresses and 9 strong points were planned. They were mainly built-up areas. They were to be

stocked with ammunition and rations for 30 days. This concept can be successful if following

conditions are fulfilled: -

1. Both the local commander in charge of the fortress and the superior commander in charge of the

over all operations must have adequate reserves at their disposal. The first to harass the enemy by

passing the fortress or to give the support to other fortress and the second commander to come to

the relief of the fortress.

2. The fortress must be located so as to be able to mutually support each other.

3. The population in the area in fortress is located is not hostile.

Unfortunately none of these conditions were fulfilled in East Pakistan. In these circumstances I am

unable to agree that the plan was at all suited to serve the purpose it was intended to achieve. The

planning was hopelessly defective and there was no plan at all for the defence of Dhaka. The

responsibility of this failure lay not on eastern commander but also on GHQ that failed to direct the

commander.

The Evaluation of the Indian Threat

The high command in West Pakistan blundered in making any proper evaluation of the enemy

threat and so was Eastern command. The thinking of eastern command too was that India would

have avoided overt aggression until provided with an excuse for doing so by opening of second

front in West Pakistan. In such event main Battle would be fought in West and the eastern

command was never have been called to fight a major war. Eastern command was prepared for

defence against insurgency and not against the regular troops. Eastern command thought that the

deployment of troops on the forward positions would prevent the enemy to come to Dacca. Because

of this thinking no thought was given to utilize the troops that might come from forward divisions for

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Fall of Dhaka Page 15 of 28defence of Dacca.

What I think is that to ignore the existence of such intentions was not only shutting his eyes to reality

but is a very high degree of negligence and if there was any defectiveness in the eastern

commander planning then GHQ should have noticed and replaced him with some other more

competent person.

The State of Preparedness of the Armed Forces

Before the 25th March 1971, the Eastern theatre, although designated as the eastern command

and placed under a corps commander of the rank of Lt.General, was garrisoned with only one

division but hurriedly the strength was raised to 3 divisions. The position of troops before the 25th

March 1971 was as follows: -

1) Headquarter Eastern Command.

2) 14 division headquarters.

3) 4 brigade headquarters.

4) 12 infantry battalions.

5) One armoured regiment

6) One commando battalion of two companies.

7) 5 artillery regiments.

8) One light anti-aircraft regiment.

9) 2 mortar batteries.

10) One squadron PAF.

11) Services 80 to 90 percent East Pakistanis

Lt-Gen bitterly complained that till the end, neither formation had its complete organic artillery of its

own and how can one expect an ill equipped and ill-clothed army to win a war. So far as the air

force was concerned, it had only one squadron of 16, F-86 planes and only one operational airfield

with one low looking radar. So far as navy was concerned, it started out with four gunboats and a

destroyer.

To this inadequacies must be added the fact that the troops had been continuously involved in

counter insurgency operations for early 8 months not along borders where the Indians were

continuously shelling but also behind wee Mukti Bahini and Indian trained guerillas. The evidence

shows that the forces were showing signs of fatigue and also discipline was becoming difficult to

maintain.

In this state of affair, I fell that it would be no exaggeration to say that so far as the army was

concerned, it was, by no means, in a state of preparedness to fight an all-out war with Indian troops.

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Fall of Dhaka Page 16 of 28Indian Involvement Before 20th November

The Indian involvement was there right from the beginning, it appears that after the Indians

succeeded in utilizing the refugee problem, to turn international opinion against Pakistan, they got

down to the task of planning more effective involvement. They started the reorganization of

defected East Pakistan units and the training of guerilla force, called Mukti Bahini.

Evidence suggests that Indian activities were intensified from 9th October 1971, when they started

intervening directly. They started accordingly, with shelling and then on 27th October even

experimented with chemical warfare. By 3rd November 1971, the Indian intention of escalating the

war became clearly evident from the attacks o the border outposts by regular troops and rebels.

From the above the Indians intentions have been clearly established but the eastern command was

still persisted o the view that the Indians would not have started the war in east Pakistan if the

second front had not been opened in west Pakistan on the 3rd December, 1971.

Events in East Pakistan from 20th November to 3rd December 1971

General Niazi has persistly maintained that till 3rd December they were fighting an undeclared war.

