dgutil

DesignGuide Utilities

September 2004

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Contents1 Transistor Bias Utility

Guide to Transistor Bias Utility Documentation ........................................................ 1-1Step-by-Step Example.............................................................................................. 1-2

Create a New Schematic.................................................................................... 1-2Open the DesignGuide Control Window............................................................. 1-2Design and Analyze a Resistive Bias Network................................................... 1-2

Accessing the Utility ................................................................................................. 1-6Control Window Access...................................................................................... 1-7SmartComponent Palette Access ...................................................................... 1-8

Design Flow.............................................................................................................. 1-8SmartComponent Setup..................................................................................... 1-8

SmartComponents ................................................................................................... 1-10Placing SmartComponents................................................................................. 1-10Copying SmartComponents ............................................................................... 1-11Editing SmartComponents ................................................................................. 1-12Deleting SmartComponents ............................................................................... 1-13

Design and Analysis ................................................................................................. 1-13Standalone SmartComponent Usage....................................................................... 1-14

Using an Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Project........................... 1-14Using an Existing SmartComponent in Any Project ........................................... 1-14

Resistive Networks ................................................................................................... 1-16Resistive Bias Network SmartComponents........................................................ 1-16BJT Networks ..................................................................................................... 1-18

Bias Point Selection.................................................................................................. 1-22Active Networks.................................................................................................. 1-23

Active Bias Network SmartComponents................................................................... 1-24Network Design .................................................................................................. 1-25Regulating Networks .......................................................................................... 1-26

Bias Point Selection.................................................................................................. 1-26

2 Smith Chart UtilityGuide to Smith Chart Documentation....................................................................... 2-1Step-by-Step Example.............................................................................................. 2-1

Create a New Schematic.................................................................................... 2-1Open the Smith Chart Control Window .............................................................. 2-1Amplifier Design Using the Smith Chart ............................................................. 2-2

Accessing the Smith Chart ....................................................................................... 2-10Control Window Access...................................................................................... 2-11SmartComponent Palette Access ...................................................................... 2-12Smith Chart Drawing Area.................................................................................. 2-13

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Smith Chart Drawing Operations.............................................................................. 2-14Smith Chart Options ........................................................................................... 2-14Components ....................................................................................................... 2-15Scattering, Noise and Other Parameters............................................................ 2-16Constant Circles ................................................................................................. 2-18Status Panel ....................................................................................................... 2-19Importing External Data ..................................................................................... 2-19

Smith Chart Network Area........................................................................................ 2-21Frequency Response ......................................................................................... 2-21

Network Schematic................................................................................................... 2-22

3 Impedance Matching UtilityGuide to Filter Documentation............................................................................ 3-2

Step-by-Step Example.............................................................................................. 3-2Create a New Schematic.................................................................................... 3-2Open the DesignGuide Control Window............................................................. 3-3Design and Analyze a Bandpass Matching Network.......................................... 3-3Analyze Sensitivities of the Bandpass Matching Network .................................. 3-5

Accessing the Utility ................................................................................................. 3-6Control Window Access...................................................................................... 3-8SmartComponent Palette Access ...................................................................... 3-9General Concepts............................................................................................... 3-9Design Flow........................................................................................................ 3-10Use of SmartComponents .................................................................................. 3-10Automated-Assistants......................................................................................... 3-11

How Do I?................................................................................................................. 3-12How Do I Topics........................................................................................................ 3-12How Do I Use SmartComponents? .......................................................................... 3-12

Place .................................................................................................................. 3-12Copy/Edit ............................................................................................................ 3-13Delete ................................................................................................................. 3-13Stand Alone Usage ............................................................................................ 3-13Specific SmartComponent Properties ................................................................ 3-13

SmartComponent Manipulation Answers ................................................................. 3-13How do I place a new SmartComponent into a design? .................................... 3-13How do I place an existing SmartComponent from the current project into a design?

3-14How do I place an existing SmartComponent from a different project into a design?3-14How do I copy a SmartComponent within a design?.......................................... 3-14How do I copy a SmartComponent from one design to another?....................... 3-14How do I copy a SmartComponent and make it a new SmartComponent, not just a new

instance?.......................................................................................................... 3-14

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How do I use a SmartComponent without the DesignGuide? ............................ 3-15How do I use a SmartComponent within the same project? .............................. 3-15How do I use a SmartComponent from another project? ................................... 3-15How do I get information on the properties of a specific SmartComponent? ..... 3-16

How Do I Design (Synthesize) SmartComponents?................................................. 3-16Design ................................................................................................................ 3-16

SmartComponent Design Answers .......................................................................... 3-16How do I find out about the Design Assistant?................................................... 3-16How do I design (synthesize) a SmartComponent? ........................................... 3-16How do I examine a synthesized design? .......................................................... 3-17How do I force the redesign of a SmartComponent? ......................................... 3-17How do I get information on the synthesis of a specific SmartComponent? ...... 3-17How do I find which SmartComponents can be synthesized with the Design Assistant?

3-17How Do I Simulate (Analyze) SmartComponents?................................................... 3-17

Simulation (Analysis) .......................................................................................... 3-17SmartComponent Simulation Answers..................................................................... 3-18

How do I find out about the Simulation Assistant? ............................................. 3-18How do I simulate (analyze) a SmartComponent?............................................. 3-18How do I change the frequency sweep of a simulation? .................................... 3-18How do I display the results of a simulation? ..................................................... 3-18How do I examine the simulation circuit? ........................................................... 3-19How do I perform a simulation manually? .......................................................... 3-19How do I get information on the simulation of a specific SmartComponent? ..... 3-19

How Do I Analyze SmartComponent Sensitivity?..................................................... 3-19SmartComponent Sensitivity Answers ............................................................... 3-20

How Do I Display Simulation (Analysis) Results?..................................................... 3-20Simulation Display Answers ............................................................................... 3-21How do I find out about the Display Assistant? .................................................. 3-21

SmartComponents ................................................................................................... 3-21SmartComponent Basics.......................................................................................... 3-22

Placing SmartComponents................................................................................. 3-22Copying SmartComponents ............................................................................... 3-23Editing SmartComponents ................................................................................. 3-24Deleting SmartComponents ............................................................................... 3-24

Design, Analysis, and Sensitivity.............................................................................. 3-25Standalone SmartComponent Usage....................................................................... 3-26Matching Assistant ................................................................................................... 3-27Matching Assistant Operation................................................................................... 3-29

Specifications ..................................................................................................... 3-29Terminations ....................................................................................................... 3-30Design ................................................................................................................ 3-31

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Simulation Assistant ................................................................................................. 3-33Simulation Assistant Operation ................................................................................ 3-34

Simulation Frequency Sweep............................................................................. 3-34Automatically Display Results............................................................................. 3-35Starting the Simulation ....................................................................................... 3-35Simulation Templates ......................................................................................... 3-35

Sensitivity Assistant.................................................................................................. 3-36Sensitivity Assistant Operation ................................................................................. 3-36

Simulation Frequency Sweep............................................................................. 3-37Sensitivity Sweep ............................................................................................... 3-37Automatically Display Results............................................................................. 3-38Starting the Simulation ....................................................................................... 3-38

Sensitivity Templates ................................................................................................ 3-38Display Assistant ...................................................................................................... 3-38Display Template Features ....................................................................................... 3-39

Basic Layout ....................................................................................................... 3-40Typical Area One Graph ..................................................................................... 3-40Typical Area Two Graphs.................................................................................... 3-41Typical Area Three Templates ............................................................................ 3-42

Display Assistant Operation...................................................................................... 3-43Opening a Display .............................................................................................. 3-43

Display Templates..................................................................................................... 3-43Transformation Assistant .......................................................................................... 3-44

Lumped to Distributed Element Transformations................................................ 3-44Transformation Assistant Operation.......................................................................... 3-45

Selecting a Transformation Type ........................................................................ 3-45Component Selection ......................................................................................... 3-47Transformation Buttons....................................................................................... 3-47Changing Component Type................................................................................ 3-47Transmission Line Types .................................................................................... 3-48

Additional Transformation Functions ........................................................................ 3-49Unit Element ....................................................................................................... 3-49Characteristic Impedance................................................................................... 3-49Add Transmission Lines...................................................................................... 3-49Microstrip Substrate ........................................................................................... 3-49

TLine to TLine Transforms (Kuroda Identities).......................................................... 3-50Microstrip Transforms ............................................................................................... 3-50SmartComponent Reference.................................................................................... 3-52SmartComponent List............................................................................................... 3-52

References ......................................................................................................... 3-75

4 Load Pull Measurement Data Import Utility

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Procedure to Import Load pull measured data ......................................................... 4-1

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Chapter 1: Transistor Bias UtilityThe Transistor Bias Utility QuickStart Guide provides an introduction to the contentand use of the Transistor Bias Utility. It contains:

• Section on using the Utility

• Step-by-step example

• General concepts

The Transistor Bias Utility provides SmartComponents and automated-assistants forthe design and simulation of common resistive and active transistor bias networks.The automated capabilities can determine the transistor DC parameters, design anappropriate network to achieve a given bias point, and simulate and display theachieved performance. All SmartComponents can be modified when selected. Yousimply select a SmartComponent and with little effort redesign or verify theirperformance.

The complexity of the Advanced Design System (ADS) is made easily accessiblethrough the automated capability. This allows a first-time or casual ADS user tobegin using the capability of ADS quickly, and experienced ADS users will be able toperform tasks faster than ever before. As an example, a resistive bias network for aGaAs FET can be designed and verified in a few minutes saving the designersubstantial time.

Guide to Transistor Bias Utility DocumentationThis chapter contains the following sections:

• “SmartComponents” on page 1-10, explains how to use SmartComponents.

• “Resistive Networks” on page 1-16, explains how to generate designs forResistive Bias Network SmartComponents.

• “Active Networks” on page 1-23, explains how to generate designs for ActiveBias Network SmartComponents.

Guide to Transistor Bias Utility Documentation 1-1

Transistor Bias Utility

Step-by-Step ExampleThis example will take you step-by-step through the design and analysis for aresistive bias network for a GaAs FET. After completing this example, you shouldhave a basic understanding of the Utility and be ready to begin using it.

Note This example is based on the assumption that you are familiar with the basicfeatures of Advanced Design System.

Create a New Schematic

A new schematic design is needed to contain the lowpass component for the followingexercises. Follow these simple steps to create a new design named Example:

1. Open a new Schematic window.

2. Select File > New from the Schematic window to create a design namedExample.

Open the DesignGuide Control Window

From the DesignGuide menu on the ADS Schematic window, select Bias ControlWindow from the appropriate DesignGuide cascade menu.

Design and Analyze a Resistive Bias Network

A resistive bias network can easily be designed using the default componentparameter settings. Follow these simple steps to perform this design.

1. Display the Transistor Bias Networks palette . For more information, refer to thesection, “SmartComponent Palette Access” on page 1-8.

2. Place a FET bias network component (FETBias). Click the FET Bias palettebutton, then click within the schematic window at the desired placementlocation.

1-2 Step-by-Step Example

3. Place a FET device and wire it to the FETBias component. From the Devices-GaAspalette, place a GaAsFET (GAASN) device and an Advanced Curtice 2 model(AdvCr2). Wire the gate, drain, and source of the device to the appropriateSmartComponent pins. The Vdd pin does not need to be connected at this time.

4. Edit the FETBias component parameters . Select the FETBias component byselecting it in the SmartComponent drop-down list box on the control window.Select the Resistive Networks tab. Set Vds (drain to source voltage) to 3V and Id

Step-by-Step Example 1-3


(drain current) to 1 mA on the control window Bias Settings edit boxes. Leaveall other parameters at default.

5. Design the FETBias component. On the Resistive Networks tab, click the Designbutton. This will start a simulation to determine the DC parameters of thedevice at the selected bias point. When the simulation has finished, a BiasNetwork Selection dialog box appears. Select one of the networks with themouse and press the OK button. Networks that appear in gray cannot bedesigned for the current parameter settings. A second simulation will then take


place and a display window will appear summarizing the DC performance of thedevice.

6. Close the FETBias analysis results window. Close the display window. Select File> Close Window from the menu.

7. Examine the FETBias design. Select the component FETBias and click the PushInto Hierarchy button on the schematic toolbar. After examining the design, popout of the SmartComponent by clicking the Pop Out of Hierarchy toolbar button.