They were coming in deep. Following are the events of this period: -

On the 14th of November 1971 Indian troops had begun to advance into the Chittagong area.

On the 19th November 1971 the eastern command made an alteration in their existing plans by

creating an adhoc division under Maj.-Gen. M. Rahim khan called the 30-A. The area from comilla,

downwards to Chittagong, including the Chittagong Hill tracts was made the area of responsibility of

this new division. The Indian regular troops advanced on Mohammadpur and Saldanadi BOPs and

overran them.

On the night 19/20 November 1971 the Indians launched their attack, through Boyra Salient, first in

the area of responsibility of Brig Hayat and captured the border outposts of shahzadpur, Maslia and

Charabari.

On 21 November the enemy invaded Atgram border outposts and Zakiganj in the sylhet sector at

about 3 am and both these positions were lost. On 21-22 November 1971 Pachagarh was attacked

and out-flanked and the Indians advanced towards Thakurgaon, which was contacted on 24th

November 1971.

From the 23rd to 27th November 1971 the enemy tried to push forward wherever a gap was noticed

or positions appeared to be lightly held. Amar Khana and BaraKhata had to be vacated by 23rd

November 1971. Jibanagar was attacked on 25th with the support of artillery and tank fire. The

company placed there, abandoned its position without offering any resistance. The attack on the

Dangpragur came on the 25th of November. New battalions arrived in Dacca between 25th and

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Fall of Dhaka Page 17 of 2827th November 1971.

In the area Feni, Laksham, Comilla however, the enemy after taking the Belonia salient moved only

cautiously and on 24th November, one Sikh and BSF battalion was reported to be concentrated

against Chaudagram. On 25th November, however the Indian shelled Feni town causing

considerable civil casualties.

On 29th November, the enemy heli landed approximately a battalion of troops north of Rangamati in

the Chittagong hill tracts. On the 30th November 1971 Uthali was taken and Darsana was

completely encircled. Large columns of enemy moved about three miles into Pakistan territory and

then a regiment launched an attack. By 2nd December 1971 Kot Chandpur was threatened. The

main attack on Chaudagram was launched on the night of 3/4th December 1971.

It is interesting that the eastern commander said the planning was to stop the enemy at the

approaches of Dacca but for that also he made no arrangements. No positions were prepared, no

troops allocated, no instructions given to anyone to man any particular position. It was only when

our enemy was well in and our own troops were falling back that desperate efforts began to be

made to get troops for this purpose. But then it was too late.

Allout War from 3rd December 1971

On 3rd December, 1971 at 5 Pm our air force made, what has been described as its pre-emptive

strike on the forward airbases of India located at Srinager, Pathankot, Adampur, Amritsar, Halwara,

Sirsa and Ambala and what unfortunate effects it produced in the western theatre, but now how far

it is true that if the second front was not opened, the war in West Pakistan would not have been

escalated.

The Indians started an all-out war on 20th November 1971 using their own air force where

necessary. The consequences of opening second front were: -

1. Indian stepped up their Air activity and bombed and rocketed the Dacca Airfield to make our own

air force ineffective.

2. The Indian eastern fleet, which was already positioned in the Bay of Bengal, blockaded the port

of Chittagong as also provided facility to the Indians to bomb Chittagong by their carrier based

planed from the sea side.

Therefore I think that eastern command has a misconception that if he second front had not been

opened it can control the enemy on the borders in spite of its own deficiencies. The threat to Dacca

materialized from 3rd and 4th December 1971 when the Mukti Bahini activities were suddenly

stepped up and the Indian air force commenced bombardment. Some of the events after 3rd

December 1971 were: -

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Fall of Dhaka Page 18 of 28• The Indian Army launched an attack on 4th December 1971 from the flank on Darsana through

which the railway line also passes and it was situated on a vital line of communication. The

defensive position prepared at Bakshiganj also fell on the evening of 4th December 1971. On the

3rd/4th December the main offensive of the army was launched in comilla-Noakhali area against

chaudagram. On the 4th/5th December the enemy launched a heavy attack on the southern side of

Akhaura and partially overran it. The Indians attacked Munshi Ganj and captured it.