8. Delete the FETBias SmartComponent. Select Tools > Delete SmartComponent fromthe DesignGuide control window menu.

Push Into Hierarchy

Pop Out of Hierarchy



Note This is different from the Delete button on the ADS schematic windowtoolbar.

Accessing the UtilityThe Transistor Bias Utility is accessed from a Schematic window within ADS. Firstyou must create or open a project. From the ADS main window, select File > NewProject or File > Open Project , as shown here. For this example, create a new projectcalled QuickStart.

To open a Schematic window, select Window > New Schematic or click the NewSchematic Window toolbar button.

A new Schematic window appears, as shown here. The DesignGuide features areaccessed using the menu, control window, and SmartComponent palettes. TheTransistor Bias Utility can be accessed from appropriate DesignGuide menus in themain DesignGuide menu.

File Menu

New Schematic Window

1-6 Accessing the Utility

Note Depending on how your ADS preferences are set, a Schematic window mayautomatically appear when you create or open a project.

Control Window Access

All Utility features are available from the Control Window that houses menus, atoolbar, and SmartComponent manipulation controls. The window can be placedanywhere on the screen. To access the Control Window, select the Bias ControlWindow sub-menu from the appropriate DesignGuide menu. The menus and toolbarbuttons perform the basic functions of design, delete, and display theSmartComponent palette. Full features are available from each of the tab pages onthe window. Explore each tab page by clicking on the tab at the top of each page.Explore the window menus as well to familiarize yourself with the basic Utilitycapabilities.

The control window is closed by selecting File > Exit DesignGuide from the controlwindow menubar. The window may also be closed using the window close feature ofthe operating system (a button marked with an x at the top of the window).

The pull down lists at the top of the control window are designed to help you navigatemultiple schematic windows and SmartComponents. The Current Schematicdrop-down list box allows you to select any of the currently opened schematic

Accessing the Utility 1-7


windows. This field is also updated any time Bias Control Window is selected fromthe Designguide menu. The SmartComponent drop-down list box allows you to selectany of the SmartComponents on the currently selected schematic window.

SmartComponent Palette Access

The SmartComponent palettes are displayed by using the right button group in thecontrol window toolbar or from the control window menu View menu. (They can alsobe chosen from the palette list box in the Schematic window toolbar.) The TransistorBias Networks palette contains all of the bias SmartComponents. A blue accent in theupper-left corner of a palette button indicates the component is a SmartComponent.

Design FlowThe use of the Utility follows a normal design procedure:

• Select a component needed for your design.

• Provide specifications.

• Design and analyze the component.

SmartComponent Setup

• For information on choosing and placing SmartComponents refer to “PlacingSmartComponents” on page 1-10.

1-8 Design Flow

• For information on editing the SmartComponent parameters (specifications)refer to “Editing SmartComponents” on page 1-12.

• The Bias Point Selection capability displays a schematic and display templatethat can assist in choosing an appropriate bias point. For more informationrefer to “Bias Point Selection” on page 1-22.

SmartComponent Design and Analysis

You can design and analyze the SmartComponent using the Design button.

Use of SmartComponents

SmartComponents are smart sub-network designs that can be placed into aschematic. The FET Bias Network Component is shown here.

The components are placed in the schematic by selecting the desiredSmartComponent from the palette and clicking at the point where you want themplaced in the schematic. The desired specifications of the SmartComponent areentered directly on the Resistive Networks or Active Networks tab on the controlwindow. They can also be modified by clicking on the SmartComponent parametersand changing them. Or a dialog box containing all parameters is available bydouble-clicking on the SmartComponent.

The SmartComponent design (schematic) can be viewed by pushing into theSmartComponent’s subnetwork. A SmartComponent subnetwork is empty until thedesign is generated.

Edit SmartComponentParameters Here

Design Flow 1-9


Hint Place a Resistive FET Bias Network SmartComponent into a schematic byclicking the FET Bias palette button and clicking within the Schematic window atthe desired placement location.

Automated Design and Analysis

Two tab pages are available in this Utility for design. They provide quick design andperformance analysis for SmartComponents. Explore each tab page by selecting theassociated tab on the control window. Following are descriptions of each AutomatedAssistant.

• Resistive Networks is used to design and simulate the performance of resistivebias networks for BJT and FET devices. For more information, refer to“Resistive Networks” on page 1-16.

• Active Networks is used to design and simulate the performance of active biasnetworks for BJT and FET devices. For more information, refer to “ActiveNetworks” on page 1-23.

SmartComponentsThis Utility provides a several SmartComponents representing resistive and activebias networks. SmartComponents are smart sub-network designs that can be placedinto a schematic and provide the container for specification parameters and aschematic representation of the design. The utility provides automated design andanalysis for these SmartComponents.

SmartComponents can be placed, copied, edited and deleted like other components inthe Advanced Design System. The basics of placement, copying, editing and deletingare described here.

Placing SmartComponents

The DesignGuide contains a SmartComponent palette (Transistor Bias Networks)that provides quick and easy access to the SmartComponents. A SmartComponent isplaced by:

1. Click on the desired component button in the SmartComponent palette.

1-10 SmartComponents

2. Click within the Schematic window at the location you want theSmartComponent placed.

3. You may change the orientation of the SmartComponent before placement byselecting from the Insert > Component > Component Orientation commands or byrepeatedly selecting Rotate by -90 from the schematic toolbar.

4. The place component mode will remain active until you choose End Commandfrom the schematic toolbar.

There are two methods to display the desired SmartComponent palette.

• Open the Bias Utility control window by selecting Bias Control Window from theappropriate DesignGuide submenu. Display the desired SmartComponentpalette by selecting the Component Palette button from the control windowtoolbar or by selecting View > Component Palette from the control window menu.

• Select the desired SmartComponent palette from the Component Palettedrop-down list box in the Schematic window toolbar (directly above the palette).

Note When a SmartComponent is initially placed, a temporary component is used toinitially place and specify the parameters for the SmartComponent. This componentdoes not contain a subnetwork design. After the utility has been used to design theSmartComponent, the temporary component is replaced with a permanentcomponent. The SmartComponent is renamed to DA_ComponentName_DesignNameand an autogenerated design is placed inside the SmartComponent’s subnetworkdesign file. Subsequently, if the SmartComponent parameters are edited, the utilitywill need to be used again to update the subnetwork design file.

Copying SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be copied within a design, to another design, or to anotherSchematic window.

Copying Within A Design

1. Click the SmartComponent to be copied.

2. Select Edit > Copy and then Edit > Paste from the schematic window.

3. Click where you want the copy placed.

SmartComponents 1-11


Copying Between Designs or Schematic Windows


2. Select Edit > Copy from the Schematic window.

3. Display the design or schematic window you want to copy the SmartComponentto.

4. Select Edit > Paste to copy the SmartComponent to the design.

5. Click where you want the component placed.

Note All copied SmartComponents will initially refer to the same SmartComponentdesign. When the Design Assistant is used to perform a design operation, it willtransform each copied SmartComponent into a unique SmartComponent design. Adesign operation is accomplished from the Utility Control Window.

Editing SmartComponents

A SmartComponent’s position, orientation, and parameters can be edited like anyother component in ADS.

Position and Orientation

A SmartComponent is moved by dragging it to any location in the Schematic window.It’s orientation is changed by following these steps.

1. Select Edit > Advanced Rotate/Mirror > Rotate from the Schematic window orselect Rotate Items from the toolbar.

2. Click on the desired SmartComponent.

3. Rotate the component.

4. The rotate mode will remain active until you select the End Command from thetoolbar.

Parameters

Parameters are changed by clicking on a SmartComponent parameter in theSchematic window and editing it or by double-clicking a component and editing the

1-12 SmartComponents

parameters in the component dialog box. Parameters may also be changed directlyfrom the DesignGuide control window.

Deleting SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be deleted from a design like other components, butcompletely removing a SmartComponent’s files requires the actions described here.

Delete From Current Design

A SmartComponent can be deleted from a design by selecting the component andpressing the Delete key, selecting Delete from the toolbar, or by selecting Edit > Deletefrom the schematic window. However, this does not remove the SmartComponentfiles from the project directory.

Delete From Current Project

To delete a SmartComponent and all associated files from your project, follow thesesteps.

1. From the DesignGuide control window or control toolbar, select the DeleteSmartComponent button.

2. Click on the SmartComponent you want deleted. This will delete theSmartComponent from the current design and remove all of its files from yourproject.

3. The SmartComponent delete mode will remain active until you select the EndCommand from the schematic toolbar.

Delete Manually Using File System

You may use your computer’s file system to delete a SmartComponent by deleting theappropriate files in the network subdirectory of a project. Delete files that start withDA_ or SA_, contain the SmartComponent title, and end with .ael, .atf, or .dsn.

Design and AnalysisThe Utility can design resistive and active bias networks. The following tab pages areavailable:

Design and Analysis 1-13


• Resistive Networks is used to design and simulate the performance of resistivebias networks for BJT and FET devices. For more information refer to“Resistive Networks” on page 1-16.

• Active Networks is used to design and simulate the performance of active biasnetworks for BJT and FET devices. For more information refer to “ActiveNetworks” on page 1-23.

Standalone SmartComponent UsageOnce SmartComponents are designed and tested, they can be used as standalonecomponents. The Bias Utility is not needed to use them in new designs unless youwish to modify or analyze them. When using the SmartComponent in a design,however, the power supply pins (Vdd, Vcc, Vp, Vm) must be connected to a DC voltagesource whose voltage level corresponds the the parameter setting.

Using an Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Project

1. Open the Component Library window by selecting Insert > Component >Component Library from the Schematic window or Display Component LibraryList from the toolbar.

2. Select the project name under All > Sub-networks in the Libraries list at the leftof the Component Library window. Available components will be listed in theComponents list at the right of the Component Library window.

3. Select the desired SmartComponent in the Components list.

4. Place the desired SmartComponent into your design by clicking in theSchematic window at the location you wish it placed.

5. The insert mode will remain active until you select End Command from thetoolbar.

Using an Existing SmartComponent in Any Project

A library of predesigned reusable SmartComponents can be easily created. This isdone by placing the reusable SmartComponents in a project. This project can beincluded in any project and its SmartComponents will be accessed using theComponent Library. Follow these steps.

1. Select File > Include/Remove Projects from the main ADS window.

1-14 Standalone SmartComponent Usage

2. Select the project that contains the desired SmartComponent from the FileBrowser at the left of the Include & Remove window.

3. Choose the Include button to include the project in the hierarchy.

4. Choose the OK button.


6. Select the included project name under All > Sub-networks in the Libraries listat the left of the Component Library window.

7. Available components will be listed in the Components list at the right of theComponent Library window.



The insert mode will remain active until you select End Command from the toolbar.

Standalone SmartComponent Usage 1-15


Resistive NetworksThe Resistive Networks tab is used to generate and update the design containedwithin a resistive bias network SmartComponent from the given specifications. Thistool is accessed using the Bias Utility control window. From the control window, fulldesign control is enabled from the Resistive Networks tab. Component designoperations can also be accomplished using the control window menu and toolbar. Anyparameter change made from the Resistive Networks tab is reflected on theSmartComponent in the schematic.

Resistive Bias Network SmartComponents

Resistive bias networks can be designed for NPN BJT, PNP BJT, NFET, or PFETdevices. Two different SmartComponents are available on the Utility palette asshown.

1-16 Resistive Networks

Before designing a network, the SmartComponent pins must be wired to thecorresponding pins of the device for which the bias network is to be designed. If thedevice also has a model associated with it, then this model must be placed on theschematic as well. If the device has pins that should be grounded, then thisgrounding must also be done before a design is attempted.

The SmartComponent supply pin (Vdd or Vcc) does not need to be connected at thistime. However, when the SmartComponent is used in a design, this supply pin willneed to be connected to a DC voltage source set at the appropriate supply voltagelevel.

BJT Devices FET Devices

Resistive Networks 1-17


The following is an example of an appropriate setup in preparation for design.

BJT Networks

Resistive bias networks for BJT devices have the following options:

Vcc - DC supply voltage value. This is the DC voltage that will be connected to thecollected side of the bias network.

Vce - Target bias point collector-to-emitter voltage.

Ic - Target bias point collector current.

Device Type - BJT device type. For NPN design, all voltages must be positive. ForPNP design, all voltages must be negative.

Include RF Chokes - If this option is set, the design will incorporate RF choke (DCFeed) elements to isolate the bias network from the RF signal.


Automatically Extract Device Parameters - The DC operation of the device near theoperating point is modeled as Ic = beta*Ib, where beta is a device parameter and Ibis the base current at the desired operating point. Furthermore, the device ischaracterized by a base-emitter voltage drop Vbe at the desired operating point. Ifthe option Automatically Extract Device Parameters is set, the utilitiy attempts toextract beta and Vbe parameters using a simulation. If the target bias point isinappropriate for the device, then this extraction may fail. Alternately, theparameters beta and Vbe can be manually specified.

Once parameters have been specified and the Design button has been pushed, theutility will start the design process. If requested, the device parameters will befirst extracted. If this extraction is successful, then a dialog will open allowingselection of the bias network topology. Any networks appearing in gray cannot bedesigned for the current bias parameters. If all networks are gray, then the biassettings must be altered.



For 3 or 4 resistor topologies, additional specifications must be provided:

Fraction of DC Power Consumed in Base Resistors - This parameter sets thecurrent through the base bias network when two resistors are used. Thespecification is made in terms of the fraction of the total resistive power dissipatedin the device that is due to the base resistors.

Ratio of Emitter to Supply Voltage - For specifying the emitter resistance, theemitter voltage (specified relative to the supply voltage Vcc) must be specified.

Once a suitable network topology has been selected (indicated by a box around thetopology), pressing the OK button will complete the design and simulation. Adisplay window will open showing the achieved performance of the network.

FET Networks

Resistive bias networks for FET devices have the following options:

Vdd - DC supply voltage value. This is the DC voltage that will be connected to thedrain side of the bias network.

Vds - Target bias point drain-to-source voltage.

Id - Target bias point drain current.

Device Type - FET device type. For NFET design, Vdd and Vds must be positive.For PFET design, Vdd and Vds must be negative.


Automatically Extract Device Parameters - The DC operation of the device near theoperating point is modeled as Id = K*(Vgs - Vt)^2, where K and Vt are deviceparameters and Vgs is the gate-to-source voltage at the desired operating point. Ifthe option Automatically Extract Device Parameters is set, the utilitiy attempts toextract these parameters using a simulation. If the target bias point isinappropriate for the device, then this extraction may fail. Alternately, either theparameters K and Vt or the bias point Vgs can be manually specified.

Once parameters have been specified and the Design button has been pushed, theutility will start the design process. If requested, the device parameters will befirst extracted. If this extraction is successful, then a dialog will open allowingselection of the bias network topology. Any networks appearing in gray cannot bedesigned for the current bias parameters. If all networks are gray, then the biassettings must be altered.


For 3 or 4 resistor topologies, additional specifications must be provided:

Fraction of DC Power Consumed in Gate Resistors - This parameter sets thecurrent through the gate bias network when two resistors are used. Thespecification is made in terms of the fraction of the total resistive power dissipatedin the device that is due to the gate resistors.

Ratio of Source to Supply Voltage - For specifying the source resistance, the sourcevoltage (specified relative to the supply voltage Vdd) must be specified.

Once a suitable network topology has been selected (indicated by a box around thetopology), pressing the OK button will complete the design and simulation. A displaywindow will open showing the achieved performance of the network.



Bias Point SelectionTypically, selection of the bias point is performed based upon specifications providedby device manufacturers. To assist in this selection process, simulation and displaytemplates are provided. These templates allow choosing the bias point based uponoptimal Class A operation for power amplifiers, or to achieve target gain or noisefigure specifications for small-signal amplifiers. The templates contain text on theschematic and display windows indicating the sequence of steps to follow to assessthe device performance.

Once a device bias point has been determined from these templates, the schematictemplate must be closed and the design containing the original SmartComponentmust be visible before the design can proceed.

1-22 Bias Point Selection

Active Networks

The Active Networks tab is used to generate and update the design contained withinan active bias network SmartComponent from the given specifications. This tool isaccessed using the Bias Utility control window. From the control window, full designcontrol is enabled from the Active Networks tab. Component design operations canalso be accomplished using the control window menu and toolbar. Any parameterchange made from the Active Networks tab is reflected on the SmartComponent in theschematic.

Bias Point Selection 1-23


Active Bias Network SmartComponentsActive bias networks can be designed for NPN BJT or NFET devices. Eight differentSmartComponents are available on the Utility palette as shown.

Active bias networks use operational amplifiers to create a network that can offer thespecified bias point independent of the device characteristics. The bias voltage andcurrent are set independently. A non-regulating (OpAmp based) design provides asimple network with low parts count. However, the performance can vary as afunction of the tolerances of the parts used to fabricate the network. The regulatingdesigns use a zener diode to provide a more tolerant design at the expense of a morecomplicated network.

Before designing a network, the SmartComponent pins must be wired to thecorresponding pins of the device for which the bias network is to be designed. If thedevice also has a model associated with it, then this model must be placed on theschematic as well. If the device has pins that should be grounded, then thisgrounding must also be done before a design is attempted. Since these bias networkscan be used only for grounded source FET or grounded emitter BJT devices, thesepins on the device must be grounded.

The SmartComponent supply pins (Vp and Vm) do not need to be connected at thistime. However, when the SmartComponent is used in a design, these supply pins willneed to be connected to DC voltage sources set at the appropriate supply voltagelevels.

For each type of network (non-regulating and regulating), the four SmartComponentsavailable can accommodate different numbers of devices (1 through 4 devices). Alldevices biased by a given SmartComponent must share the same bias voltage (Vce orVds), but can have independent bias currents.

Regulating Circuitsfor BJT/FET Devices

Non-regulating Circuitsfor BJT/FET Devices

1-24 Active Bias Network SmartComponents

The following is an example of an appropriate setup in preparation for design.

Network Design

Active bias networks for NPN BJT and NFET devices have the following options:

Positive Supply (Vp) - DC positive supply voltage value. This DC voltage will runthe operational amplifiers that are used to create the bias.

Negative Supply (Vm) - DC negative supply voltage value. This DC voltage willrun the operational amplifiers that are used to create the bias.

Device Voltage (VBias) - Target bias point collector-to-emitter or drain-to-sourcevoltage for all devices.

Device Current (I) - Target bias point collector or drain current. Each device canhave a unique bias current.


Active Bias Network SmartComponents 1-25


Once parameters have been specified and the Design button has been pushed, theutility will start the design process. A simulation will be performed once the design iscomplete, and a display window will open showing the achieved performance.

Regulating Networks

The Regulating Bias Networks (RegBias) use a zener diode to regulate the actual biasvoltage level achieved. This makes for a design that is more tolerant to variations incomponent values. Furthermore, these networks use RC networks such that thedrain voltage is applied before the gate voltage is applied. For many FET devices, thisdramatically reduces device failure due to damaged gate oxide.

For these networks, the zener diode voltage (Vzener) and maximum power rating ofthe resistors used in the network (Pmax) must be specified. These parameters cannotbe specified on the control window, and therefore must be specified directly on theSmartComponent on the schematic window or using the parameter dialog box thatappears by double-clicking on the SmartComponent.

Bias Point SelectionTypically, selection of the bias point is performed based upon specifications providedby device manufacturers. To assist in this selection process, simulation and displaytemplates are provided. These templates allow choosing the bias point based uponoptimal Class A operation for power amplifiers, or to achieve target gain or noisefigure specifications for small-signal amplifiers. The templates contain text on theschematic and display windows indicating the sequence of steps to follow to assessthe device performance.

To use this capability for Active Bias networks, the number of the device (1-4) as wellas the device type (BJT or FET) connected to the SmartComponent must be specified.Pressing the Open Selection Template button will then open the appropriateschematic and display templates.

Once a device bias point has been determined from these templates, the schematictemplate must be closed and the design containing the original SmartComponentmust be visible before the design can proceed.

1-26 Bias Point Selection

Chapter 2: Smith Chart UtilityThis DesignGuide Utility provides full smith chart capabilities, synthesis of matchingnetworks, allowing impedance matching and plotting of constantGain/Q/VSWR/Noise circles. This guide assumes you have installed the associatedDesignGuide with appropriate licensing codewords.

Guide to Smith Chart DocumentationThe chapters of this manual include the following:

• “Smith Chart Drawing Area” on page 2-13 explains how to manipulate theSmith Chart.

• “Smith Chart Network Area” on page 2-21 explains how to analyze networkdata.

Step-by-Step ExampleThis example will take you step-by-step through the design and analysis of a singlefrequency impedance matching network. After completing this example, you shouldhave a basic understanding of the Smith Chart and be ready to begin using it.


A new schematic design is needed to contain the smith chart component for thefollowing exercise. Follow these steps to create a new design namedSmithChartExample.


2. Select File > New from the Schematic window to create a design namedSmithChartExample.

Open the Smith Chart Control Window

From the DesignGuide menu on the ADS Schematic window, choose(Amplifier|Mixer|Oscillator DesignGuide) > Tools > Smith Chart Utiltiyor choose Filter DesignGuide > Smith Chart Control Window.

Guide to Smith Chart Documentation 2-1

Smith Chart Utility

Amplifier Design Using the Smith Chart

Load and source matching networks for amplifiers can easily be designed using theSmith Chart. Follow these simple steps to design the load matching network for thefollowing amplifier design problem:

Design a microwave transistor amplifier, operating at 3 GHz, to have anoperating power gain of 9 dB. The transistor S parameters are

S11 = .641 ∠ -171.3º

S12 = .057 ∠ 16.3º

S21 = 2.058 ∠ 28.5º

S22 = .572 ∠ -95.7º

1. Display the Smith Chart Palette . Select the palette button from the Smith Chartcontrol window toolbar.

2. Place a Smith Chart component. Return to the schematic window and click theSmith Chart palette button, then click within the schematic window at thedesired placement location.

3. Select the SmartComponent from the Smith Chart Control Window. Select theDA_SmithChartMatch1 component by selecting it in the SmartComponentdrop-down list box on the smith chart control window. This ensures all changesare referenced to this component.

4. Enter Device S Parameter Data. Select View > View S-Parameters... from theSmith Chart window menu. Enter the S parameters for this amplifier.

Show Schematic Palette


5. Display the 9 dB Operating Power Gain Circle. Select Circles > Bilateral > Gp fromthe Smith Chart control window menu to display the Operating Power Gaincircle and its corresponding control box. Either use the slider or text box tochoose a 9 dB circle.

6. Find Source and Load Points. For this example we will use a 50 Ohm load. Thesource will lie on the power gain circle. First, let us place the terminations onto


Smith Chart Utility

their correct locations in the smith chart using the Smith Chart DrawingPalette.

7. Place Source and Load Terminations. The source and load can be placed on thesmith chart by selecting the appropriate palette button. First, place the sourcetermination by clicking the palette button and then moving the crosshairs untilgamma on the status panel at the bottom of the smith chart showsapproximately .36 ∠ 47.5º. Also, highlight the source termination marker byclicking in the middle of the marker until a pink box highlights it. The loadtermination does not need to be moved since it defaults to 50 Ohm.

SourceTerminationConjugate

LoadTermination


8. Fix Termination Accuracy. If the source termination is not exactly .36 ∠ 47.5º itcan be changed by entering the correct values into the Gamma section of thestatus panel. Make sure the source marker is highlighted before changingvalues. Next, we will again use the status panel to conjugate the source marker(by negating the imaginary part of the impedance) for matching purposes. Thesmith chart should look like the following:


Smith Chart Utility

9. Draw the Matching Network. First, select the shorted stub component off of thedrawing palette and click the end point in the vicinity of Gamma .45 ∠ 117º.Next, select the length of line component off of the drawing palette and select itsend point to be near the source marker. Fine tuning can be done by draggingboth green node markers until the end is exactly on the source marker.


10. Analyze Frequency Response. Click the Reset button next to the FrequencyResponse plot to re-normalize the start and stop frequencies. For Type selectMag and for S-Parm select S11. Notice that at 3 GHz the magnitude of S11 iszero, implying a good matching network.


Smith Chart Utility

11. Preview Matching Network. Look at the network in the Schematic box. This ishow the network will look in ADS after building. Click on either the shortedstub or the length of line. Notice that parameter values can be changed here.The selected component can be deleted here as well.


12. Build ADS circuit. Build this circuit into the Smith Chart SmartComponent bypressing Build ADS Circuit at the bottom left of the control window. Pushinginto the schematic window component will reveal the following subnetwork.


Smith Chart Utility

Accessing the Smith ChartThe Smith Chart Utility is accessed from a Schematic window within ADS. First youmust create or open a project. From the ADS main window, select File > New Projector File > Open Project, as shown here. For this example, create a new project calledSmithChartExample.