• On the 6th December the enemy reached Mudafarganj and finding it vacant occupied the

defensive positions prepared by our own troops. On the 5th and 6th December the eastern

command thought that nothing can stop the enemy to enter Jessore so they decided to abandon

Jessore and go towards Khulna. Also the enemy started moving towards Comilla from the northeast

and on the 7th December encircled the garrison of comilla and also captured the southern tip of

Lalmai. The Afridi task force also fell back on Jhenida between 6th and 7th December 1971 and

started withdrawing under the heavy pressure from the enemy.

• On the 7th of December the enemy entered in Jessore and found it empty and also occupied

Jhenida and sent the brigade towards Maghura and Kushtia. But it suffered a lot. The enemy

attacked Haluaghat and our troops fell back to Phulpur Ferry on 7th December 1971. Similarly our

troops because of immense pressure fell back to Jamalpur on 7/8th December 1971. The Sylhet

fortress was itself attacked on the 7th December but our forces pushed back the attack.

• By the 8th or 9th the Brigade succeeded in organizing the troops and those who had exfilterated

from the defensive line. On the 8th the enemy after cutting the Bogra Rangpur road moved towards

Ghora Ghat. The enemy captured Palasbari and increased its pressures towards Bogra by 9th

December 1971. The troops were concentrated at Mymensingh, which was also developed as a

fortress but on 10th December the whole brigade was ordered to withdraw and take up defensive

positions on the Gorai Hillocks in the north west of Dacca. The position was so desperate that on

15th December they were again moved to Tungi.

The divisional headquarters was shifted from Bogra back to Natore on 11th December 1971. The

enemy forces that had captured Daudkandi, by 10th December 1971 landed a battalion in area east

of Sitalakhya opposite Demra. On the 11th December 1971 another battalion was Para-landed near

Tangail and also our troops fell back to Hemu and pull back to Sylhet. Also the second surrender of

the war took place on the 11th December 1971 in the Comilla-Laksham-Chittagong Area.

• On the 15th of December the enemy outflanked the 107 brigade's Khulan defences. Also the

enemy launched its troops to cross Madhumati but cease-fire was ordered. The orders for

surrendering came on 16th December 1971 and On the 17th December 1971 General Niazi himself

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Fall of Dhaka Page 19 of 28surrendered at a disgraceful ceremony held at the Dacca Race Course the same day.

• All these events show that there was not an organized and planned defence plans. The

misconception of the commander eastern command that India will not launch an all-out war in East

Pakistan proved a wrong judgment. Although there was shortage of resources but those available

were not utilized properly. It was a surprise that the major fortresses were abandoned without a

fight. There was no clear plan for the defence of Dacca.

Also I think that although the surrender in East Pakistan was due to the ill planning of eastern

command but it was the duty of the army general headquarters that if the commander eastern wing

was not working properly then they take steps to correct him.

The Role of the Navy in East Pakistan

The Province of East Pakistan was surrounded on three sides by India, but on one side was open to

the sea. Until June 1971 the highest naval officer posted in East Pakistan was a commodore. In

June 1971 however a naval headquarter was setup and Rear Admiral M.Sharif appointed to the

newly created post. For the smooth conduct of the operations the naval forces were divided into

three main sectors namely: -

1. An officer of commodore rank based at Chittagong and called commodore Chittagong was made

responsible for the eastern sector and was to meet the demands of 14th division and Chittagong

brigade.

2. The flag officer commanding East Pakistan with HQ at Dacca controlled the central sector directly

and catered for the requirements of the 16th division and 39 (adhoc) division.

3. Commanding officer PNS Taimur based at Khulna was responsible for eastern sector and was to

cater for the needs of the 9th division.

The mission assigned to navy was "to defend East Pakistan against any external and riverine naval

threats and support army's eastern command in their operations." The actual tasks assigned were

as follows: -

1. Patrolling of sea and riverine areas.

2. Assisting the army and providing naval gunfire support where needed.

3. Assisting the army to move troops and stores by sea or by river.

4. Ground defence of naval installations and vital port facilities.

5. Keeping the ports of Chittagong and Chulna functioning.

6. Ensuring safe movements for all riverine traffic throughout East Pakistan.

There was definitely the hand of navy in what happened in East Pakistan. From the evidence it is

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Fall of Dhaka Page 20 of 28clear that the navy prepared the denial plans of the important installations and other vital places. It

is also important that Admiral Sharif himself said that he had two denial plans.