A new Schematic window appears, as shown here. The DesignGuide features areaccessed using the menu, control window, and SmartComponent palettes. The SmithChart Utility can be accessed from appropriate DesignGuide cascade menus from themain DesignGuide menu.

File Menu


2-10 Accessing the Smith Chart

ically
Note Depending on how your ADS preferences are set, a Schematic window may automatappear when you create or open a project.

All Utility features are available from the Control Window that houses menus, atoolbar, and SmartComponent manipulation controls. The window can be placedanywhere on the screen. To access the Control Window, select the Smith ChartControl Window sub-menu from the appropriate DesignGuide menu. The menus andtoolbar buttons perform the basic functions of design, delete, and display theSmartComponent palette.

The control window is closed by selecting File > Exit Utility from the control windowmenubar. The window may also be closed using the window close feature of theoperating system (a button marked with an x at the top of the window).

The pull down lists at the top of the control window are designed to help you navigatemultiple schematic windows and SmartComponents. The Current Schematicdrop-down list box allows you to select any of the currently opened schematicwindows. This field is also updated any time Smith Chart Control Window is selectedfrom the Designguide menu. The SmartComponent drop-down list box allows you toselect any of the SmartComponents on the currently selected schematic window.

Accessing the Smith Chart 2-11

Smith Chart Utility


The SmartComponent palettes are displayed by using the right button group in thecontrol window toolbar or from the control window menu View menu. (They can alsobe chosen from the palette list box in the Schematic window toolbar.) The SmithChart - Matching Network palette contains the Smith Chart SmartComponent. Ablue accent in the upper-left corner of a palette button indicates the component is aSmartComponent.

2-12 Accessing the Smith Chart

Smith Chart Drawing Area

The Smith Chart Drawing Area is the central focus of the Smith Chart Utility. In thisarea the full functionality of a smith chart can be utilized. Gain, VSWR, Q, andStability circles can easily be plotted by simply entering S parameters and thenselecting the corresponding menu items. Noise circles can also be plotted in a similarmanner. Complex impedance matching is also done in this area by using any of theavailable passive elements.

Accessing the Smith Chart 2-13

Smith Chart Utility

Smith Chart Drawing OperationsTo view a SmartComponent, select the desired SmartComponent from theSmartComponent drop-down list box in the upper right corner of the control window.Changes made in the Smith Chart Utility will affect the selected SmartComponent.

Smith Chart Options

Circle Options

The smith chart itself consists of four sets of circles of constant value: resistance (R),reactance (X), conductance (G), and susceptance (B). Using the check boxes at the topof the dialog these circles can be toggled on and off. The actual circles plotted arecontrolled using the bottom portion of the dialog. Selecting Circles > Options... in theSmith Chart control window brings up the following dialog box.

2-14 Smith Chart Drawing Operations

Circle Colors

Circle colors can also be changed on the smith chart by selecting Circles > Colors... inthe Smith Chart control window.

Components

12 components are available to be used on the smith chart for matching purposes.

Source Conjugate Termination - Complex point to match to.

Load Conjugate - Complex point to match from.

Series Inductor - Snaps to constant resistance circles.

Shunt Inductor - Snaps to constant conductance circles.

Series Capacitor - Snaps to constant resistance circles.

Smith Chart Drawing Operations 2-15

Smith Chart Utility

Shunt Capacitor - Snaps to constant conductance circles.

Series Resistor - Snaps to constant reactance circles.

Shunt Resistor - Snaps to constant susceptance circles.

Transformer - Snaps to constant Q circles.

Line Length - Snaps to circles of constant reflection coefficient magnitude.

Shorted Stub - Snaps to constant conductance circles.

Open Stub - Snaps to constant conductance circles.

Scattering, Noise and Other Parameters

Scattering and noise parameters are an easy way to describe the characteristics ofamplifiers and other devices. For a given set of parameters constant parametercircles can be plotted on the smith chart. These constant parameter circles can beused to create matching networks that solve specific design problems.

The Scattering Parameters dialog box can be opened by selecting View > ViewS-Parameters... from the Smith Chart control window menu. S parameters areentered as a magnitude and phase (in degrees). Also, the frequency for these Sparameters is entered here.


The Noise Parameters dialog box can be opened by selecting View > ViewN-Parameters... from the Smith Chart control window menu. Four noiseparameters are entered here: magnitude and phase of the optimal sourcereflection coefficient (GammaOpt), the minimum noise figure (FMin), and thenormalized effective noise resistance (Rn)

.

The Other Parameters dialog box can be opened by selecting View > View OtherParameters... from the Smith Chart control window menu. Other parameters arevalues referring to the smith chart itself: frequency (the same as the S parametervalue), characteristic impedance, and toggle viewing normalized impedance valuesin the status panel.


Smith Chart Utility

ple, as that

Constant Circles

Constant circles are a locus of points on the smith chart that refer to a certain value. For examconstant gain circle would be all the points that refer to a certain gain. There are nine circlecan be plotted on the smith chart which can be divided into three dependencies.

No Dependence . Circles of constant Q can be manipulated on the smith chartwithout entering any external data.

Scattering Parameters Dependence. Stability (input and output), VSWR, unilateral(Gs and Gl), and bilateral (Ga and Gp) circles all require valid S parameter data.

Noise Parameters Dependence. Constant noise circles require a valid input of noisedata.

All circles are either manipulated by entering in a value or by using the slider. OKwill close the dialog box but keep the circle plotted while Hide/Show will toggledisplaying the circle on the smith chart.


Status Panel

The status panel shows point data for the smith chart. Here Z, Y, and Gamma(reflection coefficient) values can be viewed for any point clicked on the smith chart.More exact values can also be entered by selecting the appropriate edit text box andchanging it to a desired value. Only the current highlighted node will be affected bychanges made in the status panel.

Importing External Data

The Smith Chart Utility supports four data types for importation: ADS datasets,Touchstone, MDIF, and Citifiles. To open the data import dialog box select File >Import... from the control window. Imported data can be applied to either the load orsource points or can be used as S parameter data for the device.

Changemade to Z


Smith Chart Utility

• Select File Type - choose one of the four available file types to import.

• Frequency - after importing, the S parameters can be viewed by scrollingthrough their frequencies.

• OK - closes the dialog box after applying the selected S parameters.

• Import - brings up a file browse dialog box used to find a data file.

• Apply - applies the current S parameters. If on the Load or Source tab this willset the corresponding marker on the smith chart depending on whether S11 orS22 was chosen. If on the Device tab the shown S parameters will be used in thesmith chart.

• Cancel - closes the dialog box without applying the selected S parameters.


Smith Chart Network AreaThe Smith Chart Network Area is a quick and easy reference to both viewing yourmatching network and seeing its performance with the given data. A real-timefrequency response is plotted for each change made on the smith chart. A networkschematic is also shown allowing a preview before the SmartComponent is built.

Frequency Response

The frequency response area can plot both the magnitude and phase of the Sparameters of the drawn network from the smith chart.

• Start Freq - Starting frequency point (in Hz) from the left edge of the graph.Default is 0 Hz.

Smith Chart Network Area 2-21

Smith Chart Utility

• Stop Freq - Stopping frequency point (in Hz) at the right edge of the graph.Default is twice the smith chart frequency.

• Max - Maximum value at the top edge of the graph. Default is 1 for magnituderesponse and 180 for phase response.

• Min - Minimum value at bottom edge of the graph. Default is 0 for magnituderesponse and -180 for phase response.

• Type - Chooses plot type, either magnitude or phase.

• S-Parm - Chooses which S parameter to plot.

• Reset - Resets the graph to default values.

The view in the frequency response can be changed by either replacing the edgevalues with desired values or by clicking and dragging a box inside the graph area.

Network SchematicThe schematic area displays a preview of what the SmartComponent will look likeafter building the circuit. Also, in this area component parameter values may bechanged or components may be deleted from the network.

• Delete Selected Component - will delete the selected component from theschematic and remove its corresponding trail from the Smith Chart area.

• Zo - is the characteristic impedance of the microstip elements (shorted stub,series stub, and length of line).

• Value - is the components value (e.g., Ohm, Farads, etc.).

• Loss - displays either a components loss in dB/m or in Q.

2-22 Network Schematic

Any changes made to the schematic area will be reflected on the drawing in the smithchart area.

Add a Q of 5

Node moves

due to change

in Q

Network Schematic 2-23

Smith Chart Utility

2-24 Network Schematic

Chapter 3: Impedance Matching UtilityThe Matching QuickStart Guide provides an introduction to the content and use ofthe Impedance Matching Utility. It contains:

• Section on using the Utility

• Step-by-step example

• General concepts

The Impedance Matching Utility provides SmartComponents andautomated-assistants for the design, simulation, and performance analysis ofcommon passive impedance matching networks. Automated-assistants include aMatching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Sensitivity Assistant, Display Assistant,and Transformation Assistant, which allow you to quickly create and verify a design.All SmartComponents can be modified when selected. You simply select aSmartComponent and with little effort redesign or verify their performance.

The complexity of the Advanced Design System (ADS) is made easily accessiblethrough the automated-assistants. This allows a first-time or casual ADS user tobegin using the capability of ADS quickly, and experienced ADS users will be able toperform tasks faster than ever before. As an example, a singly terminated bandstopelliptical filter can be designed, verified and a layout generated in a few minutessaving the designer substantial time.

3-1

Impedance Matching Utility

Guide to Filter Documentation

This section includes the following topics:

• How Do I? answers many common questions relating to Utility use.

• SmartComponents explains how to use SmartComponents.

• Matching Assistant explains how to generate designs for MatchingSmartComponents.

• Simulation Assistant explains how to analyze SmartComponent designs.

• Sensitivity Assistant explains how to analyze SmartComponent sensitivity.

• Display Assistant explains how to display SmartComponent simulation results.

• Transformation Assistant explains how to Transform the SmartComponentlumped elements to equivalent distributed (transmission line) elements.

• SmartComponent Reference describes each SmartComponent in detail.

Step-by-Step ExampleThis example will take you step-by-step through the design, analysis and sensitivitysimulation of a bandpass lumped element matching network. After completing thisexample, you should have a basic understanding of the Utility and be ready to beginusing it.

Note This example is based on the assumption that you are familiar with the basicfeatures of Advanced Design System.


A new schematic design is needed to contain the lowpass component for the followingexercises. Follow these simple steps to create a new design named Example.


2. Create a new Schematic (design). Select File > New from the Schematic window tocreate a design named Example.


Open the DesignGuide Control Window

From the DesignGuide menu on the ADS Schematic window, select Matching ControlWindow from the appropriate DesignGuide cascade menu.

Design and Analyze a Bandpass Matching Network

A bandpass matching network can easily be designed using the default componentparameter settings. Follow these simple steps to perform this design.

1. Display the Matching DG - All Networks palette . (Refer to the section,“SmartComponent Palette Access” on page 3-9.)

2. Place a bandpass matching network component (LCBandpassMatch). Click theLCBandpassMatch palette button, then click within the schematic window atthe desired placement location.

3. Edit the LCBandpassMatch component parameters . Select the LCBandpassMatchcomponent by selecting it in the SmartComponent drop-down list box on thecontrol window.Select the Matching Assistant tab. Leave all parameters at thedefault values.

4. Design the LCBandpassMatch component. On the Matching Assistant tab, clickthe Design button. This will start the Matching Assistant and generate thedesign for the SmartComponent. When the Network Selection dialog boxappears, press the Select button.

5. Examine the LCBandpassMatch design. Select the component LCBandpassMatchand click the Push Into Hierarchy button on the schematic toolbar. Afterexamining the design, pop out of the SmartComponent by clicking the Pop Outof Hierarchy toolbar button.



6. Analyze (simulate) the network. Select the Simulation Assistant tab page on thecontrol window and click the Automatically Set Frequencies button followed bythe Simulate button. This will start the Simulation Assistant and analyze theSmartComponent. The analysis results are shown here.

7. Close the matching network analysis results window. Close the display window bychoosing File > Close Window from the menu.

Push Into Hierarchy

Pop Out of Hierarchy


Analyze Sensitivities of the Bandpass Matching Network

After the design process, the component sensitivities of the matching network caneasily be checked using the Sensitivity Assistant .

1. Find components to analyze. Select the Sensitivity Assistant tab page on thecontrol window. Choose the Add button that lies beneath the SelectedComponents list box. The matching network will be displayed in the schematicalong with the following dialog box.

2. Choose components . Choose the Add button three times to include all thecomponents in the network, then choose Done .

3. Analyze sensitivities of the network. In the Sensitivity Assistant tab, click theAutomatically Set Frequencies button followed by the Simulate button. This willstart the Sensitivity Assistant and analyze the selected network componentsensitivities of the SmartComponent. The sensitivity analysis results are shownhere.



4. Close the matching network sensitivity analysis results window. Close the displaywindow. Select File > Close Window from the menu.

5. Delete the LCBandpassMatch SmartComponent. Select Tools > DeleteSmartComponent from the DesignGuide control window menu.

Note This is different from the Delete button on the ADS schematic windowtoolbar.

Accessing the UtilityThe Impedance Matching Utility is accessed from a Schematic window within ADS.First you must create or open a project. From the ADS main window, select File >New Project or File > Open Project, as shown here. For this example, create a newproject called QuickStart.



A new Schematic window appears, as shown here. The DesignGuide features areaccessed using the menu, control window, and SmartComponent palettes. TheMatching Utility can be accessed from appropriate DesignGuide cascade menus fromthe main DesignGuide menu.

File Menu




Note Depending on how your ADS preferences are set, a Schematic window mayautomatically appear when you create or open a project.


All Utility features are available from the Control Window that houses menus, atoolbar, and SmartComponent manipulation controls. The window can be placedanywhere on the screen. To access the Control Window, select the Matching ControlWindow sub-menu from the appropriate DesignGuide menu. The menus and toolbarbuttons perform the basic functions for each automated Assistant (Design, Simulate,Sensitivity, Display, Transform) as well as display the SmartComponent palettes.Full features are available from each of the tab pages on the window. Explore eachAutomated Assistant tab page by clicking on the tab at the top of each page. Explorethe window menus as well to familiarize yourself with the basic Utility capabilities.

The control window is closed by selecting File > Exit DesignGuide from the controlwindow menubar. The window may also be closed using the window close feature ofthe operating system (a button marked with an x at the top of the window).


The pull down lists at the top of the control window are designed to help you navigatemultiple schematic windows and SmartComponents. The Current Schematicdrop-down list box allows you to select any of the currently opened schematicwindows. This field is also updated any time Matching Control Window is selectedfrom the Designguide menu. The SmartComponent drop-down list box allows you toselect any of the SmartComponents on the currently selected schematic window.


The SmartComponent palettes are displayed by using the right button group in thecontrol window toolbar or from the control window menu View menu. (They can alsobe chosen from the palette list box in the Schematic window toolbar.) The MatchingDG - All Networks palette contains all of the matching SmartComponents. A blueaccent in the upper-left corner of a palette button indicates the component is aSmartComponent.

General ConceptsThere are two important general concepts: SmartComponents and AutomatedAssistants. The Utility provides many passive SmartComponents representinglumped and distributed element matching networks. SmartComponents containspecification parameters and a schematic representation of the design.SmartComponents are manipulated using several Automated Assistants. Theseassistants allow you to easily design and simulate the SmartComponents.



Design Flow

The use of the Utility follows a normal design procedure:

1. Select a component needed for your design.

2. Provide specifications.

3. Design and analyze the component.

SmartComponent Setup

1. Choose and place a SmartComponent.

2. Edit the SmartComponent parameters (specifications).

SmartComponent Design and Analysis

3. Design the SmartComponent using the MatchingAssistant.

4. Analyze the SmartComponent’s performance using the SimulationAssistant.

5. Display the performance of the SmartComponent using the DisplayAssistant.

Use of SmartComponents

SmartComponents are smart sub-network designs that can be placed into aschematic. The LC Bandpass Matching Network Component is shown here.

The components are placed in the schematic by selecting the desiredSmartComponent from the palette and clicking at the point where you want themplaced in the schematic. The desired specifications of the SmartComponent are

Edit SmartComponentParameters Here


entered directly on the Matching Assistant on the control window. The can also bemodified by clicking on the SmartComponent parameters and changing them. Or adialog box containing all parameters is available by double-clicking on theSmartComponent.

The SmartComponent design (schematic) can be viewed by pushing into theSmartComponent’s subnetwork. A SmartComponent subnetwork is empty until theMatching Assistant is used to generate the design. For details on theSmartComponents, refer to “SmartComponent Reference” on page 3-52.

Hint Place a LC Bandpass Matching Network SmartComponent into a schematic byclicking the LCBandpassMatch palette button and clicking within the Schematicwindow at the desired placement location.

Automated-Assistants

Five Automated Assistants are available in this Utility. They provide quick design,simulation, sensitivity analysis, and performance display for SmartComponents.They also allow transformation of lumped elements to transmission line elements.Each Automated Assistant has a command page that is accessed from Utility controlwindow. Explore each command page by selecting the associated tab (or dialog) on thecontrol window. Following are descriptions of each Automated Assistant.

Matching Assistant is used to generate/update a SmartComponent’sschematic design for matching networks. After a SmartComponent is placedand the parameters are specified, you start the Design Assistant to design

the component. Subsequently, if the parameters of the SmartComponent aremodified, you start the Design Assistant again to update the design. For moreinformation, refer to “Matching Assistant” on page 3-27.

Simulation Assistant is used to automatically perform a simulation of aSmartComponent. After a SmartComponent has been designed using theDesign Assistant, you start the Simulation Assistant to automatically

analyze the component. You can easily examine the simulation results using theDisplay Assistant. For more information, refer to “Simulation Assistant” onpage 3-33.

Sensitivity Assistant is used to automatically perform a simulation of aSmartComponent’s network sensitivity. After a SmartComponent has beendesigned using the Design Assistant, you start the Sensitivity Assistant to



automatically analyze the component. You can easily examine the sensitivity resultsusing the Display Assistant. For more information, refer to “Sensitivity Assistant” onpage 3-36.

Display Assistant is used to automatically display the analysis resultsgenerated using the Simulation Assistant. By starting the DisplayAssistant, you can quickly display the results generated from the most

recent simulation of a SmartComponent. For more information, refer to “DisplayAssistant” on page 3-38.

Transformation Assistant provides an interactive environment fortransforming lumped elements to transmission lines within a designedSmartComponent. For more information, refer to Chapter 8, Transformation

Assistant.

How Do I?This chapter provides answers to many common questions about the Matching Utilty.Select a topic from the list below to see a more detailed list of questions. Thequestions are provided to help you quickly find the answer you need.

How Do I TopicsHow Do I Use SmartComponents?

How Do I Design (Synthesize) SmartComponents?

How Do I Simulate (Analyze) SmartComponents?

How Do I Analyze SmartComponent Sensitivity?

How Do I Display Simulation (Analysis) Results?

How Do I Use SmartComponents?

Place

How do I place a new SmartComponent into a design?

How do I place an existing SmartComponent from the current project into adesign?

3-12 How Do I?

How do I place an existing SmartComponent from a different project into a design?

Copy/Edit

How do I copy a SmartComponent within a design?

How do I copy a SmartComponent from one design to another?

How do I copy a SmartComponent from one Schematic Window to another?

How do I copy a SmartComponent and make it a new SmartComponent, not just anew instance?

How do I edit a SmartComponent?

Delete

How do I delete a SmartComponent from a design?

How do I completely delete a SmartComponent’s files from a project?

Stand Alone Usage

How do I use a SmartComponent without the DesignGuide?

How do I use a SmartComponent within the same project?

How do I use a SmartComponent from another project?

Specific SmartComponent Properties

How do I get information on the properties of a specific SmartComponent?

SmartComponent Manipulation Answers

How do I place a new SmartComponent into a design?

SmartComponents are placed into a design using the DesignGuide palettes. Refer tothe section “Placing SmartComponents” on page 3-22 for complete instructions.

SmartComponent Manipulation Answers 3-13


How do I place an existing SmartComponent from the currentproject into a design?

Any existing SmartComponent in the current project can be placed into a designusing the Component Library. Refer to the section “Using an ExistingSmartComponent Within the Same Project” on page 3-26 in for completeinstructions.

How do I place an existing SmartComponent from a differentproject into a design?

Any existing SmartComponent from another project can be placed into a design byincluding the project and using the Component Library to place it. Refer to thesection Using an Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Project for completeinstructions.

How do I copy a SmartComponent within a design?

To copy a SmartComponent within a design, refer to the section “Copying Within ADesign” on page 3-23 for complete instructions.

How do I copy a SmartComponent from one design to another?

To copy a SmartComponent from one design to another, refer to the section “CopyingBetween Designs or Schematic Windows” on page 3-23 for complete instructions.

How do I copy a SmartComponent from one Schematic Window toanother?

To copy a SmartComponent from one Schematic Window to another, refer to thesection “Copying Between Designs or Schematic Windows” on page 3-23 for completeinstructions.

How do I copy a SmartComponent and make it a newSmartComponent, not just a new instance?

All copied SmartComponents will initially refer to the same SmartComponentdesign. When the Design Assistant is used to perform a design or update operation, it

3-14 SmartComponent Manipulation Answers

will transform each copied SmartComponent into a unique SmartComponent design.A design operation is accomplished by launching the Design Assistant.

How do I edit a SmartComponent?

A SmartComponent’s position, orientation, and parameters can be edited like anyother component in ADS. Refer to the section “Editing SmartComponents” onpage 3-24 for complete instructions.

How do I delete a SmartComponent from a design?

A SmartComponent can be deleted from the current design just like any othercomponent in ADS. Refer to the “Delete From Current Design” on page 3-25 forcomplete instructions.

How do I completely delete a SmartComponent’s files from a project?

A SmartComponent and its associated files can be completely removed from a projectby using the DesignGuide Delete SmartComponent command/or by using thecomputer’s file system. Refer to the “Delete From Current Project” on page 3-25 forcomplete instructions.

How do I use a SmartComponent without the DesignGuide?

Once SmartComponents are designed and tested, they can be used as stand-alonecomponents. The Filter DesignGuide is not needed to use them in new designs unlessyou wish to modify or analyze them. Refer to “Standalone SmartComponent Usage”on page 3-26 for complete instructions.

How do I use a SmartComponent within the same project?

An existing SmartComponent present in the current project can be used in anydesign. Refer to “Using an Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Project” onpage 3-26 for complete instructions.

How do I use a SmartComponent from another project?

An existing SmartComponent from another project can be used in any design byincluding the project and using the Component Library to place it. Refer to “Using an

SmartComponent Manipulation Answers 3-15


Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Project” on page 3-26 for completeinstructions.

How do I get information on the properties of a specificSmartComponent?

Refer to “SmartComponent Reference” on page 3-52 for a description of eachcomponent. The properties and other information specific to a SmartComponent aregiven.

How Do I Design (Synthesize) SmartComponents?

Design

How do I find out about the Design Assistant?

How do I design (synthesize) a SmartComponent?

How do I examine a synthesized design?

How do I force the redesign of a SmartComponent?

How do I get information on the synthesis of a specific SmartComponent?

How do I find which SmartComponents can be synthesized with the DesignAssistant?

SmartComponent Design Answers

How do I find out about the Design Assistant?

Refer to “Matching Assistant” on page 3-27 for complete information on using theDesign Assistant.

How do I design (synthesize) a SmartComponent?

The Design Assistant is used to automatically synthesize a SmartComponent design.To accomplish this, you simply select the SmartComponent in the Schematic windowor on the control window and launch the Design Assistant. This will automatically

3-16 How Do I Design (Synthesize) SmartComponents?

design the SmartComponent. Refer to “Matching Assistant” on page 3-27 forcomplete information.

How do I examine a synthesized design?

The design for a SmartComponent is contained within a sub-network design file. Thedesign is easily examined by selecting the Push Into Hierarchy toolbar button orchoosing View > Push Into Hierarchy from the Schematic window. When you arefinished examining the design, choose the Pop Out Of Hierarchy toolbar button orselect View > Pop Out Of Hierarchy from the Schematic Window.

How do I force the redesign of a SmartComponent?

The SmartComponent will be re-designed by selecting the SmartComponent in theSchematic window or on the control window and launching the Design Assistant.This will force the component to be redesigned. Refer to “Matching AssistantOperation” on page 3-29 for complete information.

How do I get information on the synthesis of a specificSmartComponent?

Refer to “SmartComponent Reference” on page 3-52 for specific synthesis informationon each SmartComponent.