Surrender in East Pakistan

In this section I will examine how the situation developed from the beginning of the war, i-e 21st

November 1971 till the surrender. It is from 6th December onwards that messages started coming in

from Dacca depicting an increasingly grim military situation. The Governor of East Pakistan, Dr.

Malik sent a number of messages to the president informing him about the situation. Following are

the messages signaled: -

On the 7th of December the governor said that food, supplies, fuel and oil are running short and

even Dacca will be without food after 7 days. Law and order situation is very tense and thousands

of people have lost their lives. He said that we need help in 48 hours otherwise if no help is

expected I advise you to negotiate so that people life's can be saved. If the help is coming then we

will fight.

In the signal of 9th December the Governor made some proposals, which would result in the

termination of hostilities on the eastern front. In reply to this signal president gave the Governor the

permission to take decisions that can save the civilians and forces from destruction on his behalf.

Clearly Governor will take the decisions and president will approve all his decisions. By this time Mr.

Bhutto had left for the United States although he arrived in New York on the 10th of December. The

evidence also suggest that before the arrival of Mr. Bhutto the Assistant Secretary General was

informed about this development.

On the 10th of December the governor informed the president that he is in pursuance of the

authority given to him. He also informed him that he has written a note to the Assistant secretary

General, Mr. Paul Mark Henry after your approval. In this note the Governor said "it was never the

intention of armed forces to involve them in all-out war in East Pakistan and the government of

Pakistan always wanted to decide the issue by political means. The armed forces have fought

heroically but in order to save the lives of people I make following proposals: -

• The issue must be solved through political settlement.

• The People of East Pakistan demand immediate vacation of their land by the Indian forces.

• The United Nations arrange for a peaceful transfer of Power and request immediate ceasefire,

repatriation of the armed forces of Pakistan to West Pakistan, repatriation of West Pakistan

personnel desirous of returning to West Pakistan, the safety of all persons settled in East Pakistan

since 1947 and guarantee of no reprisals against any person in East Pakistan.

He also made it clear that no surrender will be considered if this proposal is not accepted.

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Fall of Dhaka Page 21 of 28According to him General Niazi was consulted." It had an adverse effect on our position at the

United Nations. What was actually proposed was certainly not as bad and it would have occurred if

Dacca surrendered before the pass of the resolution.

On the same day the president send a message to the Governor in which he reacted adversely to

the proposal. He said that your proposal suggested the acceptance of an independent East

Pakistan but the situation requires a limited action by you. The president authorized the Governor to

issue another draft in which he make following proposals: immediate ceasefire, guarantee of the

safety of all persons settled in East Pakistan since 1947, guarantee of no reprisals against any

person in East Pakistan, safety of all armed forces personnel in East Pakistan and no question of

surrender of armed forces will arise. He also said that the question of transfer of power and political

solution would be tackled at national level. The General spoke of political question after the

ceasefire and withdrawal of all troops.

On 14th December 1971 General Niazi was urged to hold on a little longer with the hope that

ceasefire resolution would soon be passed by the United Nations. On the same date another

message was sent ordering the General to take necessary steps to stop the fighting. In the

meantime General Manek Shaw of Indian army in a broadcast message demanded surrender and

offered certain terms. Before the midnight between 15th and 16th General Hamid presumably with

the approval of General Yahya sent a message to General Niazi recommending him to accept the

terms offered by Indian General.

On the other side the permanent representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, Mr. Agha Shahi

and Mr. Bhutto believed that a few hours further resistance would have yielded favorable results.

Another aspect is that the on the 10th December 1971 feeling worried the various secretaries urged

president to invoke Chinese and American help but the president said that he had taken necessary

steps and Russia would ensure the end of hostilities if Pakistan agree to: -

1. An immediate ceasefire.

2. The withdrawal of troops.

3. Political talks with the Awami League.

In a broad cast made on 16th December 1971 General Yahya said that the defeat in eastern theatre

is by no means an end to the war. Also he said that this would not mean perpetuation of Martial law

in the west and that the plan for transfer of power would proceed unimpeded.