How do I find which SmartComponents can be synthesized withthe Design Assistant?

All SmartComponents included with the Matching Utility can be automaticallysynthesized using the Matching Assistant.

How Do I Simulate (Analyze) SmartComponents?

Simulation (Analysis)

How do I find out about the Simulation Assistant?

How do I simulate (analyze) a SmartComponent?

How Do I Simulate (Analyze) SmartComponents? 3-17


How do I change the frequency sweep of a simulation?

How do I display the results of a simulation?

How do I examine the simulation circuit?

How do I perform a simulation manually?

How do I get information on the simulation of a specific SmartComponent?

SmartComponent Simulation Answers

How do I find out about the Simulation Assistant?

Refer to “Simulation Assistant” on page 3-33 for complete information on using theSimulation Assistant.

How do I simulate (analyze) a SmartComponent?

The Simulation Assistant is used to automatically simulate a SmartComponentdesign. To accomplish this, you simply select the SmartComponent in the Schematicwindow or control window and launch the Simulation Assistant. This willautomatically simulate the SmartComponent. Refer to “Simulation Assistant” onpage 3-33 for complete information.

How do I change the frequency sweep of a simulation?

The frequency sweep for a simulation is set by specifying the start, stop, and step sizefound on the Simulation Assistant tab page on the control window. Refer to“Simulation Frequency Sweep” on page 3-34 for complete instructions.

How do I display the results of a simulation?

To have the results of a simulation automatically displayed when a simulation ends,enable the automatic display option. Refer to “Automatically Display Results” onpage 3-35 for complete instructions on enabling the automatic display option. TheDisplay Assistant can also be used to display the results of a simulation. Refer to“Display Assistant” on page 3-38 for complete instructions on displaying simulationresults.

3-18 SmartComponent Simulation Answers

How do I examine the simulation circuit?

With the SmartComponent selected in the DesignGuide control window, press CreateTemplate from the Simulation Assistant tab page. This will open the simulationcircuit used to analyze the SmartComponent. When you are finished examining thecircuit, press the Update from Template button on the Simulation Assistant tab page.Refer to “Simulation Templates” on page 3-35 for more information.

How do I perform a simulation manually?

With the SmartComponent selected in the DesignGuide control window, press CreateTemplate from the Simulation Assistant tab page. This will open the simulationcircuit used to analyze the SmartComponent. When you are finished examining thecircuit, press the Update from Template button on the Simulation Assistant tab page.Refer to “Simulation Templates” on page 3-35 for more information.

How do I get information on the simulation of a specificSmartComponent?

Refer to “SmartComponent Reference” on page 3-52 for specific simulationinformation on each SmartComponent.

How Do I Analyze SmartComponent Sensitivity?How do I find out about the Sensitivity Assistant?

How do I analyze SmartComponent sensitivity?

How do I examine the sensitivity analysis circuit?

How do I perform a sensitivity analysis manually?

How do I get information on sensitivity analysis related to a specificSmartComponent?

How Do I Analyze SmartComponent Sensitivity? 3-19


SmartComponent Sensitivity Answers

How do I find out about the Sensitivity Assistant?

Refer to “Sensitivity Assistant” on page 3-36 for complete information on using theSensitivity Assistant.

How do I analyze SmartComponent sensitivity?

The Sensitivity Assistant is used to automatically analyze the sensitivity of aSmartComponent design. To accomplish this, you simply select the SmartComponentin the DesignGuide control window, specify the components to analyze and frequencyrange, and launch the Sensitivity Assistant. Refer to “Sensitivity Assistant” onpage 3-36 for complete information.

How do I examine the sensitivity analysis circuit?

With the SmartComponent selected in the DesignGuide control window, press CreateTemplate from the Sensitivity Assistant tab page. This will open the circuit used forthe analysis. When you are finished examining the circuit, press the Update fromTemplate button on the Sensitivity Assistant tab page. Refer to the “SimulationTemplates” on page 3-35 for more information.

How do I perform a sensitivity analysis manually?

With the SmartComponent selected in the DesignGuide control window, press CreateTemplate from the Sensitivity Assistant tab page. This will open the circuit used tooptimize the SmartComponent. When you are finished examining the circuit, pressthe Update from Template button on the Sensitivity Assistant tab page. Refer to the“Simulation Templates” on page 3-35 for more information..

How do I get information on sensitivity analysis related to a specificSmartComponent?

Refer to “SmartComponent Reference” on page 3-52 for specific sensitivity analysisinformation on each SmartComponent.

How Do I Display Simulation (Analysis) Results?How do I find out about the Display Assistant?

3-20 How Do I Display Simulation (Analysis) Results?

How do I display the results from a SmartComponent simulation?

How do I open a specific display template manually?

How do I learn about the different components and features of theSmartComponent display templates?

Simulation Display Answers

How do I find out about the Display Assistant?

Refer to “Display Assistant” on page 3-38 for complete information on using theDisplay Assistant.

How do I display the results from a SmartComponent simulation?

The Display Assistant is used to automatically display the results of aSmartComponent simulation. To accomplish this, you simply select theSmartComponent in the Schematic window or DesignGuide control window andlaunch the Display Assistant. This will automatically display the simulation resultsfor the SmartComponent. Refer to “Display Assistant” on page 3-38 for completeinformation.

How do I open a specific display template manually?

From the Display Assistant tab page on the control window, select the desired displayfrom the Available Templates field and press the Open Display Template button. Thiswill open the selected display. Refer to “Display Templates” on page 3-43 for completeinformation.

How do I learn about the different components and features of theSmartComponent display templates?

Refer to “Display Template Features” on page 3-39 for information on the differentcomponents and features of the display templates.

SmartComponentsThis Utility provides a large number of passive SmartComponents representinglumped and distributed element matching networks. SmartComponents are smart

SmartComponents 3-21


sub-network designs that can be placed into a schematic and provide the containerfor specification parameters and a schematic representation of the design. Severalautomated-assistants allow you to easily design, simulate (analyze) and checksensitivities of the SmartComponents.

SmartComponent BasicsSmartComponents can be placed, copied, edited and deleted like other components inthe Advanced Design System. The basics of placement, copying, editing and deletingare described here.

Placing SmartComponents

The DesignGuide contains one SmartComponent palettes that provide quick andeasy access to the SmartComponents. A SmartComponent is placed by:

1. Click on the desired component button in the SmartComponent palette.

2. Click within the Schematic window at the location you want theSmartComponent placed.

3. You may change the orientation of the SmartComponent before placement byselecting from the Insert > Component > Component Orientation commands or byrepeatedly selecting Rotate by -90 from the schematic toolbar.

4. The place component mode will remain active until you choose End Commandfrom the schematic toolbar.

The available component palettes is as follows:

• All contains all of the SmartComponents.

There are two methods to display the desired SmartComponent palette.

• Open the Matching Utility control window by selecting Matching ControlWindow from the appropriate DesignGuide submenu. Display the desiredSmartComponent palette by selecting the Component Palette button from thecontrol window toolbar or by selecting View >Component Palette - All from thecontrol window menu.

• Select the desired SmartComponent palette from the Component Palettedrop-down list box in the Schematic window toolbar (directly above the palette).

3-22 SmartComponent Basics

Note When a SmartComponent is initially placed, a temporary component is used toinitially place and specify the parameters for the SmartComponent. This componentdoes not contain a subnetwork design. After the Design Assistant has been used todesign the SmartComponent, the temporary component is replaced with a permanentcomponent. The SmartComponent is renamed to DA_ComponentName_DesignNameand an autogenerated design is placed inside the SmartComponent’s subnetworkdesign file. Subsequently, if the SmartComponent parameters are edited, theMatching Assistant will need to be used again to update the subnetwork design file.

Copying SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be copied within a design, to another design, or to anotherSchematic window.

Copying Within A Design


2. Select Edit > Copy and then Edit > Paste from the schematic window.

3. Click where you want the copy placed.

Copying Between Designs or Schematic Windows


2. Select Edit > Copy from the Schematic window.

3. Display the design or schematic window you want to copy the SmartComponentto.

4. Select Edit > Paste to copy the SmartComponent to the design.

5. Click where you want the component placed.

SmartComponent Basics 3-23


Note All copied SmartComponents will initially refer to the same SmartComponentdesign. When the Design Assistant is used to perform a design operation, it willtransform each copied SmartComponent into a unique SmartComponent design. Adesign operation is accomplished by launching the Design Assistant from theDesignGuide Control Window.

Editing SmartComponents

A SmartComponent’s position, orientation, and parameters can be edited like anyother component in ADS.

Position and Orientation

A SmartComponent is moved by dragging it to any location in the Schematic window.It’s orientation is changed by following these steps.

1. Select Edit > Advanced Rotate/Mirror > Rotate from the Schematic window orselect Rotate Items from the toolbar.

2. Click on the desired SmartComponent.

3. Rotate the component.

4. The rotate mode will remain active until you select the End Command from thetoolbar.

Parameters

Parameters are changed by clicking on a SmartComponent parameter in theSchematic window and editing it or by double-clicking a component and editing theparameters in the component dialog box. Parameters may also be changed directlyfrom the DesignGuide control window.

Deleting SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be deleted from a design like other components, butcompletely removing a SmartComponent’s files requires the actions described here.

3-24 SmartComponent Basics

Delete From Current Design

A SmartComponent can be deleted from a design by selecting the component andpressing the Delete key, selecting Delete from the toolbar, or by selecting Edit > Deletefrom the schematic window. However, this does not remove the SmartComponentfiles from the project directory.

Delete From Current Project

To delete a SmartComponent and all associated files from your project, follow thesesteps.

1. From the DesignGuide control window or control toolbar, select the DeleteSmartComponent button.

2. Click on the SmartComponent you want deleted. This will delete theSmartComponent from the current design and remove all of its files from yourproject.

3. The SmartComponent delete mode will remain active until you select the EndCommand from the schematic toolbar.

Delete Manually Using File System

You may use your computer’s file system to delete a SmartComponent by deleting theappropriate files in the network subdirectory of a project. Delete files that start withDA_, SA_’ and SEN_, contain the SmartComponent title, and end with .ael or .dsn.

Design, Analysis, and SensitivityThe DesignGuide contains several automated assistants that provide automaticdesign, analysis, and sensitivity simulation for the SmartComponents. The followingassistants are available.

• Matching (Design) Assistant. The Matching Assistant is used to generate andupdate the design contained within a Matching SmartComponent. It invokes asynthesis engine that generates a design from the given specification. Refer to“Matching Assistant” on page 3-27 for more information.

• Simulation (Analysis) Assistant. The Simulation Assistant is used to analyze thedesign contained within a SmartComponent. It creates a simulation circuitcontaining the SmartComponent, then performs a simulation. It can also

Design, Analysis, and Sensitivity 3-25


automatically display the results of the simulation. Refer to “SimulationAssistant” on page 3-33 for more information.

• Sensitivity Assistant. The Sensitivity Assistant is used to analyze the sensitivityof the network contained within a SmartComponent. It creates a sensitivitycircuit containing the SmartComponent, then performs a simulation. Refer tothe chapter “Sensitivity Assistant” on page 3-36 for more information.

• Display Assistant . The Display Assistant is used to quickly display theperformance of a SmartComponent. Display templates have been created for allof the SmartComponents. The display templates are preconfigured displaysthat provide a comprehensive look at the component’s performance. Refer to“Display Assistant” on page 3-38 for more information.

Standalone SmartComponent UsageOnce SmartComponents are designed and tested, they can be used as standalonecomponents. The Matching Utility is not needed to use them in new designs unlessyou wish to modify or analyze them.

Using an Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Project


2. Select the project name under All > Sub-networks in the Libraries list at the leftof the Component Library window. Available components will be listed in theComponents list at the right of the Component Library window.




Using an Existing SmartComponent in Any Project

A library of predesigned reusable SmartComponents can be easily created. This isdone by placing the reusable SmartComponents in a project. This project can be

3-26 Standalone SmartComponent Usage

included in any project and its SmartComponents will be accessed using theComponent Library. Follow these steps.

1. Select File > Include/Remove Projects from the main ADS window.

2. Select the project that contains the desired SmartComponent from the FileBrowser at the left of the Include & Remove window.

3. Choose the Include button to include the project in the hierarchy.

4. Chose the OK button.


6. Select the included project name under All > Sub-networks in the Libraries listat the left of the Component Library window.

7. Available components will be listed in the Components list at the right of theComponent Library window.




Matching AssistantThe Matching Assistant is used to generate and update the design contained within amatching or transformer SmartComponent from the given specifications. This tool isaccessed using the Matching Utility control window. From the control window, fulldesign control is enabled from the Matching Assistant tab. Component designoperations can also be accomplished using the control window menu and toolbar. Anyparameter change made from the Matching Assistant tab is reflected on theSmartComponent in the schematic.

Matching Assistant 3-27


Matching Assistant SmartComponents

The Matching Assistant StartComponents include lumped and distributed elementmatching networks and transformers.

Matching Networks

Matching networks provide a match between two real or complex impedances over agiven frequency range. The response can be lowpass, highpass, or bandpass if allowedby the specified impedance termination.

Transformers

Transformers provide a bandpass match between two unequal but real impedancesusing a special transform of a lowpass filter network.

3-28 Matching Assistant

Matching Assistant OperationTo view a SmartComponent, select the desired SmartComponent from theSmartComponent drop-down list box in the upper right corner of the control window.The SmartComponent parameters are shown inside the Matching Assistant tab.

Specifications

• ResponseType - frequency response type for transformer networks. Choicesconsist of Maximally Flat , Chebyshev , Bessel-Thompson , and Gaussian . This fieldis used for transformers only.

• Synthesis Technique - Method used to synthesize the matching network -Analytic or Real Frequency . This field is used for matching networks only.

• Order - The network order. This is approximately the number of reactivecomponents for lowpass and highpass matching networks. For bandpassmatching networks or transformers, the number of reactive components isapproximately twice the order (exactly twice for transformers). For matchingnetworks, absorption of source and load reactances as well as componenttransformations can change this number.

• Gain Change - Gain Change in dB over the band for matching networks. Duringsynthesis, this parameter is ignored. However, if optimization is selected, thisslope will be applied as part of the optimization goal. If this parameter ispositive, the target gain will start at the left passband edge at -(Gain Change)and ramp linearly (in dB) to 0. If this parameter is negative, the target gain willstart at zero and ramp linearly (in dB) to -(Gain Change). This field is used formatching networks only.

• Fp1, Fp2 - Lower and upper passband edge frequencies in Hz. For lowpass andhighpass networks, Fp2 is not used and Fp1 is changed to Fp to represent thepassband edge frequency. Frequency values are changed by typing in newvalues in the edit box. Units are changed by selecting a new unit identifier fromthe pull-down list.

• Line Impedance, Stub Impedance - Characteristic impedance of transmissionlines and stubs used in distributed element matching networks.

• Max Reflection Coeff - Maximum reflection coefficient in the passband forcertain distributed element matching networks.

Matching Assistant Operation 3-29


• # Sections/Wavelength - Number of transmission line segments per wavelengthto use to approximate linear taper with transmission line elements.

Terminations

For transformers, the terminations must be resistive with unequal values. As such,only the R input boxes are available for transformers. For other matching networks,the terminations may be input using lumped components networks, compleximpedances, and S-parameter files. Usage for these different types is as follows:

• Lumped Component - Choices include Resistive, Series RL, Series RC, ParallelRL, Parallel RC, Series RLC, Parallel RLC, where R = resistance, L =inductance, and C = capacitance. Component values must be specified by theuser. For lowpass networks, choices are limited to Resistive, Series RL, andParallel RC. For highpass networks, choices are limited to Resistive, Series RC,and Parallel RL.

• Complex Impedance - The impedance is interpreted as frequency independent,expressed in the form 50 + j*10 ohms. This input approach is useful fornarrowband matching. If the true impedance varies significantly withfrequency, better accuracy will be obtained by specifying the termination usingan S-parameter file or manually entering the data using the spreadsheet dataentry capability.

• S-Parameter File - Any termination can be represented using a file inTouchstone format representing 1-port parameters (*.s1p). The impedance canbe specified in S, Z, or Y parameters. For details on data file format, refer to theCircuit Simulation manual under SnP format. For information on creatingthese files from simulation datasets, refer to the Using Instruments with ADSmanual under Reading from and Writing to files and Touchstone Data FormatReference. The Browse button launches a window to allow selection of the file.

• Manual Data Entry - The complex impedance - specified as an impedance,admittance, or reflection coefficient - can be entered as a function of frequencymanually. When the source or load impedance is specified as Manual Entry, theEdit button can be used to bring up a spreadsheet useful for enteringfrequency/impedance pairs.

3-30 Matching Assistant Operation

• Interpret as Input/Output Impedance - These options are available for threecases of source and load impedance; complex load, S-parameter file, andManual entry. Use the Interpret as Input Impedance option to specify that thevalue you’ve entered is of impedance looking into the device (S-parameters ofthe measured device, for instance). Use the Interpret as Output Impedanceoption to specify that the value you’ve entered is of impedance looking out fromthe device (impedance you want to see).

Design

The design is accomplished using one of the following methods.

• Push the Design button on the Matching Assistant tab.

• Push the Design button on the control window toolbar.

• Select Tools > Auto-Design from the control window menu.

Following completion of the synthesis, the following dialog box will appear.

Matching Assistant Operation 3-31


All networks can be viewed using the spin box. Each network will be viewed in twoplaces:

• Dialog Box - shows a text based description of the current network.

• Schematic Window - shows the actual drawing of the current network.

For each network, the maximum error in the passband response in dB (taken withrespect to the ideal flat or sloped response) appears in the dialog box. Pressing theSelect button causes the dialog box to close. The last viewed network will become thesubnetwork of the designed SmartComponent. Pressing the Optimize button willoptimize the components of the currently selected network in an effort to minimizethe Maximum Passband Error. Pressing the Optimize All button will sequentiallyoptimize all networks found. This optimization process can be cancelled from theprogress indicator that appears once the optimizer is launched. Once theoptimization is complete, the updated network appears in the dialog box and on theschematic.

Synthesis Technique

Two different techniques are available for lumped element matching networksynthesis: Analytic and Real Frequency.

• Analytic - For this method, a Chebyshev filter is chosen that can completely orpartially absorb the source and load reactances, as outlined in [1], [2]. If thespecified network order generates reactance topologies at the ends of thenetwork that can not absorb the specified terminations, the Utility will informthe user that the network order will be increased by one. This synthesis

3-32 Matching Assistant Operation

procedure is very robust, particularly for terminations that are modeled aslumped components. For terminations specified as a complex impedance, theUtility computes the simplest lumped component topology that produces thisimpedance at the band edge or center frequency. For terminations specifiedusing an S-parameter file or manual entry, the Utility generates a lumpedcomponent model for the specified impedance variation with frequency.

• Real Frequency - This method uses the basic Chebyshev matching capability ofthe Analytic approach. However, application of the technique is modified bybreaking the desired frequency band into small pieces, performing the matchover this small band by finding a lumped component fit to the impedance given,and retaining the networks with the lowest insertion loss. Typically,optimization will be required to obtain a good match over the entire passband.This approach is useful for loads that are not well modeled using the simplelumped component network choices given. For lowpass or highpass networkswith N = 2 or bandpass networks with N = 1, this method will synthesizenarrowband 2 component matching networks (L networks), retaining those thatprovide the best match over the band.

• Transformers - Lumped element transformers provide a pseudo-bandpassresponse to match two real and unequal resistances over a specified frequencyband. The approach uses a transformation of a lowpass filter network to achievethe match[1], [3]. The quality of the match in terms of passband error dependsupon the frequency bandwidth chosen as well as the ratio of the terminatingimpedances. Distributed element transformers create a true bandpass responseover the band.

• Narrow Band Matching Networks - The lumped two element (Ell) matchingnetwork as well as the single stub matching network provide exact matching ata single frequency.

Simulation AssistantThe Simulation Assistant is used to analyze the design contained within aSmartComponent. It creates a simulation circuit around the SmartComponent, thenautomatically performs the appropriate simulation. If desired it will alsoautomatically display the simulation results.

The Simulation Assistant is accessed using the Matching Utility control window,where full simulation control is enabled from the Simulation Assistant tab. Basicsimulation can also be accomplished using the control window menu and toolbar.

Simulation Assistant 3-33


Simulation Assistant OperationFor all simulation operations, the selected SmartComponent is designed if necessary,a simulation schematic is created, the simulation is performed, and the results aredisplayed. The simulation frequency sweep must be specified on the SimulationAssistant tab in the control window as described in detail below.

Simulation Frequency Sweep

The simulation frequency sweep is specified on the Matching Utility control window.While performing the simulation from the control window, select the SimulationAssistant tab and specify the sweep by entering the start frequency, stop frequency,and either frequency step size or number of points. The values entered are stored inthe selected SmartComponent (as displayed in the SmartComponent drop-down listbox) and will be recalled each time this SmartComponent is selected.

3-34 Simulation Assistant Operation

Automatically Display Results

If the Automatically Display Results box on the control window Simulation Assistanttab is selected, the simulation results will be automatically displayed uponcompletion of the analysis.

Starting the Simulation

The simulation may accomplished using one of the following methods.

• Choose the Simulate button on the Simulation Assistant tab.

• Choose the Simulate button on the control window toolbar.

• Select Tools > Auto-Simulate from the control window menu.

Simulation Templates

In some cases, it might be useful to manually simulate the SmartComponent. Togenerate a simulation schematic around the selected SmartComponent, press theCreate Template button on the control window Simulation Assistant tab. You canexamine or modify the simulation schematic, then manually start the simulation byselecting Simulate > Simulate from the Schematic window. When you are finished,pressing the Update from Template button on the Simulation Assistant tab willtransfer any changes you have made to the SmartComponent on the simulationschematic to the original SmartComponent and redesign if necessary. You may alsomanually close the simulation schematic using File > Close Design from theSchematic window menu, although this will result in loss of any changes you havemade to the SmartComponent.

Simulation Assistant Operation 3-35


Sensitivity AssistantThe Sensitivity Assistant is used to analyze the design sensitivities contained withina SmartComponent. It creates a sensitivity circuit containing the SmartComponent,then performs a simulation.

The Sensitivity Assistant is accessed using the Matching Utility control window,where full control is enabled from the Sensitivity Assistant tab. Basic sensitivityanalysis can also be accomplished using the control window menu and toolbar.

Sensitivity Assistant OperationThe selected SmartComponent must be designed before sensitivity analysis can beperformed. The analysis proceeds by sweeping the value of each selected componentand plotting the transient function vs. frequency for each component value. Theanalysis also directly computes the sensitivity vs. frequency, which is defined as

where X is the component value.

S XS21------------ d

dX-------- S21=

3-36 Sensitivity Assistant

Simulation Frequency Sweep

The simulation frequency sweep is specified on the Sensitivity Assistant tab of theMatching Utility control window. From this tab, specify the sweep by entering thestart frequency, stop frequency, and either frequency step size or number of points.The values entered are stored in the selected SmartComponent (as displayed in theSmartComponent drop-down list box) and will be recalled each time thisSmartComponent is selected. Selected Components

The Selected Components list-box displays all components that will be swept duringsimulation. Pushing Add will bring up the following dialog box to simplify the addingprocess. Pushing Done from the dialog box will return you to the Sensitivity Assistanttab.

Sensitivity Sweep

For each component (up to a maximum of 4) chosen for sensitivity analysis, a graphwill be displayed showing the transfer response versus frequency for several differentcomponent values. There are two parameters that are used to control the appearanceof these plots. # Graphs defines the number of curves (and therefore componentvalues) that will be shown on each plot. % Tolerance is the maximum percentage fromthe nominal component values that the simulation will sweep. (Ex. 1) The defaultvalues are 10 graphs at 10% tolerance. This means the simulator will sweep eachselected component from 10% below its value to 10% above its value with steps ofabout 2%.

Sensitivity Assistant Operation 3-37


Automatically Display Results

If the Automatically Display Results box on the control window Sensitivity Assistanttab is selected, the simulation results will be automatically displayed uponcompletion of the analysis.

Starting the Simulation

The sensitivity analysis may accomplished using one of the following methods.

• Push the Simulate button on the Sensitivity Assistant tab.

• Push the Simulate Sensitivity button on the control window toolbar.

• Select Tools > Auto-Simulate Sensitivity from the control window menu.