I now examine that whether General Niazi was justified in accepting the surrender. The evidence

indicates although he could not hold for a very longer period, nevertheless the things had not come

to a pass where he had no other alternative. The nearest Indian troops were at that time 16/17

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Fall of Dhaka Page 22 of 28miles away. There were about 24,000 troops available in Dacca. Among them roughly 16,500 were

combat troops and in the light of the statement of Gen Niazi that Dacca would fall over his own

dead body the question arises whether they could not have held longer. The question depends on

the assessment that for how long the General was ordered to hold. The delegation at the Security

Council said that few hours would have made the difference. I think that General Niazi could with

some effort although at the cost of some life had held out. After he formally surrendered and

ordered all troops to capitulate his orders were generally obeyed. Resistance continued in many

areas and some successful efforts were made to escape. Many officers declined to obey although

they were legally bound. In taking the action General Niazi was the judge of his own propriety.

On the other hand, General Yahya cannot claim that he did not have all the relevant information. He

was being urged from New York to ensure continued resistance for a little more time. If indeed

militarily the General was of the opinion that Dacca cannot be held he could have come to the

opinion a week earlier because for a commander of General Yahya's experience armed with full

knowledge, it was not difficult to anticipate. He refused to accept political settlement with the Awami

League when a country like Russia was offering peace on those terms. So what indeed made him

to even advise General Niazi to surrender? The inference that is virtually forced upon us is that

having seen that under no circumstances he could continue the power in East Pakistan, he was

making a last bid to keep himself in power in West Pakistan. Even on the 16th he was ready to

promulgate a constitution, the prominent feature of which was the perpetuation of his own power.

Therefore I think that General Yahya allowed the country to blunder into war from which no good

result could be expected and that General Niazi decision to surrender was not the results of orders,

which he felt, he must obey but of his own volition.

The AfterMath

Some of the immediate consequences, which ensued from Lt-Gen. Niazi's decision to surrender,

are explained below.

Surrender by Subordinate Formations

Whereas a public surrender ceremony was held at Dacca, and all the forces at that place

surrendered under the supervision of the headquarters, eastern command, the divisions and

brigades in the rest of the province had been ordered by Lt-Gen Niazi to contact their Indian

counterparts for deciding the procedure for surrender. Mercifully, public ceremonies were not held

at other places and the surrender by all the formations was completed on 16th and 17th December

1971, by mutual arrangements with the Indians. In some places commanders and staff officers

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Fall of Dhaka Page 23 of 28managed with the assistance of Indian troops to extricate the detached civil armed forces personnel

and loyal East Pakistanis. Personal weapons were allowed to be retained for the first day or two,

mainly because the Indians could not guarantee protection against attacks by Mukti Bahinis and

also because they had no arrangements for immediate collection of the weapons.

Violence by Mukti Bahini After Surrender

Despite the assurances given by the chief of staff of the Indian army and the terms of surrender the

killing of loyal East Pakistani population, West Pakistanis civilians and civil armed forces enrolled

from East Pakistan, by the Mukti Bahini started in East Pakistan soon after surrender. In Dacca

there were public executions of Razakars and others by Muktis of which documentary evidence

exists in the accounts dispatched by foreign correspondents. There is no doubt that these terrible

events could have been prevented if the Indian army was so minded.

Attitude and Conduct of The Indians in East Pakistan

Indian officers and men on their first contact with the Pakistan armed personnel showed regard and

respect but their attitude hardened within two days of the surrender after the Pakistanis had parted

with their personal weapons and Indians became abrupt and insulting. This attitude was a result of

specific instructions from Indian high command to humiliate Pakistani army in the eyes of East

Pakistanis and the Pakistani officers in the eyes of their own men. The loot was partly planned and

organized for the benefit of Indian industrialists who wanted to acquire jute machinery installed in

East Pakistan since 1947.

Removal of Personnel from East Pakiatan

The operations for removing the prisoners of war from East Pakistan to Indian camps started almost

immediately after surrender. Most of the POWs believed at the time that their stay in India would be

short but the Indian government had no such intention to permit early repatriation. The senior

commanders and staff officers were immediately separated from the troops and flown out of East

Pakistan. The senior officers were interrogated by the Indian intelligence staff several times to gain

knowledge about our organization, equipment and tactics as well as our future war potential. Most

of the officers seem to have talked openly. Our intelligence staff was specially subjected to grueling

examination and even tortured as a result of which the intelligence system of the Pakistan army

may be assumed to have been seriously compromised.

Treatment in India

The treatment meted out to our prisoners of war was typical of a bitterly hostile enemy whose

enmity with Pakistan did not terminate with the fall of East Pakistan and the cessation of hostilities

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Fall of Dhaka Page 24 of 28on the western front. The following measures were adopted by the Indians to damage the future of

what remained of Pakistan: -

1. Creating parochial feelings particularly between the Pathans and Punjabis who form the main

components of the armed forces.

2. Encouraging the inter-district feelings wherever existing.

3. Humiliating the officers as a class in the eyes of JCOs and men and encouraging the idea that

our armed forces were poorly led particularly at the higher command.

4. Inculcating doubt in the future viability of Pakistan.

5. Casting aspersions on the present political leadership of Pakistan and encouraging the idea that

NAP provided the best solution to the problems of the subcontinent.

6. Undermining the martial spirit of the Pakistani people and projecting the idea that the victorious

Hindu has proved that he is as good, if not better soldier than the Muslim.

7. Projecting India as a new super military power with which Pakistan cannot hope to compete

suggesting that it would be best for the latter to submit.

The Indians did their best in these designs but being not so well versed in the techniques of

subversion and due to the lack of proper organization and trained staff I feel they failed to achieve

their aim.

Lt-Gen. Niazi's Attempts to Inflene Evidence

The General officers were detained at Jabbalpur in Central India but in the final stage of their

detention most of the Brigadiers were also brought there from other camps. On the request from Lt-

Gen Niazi the barrier between the two portions of the camp was lifted. It is alleged that the former

commander eastern command tried to influence his subordinate commanders to adopt a uniform

version of the war in East Pakistan with a promise to cover his drawbacks and failings in the war.

They were advised not to be "too honest" in writing their accounts on arrival in Pakistan. Lt-Gen.

Niazi denied having made such attempts.

Repatriation

Most of the POWs were repatriated to Pakistan during the period of January to March 1974 after

spending more than two years in the Indian Camps. The Pakistan government, the armed forces,

television and press gave them a good reception and the honor, as they are a victorious force. Such

actions can have serious repercussions on the future of the nation in general and armed forced in

particular.

Quantification of Losses Suffered

With the surrender of our armed forces in East Pakistan the country stood dismembered and the

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Fall of Dhaka Page 25 of 28nation humiliated. The image of the Pakistan army as a brave and excellent fighting force stood

shattered. These losses cannot be assessed in material terms. It is fact that large quantities of

military hardware and precious stores and equipment fell to the Indians after the war. These

included aircraft, rivercraft, tanks, guns, signal equipment, vehicles, arms and ammunition as well

as fuels and supplies. Civilian installations like radio stations jetties, port installations, ferries and

ships partly damaged by enemy air action also fell into her hand. It has been estimated that the

stores and equipment, which fell to the enemy at the time of the surrender far, exceeded the

amount expended by the Pakistan armed forces during the war in East Pakistan.

Personnel Number

Army 54,154

Navy 1,381

Air force 833

Paramilitary including police 22,000

Civilian personnel 12,000

Total 90,368

Fact Sheet

In this there I have tried to show some facts throughout the history of Pakistan. The province of

Bengal had a greater population than all the other provinces of Pakistan combined, as the following

table shows:

Province Population in millions

1951 1961 1971

East Pakistan 41.9 50.8 70

West Pakistan 33.7 42.9 60

East Pakistan was the world's largest producer of raw jute (a fiber), which was Pakistan's main

foreign exchange earner. The foreign trade statistics in its first decade for Pakistan were as follows:

Foreign Trade Figures (millions of rupees)

5 Year Period East Pakistan West Pakistan

Exports Imports Exports Imports

1947-52 4582 2129 3786 4769

1952-57 3969 2159 3440 5105

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Fall of Dhaka Page 26 of 28

In financial year 1948-49, the allocation for provincial development expenditure was as the following

table indicates:

Province Amount Allocated (millions Rs)

East Pakistan 40

Punjab 50

Sind 25

NWFP 5

The Basic Principle Committee (BPC) of the National Constitutional Assembly published its report in

February 1950. It called for the reorganization of Pakistan's provinces into two units: West Pakistan

and East Pakistan. The legislature was to have two houses. In the upper house there would be

equal numbers of members from the two constituting units, while the Lower House would be elected

on the basis of population. Initially, it did not specify the number of seats in the houses. Later, the

proposed distribution of seats were as follows:

Province Upper House Lower House Total

East Pakistan 10 165 175

Punjab 10 75 85

NWFP 10 24 34

Sind 10 20 30

Baluchistan 10 16 26

Total 50 300 500

The upper house was to be indirectly elected. The governmental mechanism would be a

combination of presidential and parliamentary systems, with a substantial executive power and the

choice of selecting the Prime Minister being retained with the President. The following tables reveal

the distribution of civilian and military posts on the basis of nationalities.

Central Government Civil Service (1955)

Position East Pakistan West Pakistan

Secretary 0 19

Joint Secretary 3 38

Deputy Secretary 10 123

Assistant Secretary 38 510

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The following table provides a breakdown of the development expenditure of the two wings.

Development Outlay for Pakistan from 1947-48 to 1960-61

East Pakistan West Pakistan

In millions of Rupees

Government Investment 1720 4300

Government Loans 184 2240

Aid 76 1010

The center's development expenditure was concentrated on the further advancing of economic

infrastructure of West Pakistan. The table below demonstrates the increase in the disparity of Per

Capita Income between the two wings:

Years The Per Capita Income Distribution in Pakistan [In Rupees]

East Pakistan West Pakistan Difference

1959-60 269 355 32%

1964-65 285.5 419 46.7%

1968-69 291 473.4 62.6%

Economic Exploitation: 1948-1971

Plan West Pakistan East Pakistan Net Spending in terms of percentage of total expenditure

Rupees in crores

1950/51-54/55 1129 524 20

1955/56-59/60 1655 524 32

1960/61-64/65 3355 1404 42

1965/66-69/70 5195 2141 41

Total 12834 4300 34

From 1948-60 East Pakistan's export earnings had been 70%, but its share of import earnings was

only 25%.

• A sizable net transfer of resources had taken place from East to West Pakistan. The report states

that, if allowance is made for the under valuation of foreign exchange in terms of Pakistan's

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Fall of Dhaka Page 28 of 28domestic currency, the total transfer from East to West Pakistan over the period 1948/49-1968/69

was Rs 31,000,000,000 [1971 terms]. Using the then exchange rate of Rs 11.90 to the dollar, this

worked out to 2.6 thousand million dollars in 1971 terms.

SOME CONSEQUENCES

• In 1948 there were 11 textile mills in the East and only 9 in the West.

• In 1971 there were 26 in the East as opposed to 150 in the West.

• East Pakistan's economy transformed from a surplus one to a deficit one.

Conclusion

In the end of the report this is the summary of conclusions on the causes of surrender of East

Pakistan. I think that the defeat suffered by the armed forces of Pakistan was not merely the result

of military factors alone but had been brought about as the cumulative result of political,

international, moral and military factors.

1. The direct and devastating effects of political situation during the military regime itself were the

prolonged involvement of army in counter insurgency measures throughout the province and forces

deployment along the borders. Due to these factors the army was fighting a losing battle from the

very start.

2. The major role in the 1971 disaster had been that of the ground forces and the strategic concept

required revision in the light of the situation but the army high command did not carried out the in-

depth analysis.

3. The planning was hopelessly defective and there was no plan for some important areas like

Dacca.

4. There was no order to surrender but that in view of the desperate picture painted by the

commander eastern command the higher authorities only gave him permission to surrender.

5. The responsibility of these failures lies with the commander eastern command the GHQ cannot

escape its responsibility as the plan had been approved by it. It was also the responsibility of the

GHQ to correct the mistakes of the eastern command.

6. There was a lack of moral character and courage in the senior army commanders.

The surrender in East Pakistan has indeed been a tragic blow to the nation. By the act of surrender

the image of Pakistan army as an efficient and excellent fighting force stood shattered. The situation

that resulted in the movement for independence was also responsible i-e the economic exploitation

of East Pakistan in the hands of West. I can only hope that the nation has learnt the necessary

lessons from these tragic events.

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