Sensitivity TemplatesIn some cases, it might be useful to manually simulate the SmartComponent. Togenerate a simulation schematic around the selected SmartComponent, press theCreate Template button on the control window Sensitivity Assistant tab. You canexamine or modify the simulation schematic, then manually start the simulation byselecting Simulate > Simulate from the Schematic window. When you are finished,pressing the Update from Template button on the Simulation Assistant tab willtransfer any changes you have made to the SmartComponent on the simulationschematic to the original SmartComponent and redesign if necessary. You may alsomanually close the simulation schematic using File > Close Design from theSchematic window menu.

Display AssistantThe Display Assistant is used to easily and quickly display the performance of aSmartComponent. The display templates are preconfigured display files that providea comprehensive look at the performance of the component. You can create your owndisplays or modify the included display templates using the built in features ofAdvanced Design System, but in most situations, the included display templates willprovide all the information you need.

The Display Assistant is accessed using the Matching Utility control window, wherefull display control is enabled from the Display Assistant tab. Basic display selectioncan also be accomplished using the control window menu and toolbar

3-38 Sensitivity Templates

.

Display Template FeaturesThe display templates opened by the Display Assistant have common features thatare discussed here. For features unique to the display templates of someSmartComponents, refer to the chapter “SmartComponent Reference” on page 3-52.

Display Template Features 3-39


Basic Layout

Following is the basic layout of the display templates. Area one of the displaytemplate contains a graph of the most important parameters of theSmartComponent. Area two contains several graphs that give a comprehensive lookat the component’s performance. Area three contains a table listing the basicspecifications and performance of the component.

Typical Area One Graph

A typical graph from area one of a display template follows. The frequency range ofthe graph is determined by the Simulation Assistant. As you change the frequencyrange in the Simulation Assistant, this graph will update appropriately. The markersA and B are used to define the frequency range of the graphs in area two. Thisfeature is used to zero in on the region of interest and obtain a comprehensive look atthe component’s performance. The marker M1 can be moved by dragging it with themouse. The performance at the frequency given by M1 will be shown in the table inarea three.

1.

2.

3.

3-40 Display Template Features

Typical Area Two Graphs

Typical graphs from area 2 of a display template are shown here. These graphsprovide a quick, comprehensive look at the component’s performance. Theirfrequency range is determined by the location of the “A” and “B” markers found in themain graph. Any markers such as M2 shown here can be moved by dragging themwith the mouse. Performance criteria at the marker frequency will be displayed inthe table in area three.

Display Template Features 3-41


Typical Area Three Templates

A typical table from area three of a display template is shown here. The white rowsshow the desired specifications and important performance criteria for thecomponent. The gray rows give the performance criteria at the user defined markerfrequencies. The box below the table provides explanatory information for the table.

3-42 Display Template Features

Display Assistant OperationBefore using the Display Assistant, a valid dataset from a simulation of the selectedSmartComponent must exist in the current project data directory. This simulationcan be conveniently accomplished using the Simulation Assistant. Refer to theSimulation Assistant chapter for details on this step.

Opening a Display

To display results from a SmartComponent simulation using the control window,select the desired SmartComponent from the SmartComponent drop-down list box inthe upper right corner of the control window. The display is then launched using oneof the following methods.

• Choose the Display button on the Display Assistant tab.

• Choose the Display button on the control window toolbar.

• Select Tools > Auto-Display from the control window menu.

If no valid dataset exists for the selected SmartComponent, the Display button on theDisplay Assistant tab will be insensitive. If the toolbar or menu are used to try todisplay the results, a message will appear indicating that no dataset exists.

Display TemplatesIn some cases, it might be useful to use one of the display templates provided with theDesignGuide for other applications. To gain access to one of these templates, selectthe desired template from the Available Templates field and press the OpenDisplayTemplate button on the control window Display Assistant tab. You can theninsert a dataset of your choice using the dataset pull-down list box in the upper leftcorner of the display. You may find that some parameters in the display template arenot defined in the selected dataset and may want to make appropriate modificationsto the display. These changes can be saved using the commands in the display Filemenu.

Display Assistant Operation 3-43


Transformation Assistant

Lumped to Distributed Element Transformations

Once a Matching Utility SmartComponent has been designed, the lumped inductorsand capacitors can be transformed into equivalent distributed element counterpartsusing the Transformation Assistant. This feature allows the designer to quickly andeasily transform an ideal filter topology to a form that is realizable for high-frequencysystems.

Accessing the Transformation Assistant

The Transformation Assistant dialog box is accessed from the Matching Utility controlwindow, either by selecting Tools > Distributed Element Transformations from thecontrol window menu or from the Toolbar

When the Transformation Assistant is opened, the SmartComponent subnetworkappears in the schematic window and a dialog box is opened. The transformations arethen accomplished using the controls on the dialog.

Launch Transformation Assis

3-44 Transformation Assistant

Transformation Assistant Operation

Selecting a Transformation Type

The type of transformation to be applied is selected from three options:

• LC to TLine - Transforms lumped inductors and capacitors to idealtransmission line elements. Eight different inductor/capacitor combinations canbe transformed to different series lines, series stubs, or shunt stubs.

• TLine to TLine (Kuroda) - Apply Kuroda’s identities in order to transform seriesshort circuited stubs to shunt stubs that are realizable in microstrip and otherprinted transmission line technologies.

• LC, TLine to Microstrip - Transforms lumped inductors and capacitors as wellas ideal transmission line structures to microstrip equivalent components.

Transformation Assistant Operation 3-45


Application of this transformation requires a valide license for the PassiveCircuit DesignGuide.

Once a transform has been selected, the graphical area displays the components thatcan be transformed using the current selection. Black components representelements included in the original circuit available for transformation, while graycomponents represent elements not included in the original circuit. From thisgraphical area, use the left mouse button to select one of the available componenttypes. The graphical area will change to reveal the different distributed elementequivalents available for substitution. The example below shows the transformationsavailable when a series inductor circuit has been selected.

From this point, the type of equivalent network can be selected using the left mousebutton from the available structures at the right of the graphics area. A box

3-46 Transformation Assistant Operation

highlights the currently selected structure. Text at the bottom of the window changesas different selections are made, providing some help concerning the particulartransform selected.

Component Selection

Once the type of circuit component to be transformed is selected, the actual circuitelements to apply the transform to can be selected using the Component Selectiontools. As the left and right arrows within this area are pushed, valid componentswithin the original circuit will be highlighted, and their instance names (i.e., L1, C4)will appear in the text box on the Transformation Assistant dialog. The three buttonsare used to select which specific components should be subject to the currenttransformation:

• Add - Add the currently selected component(s) to the transformation list.

• Add All - Add all circuit components of the appropriate type to thetransformation list.

• Cut - Remove the currently selected (highlighted) item in the transformation listfrom the list.

Transformation Buttons

The buttons across the bottom of the dialog box are used to accomplish thetransformation on the selected components.

• Transform - Apply the selected transform to the component in thetransformation list.

• Undo - Undo the last performed transform. This button can be used repeatedlyto undo all previous transformations.

• OK - Accept the current transformed circuit and close the dialog box. Once thetransformed circuit has been accepted, transformations cannot be undone.

• Cancel - Close the dialog box and revert to the original, untransformed circuit.

Changing Component Type

Once all transformations have been made on a specific component type (such asseries inductor), performing a left mouse click on the red return arrow in the upperleft hand corner of the graphic area (or performing a right mouse click anywhere on

Transformation Assistant Operation 3-47


the graphic area) can be used to return to the main component selection page.Another component type can then be selected, and the transformation steps can berepeated for this new selection.

Transmission Line Types

There are five basic transmission line elements that can be produced using theTransformation Assistant . These are identified as follows:

Series Transmission Line

Series Short Circuit Stub

Series Open Circuit Stub

Parallel Short Circuit Stub

Parallel Short Circuit Stub

3-48 Transformation Assistant Operation

Additional Transformation Functions

Unit Element

For certain transformations, either the electrical length or characteristic impedanceof the resulting transmission line must be specified by the user. If the Unit Elementbox is checked, the resulting transmission line will have an electrical length of 45degrees and the characteristic impedance will be computed appropriately. If the UnitElement box is unchecked, then the Characteristic Impedance (Z0) box will becomeactive and the computation will use this characteristic impedance to compute theappropriate length.

Characteristic Impedance

The Characteristic Impedance (Z0) box is used to specify the desired transmissionline characteristic impedance for certain transformations. In cases where either theelectrical length or the characteristic impedance can be specified, this box works inconjunction with the Unit Element box as discussed above. In certain other cases,this Characteristic Impedance (Z0) box is used alone. For example, when adding linesto the front or end of a network as part of Kuroda’s identities, the characteristicimpedance of the transformation can be specified using this box.

Add Transmission Lines

As part of the TLine to TLine transformation, unit element (45 degree electricallength) transmission lines can be added to the front or end of the network. Thecharacteristic impedance of these lines is specified using the CharacteristicImpedance (Z0) box. Such lines can be added as needed during the transformationprocess. Addition of these lines will change the phase response and, if thecharacteristic impedance is not equal to the network terminal impedance, themagnitude response of the network.

Microstrip Substrate

When performing LC, TLine to MLine transformations, the microstrip substratethickness (h) and relative permittivity (Er) must be specified. All microstrip elementswithin a design must share the same substrate parameters. The substrate

Additional Transformation Functions 3-49


parameters used in the final design will be the values that appear in the boxes afterthe final transformation step.

TLine to TLine Transforms (Kuroda Identities)The TLine to TLine transforms are typically used to transform series short circuitedstubs to parallel open circuited stubs in preparation for implementation in planartransmission line technologies. These operations, however, only work on UnitElement lines with electrical lengths of 45 degrees. Therefore, when performinglumped to ideal distributed transformations, it is necessary to perform substitutionsthat conform to this Unit Element specification. Preferred stubs (highlighted in blueon the graphical area) as well as series transmission lines (transformed with the UnitElement box checked) will be able to be transformed in this way. When addingtransmission line elements before or after the network, the electrical length will be45 degrees and only the characteristic impedance must be specified.

Microstrip TransformsThis set of transforms is only available if a valid license for the Passive CircuitDesignGuide exists.

The LC, TLine to MLine transformations form a somewhat unique class of operations.This set of transformations takes lumped inductor/capacitor combinations as well asideal series transmission lines and shunt transmission line stubs (obtained from theLC to TLine transformations), and converts them to microstrip. Note that seriesstubs cannot be used in this transformation since they cannot be realized inmicrostrip.

3-50 TLine to TLine Transforms (Kuroda Identities)

In addition to the standard transmission line topologies, certain lumped elements canbe replaced with SmartComponents from the Passive Circuit DesignGuide. Theavailable SmartComponents are as follows:

When making such substitutions, the design capabilities of the Passive CircuitDesignGuide are used to realize the topologies. In this case, however, the designprocedure is approximate, and some tuning of the elements may be required beforethe substituted device will offer the correct performance. In such cases, followingcompletion of the transformation, push into the SmartComponent on the schematicwindow and open the Passive Circuit DesignGuide control window. The Simulationand Optimization Assistants in the Passive Circuit DesignGuide SmartComponentcan then be used to quickly and efficiently tune the performance of each individualelement.

Interdigital Capacitor (can be in series or parallel)

Series Microstrip Thin Film Capacitor

Rectangular Spiral Inductor (can be in series or paral

Spiral Inductor (can be in series or parallel)

Parallel Radial Stub

Parallel Butterfly Radial Stub

Microstrip Transforms 3-51


SmartComponent Reference

SmartComponent List

Matching Networks

LCLowpassMatch (Lowpass Match)

LCHighpassMatch (Highpass Match)

LCBandpassMatch (Bandpass Match)

LCBandpassTransformer (Bandpass Transformer)


SingleStubMatch (Single-Stub Match)

QuarterWaveMatch (Quarter Wave Match)

TaperedLineMatch (Tapered Line Match)

3-52 SmartComponent Reference


Symbol

Summary

A lowpass matching network provides a lowpass frequency response between theinput (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations can bespecified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequency independentcomplex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file. Analytic and RealFrequency synthesis methods are both possible. The network order (N) isapproximate due to potential component absorption.

Parameters

Fp = frequency at passband edge, in hertz

SynthesisType = synthesis procedure, Analytic or Real Frequency

GainChange = linear gain change over passband (may be negative), in dB

N = network order

SourceType = type of source impedance

Rg = source resistance, in ohms

Lg = source inductance, in henries

Cg = source capacitance, in farads

Zg = source impedance, in ohms

SourceFile = source S-parameter file name

LoadType = type of load impedance

RL = load resistance, in ohms

LL = load inductance, in henries

CL = load capacitance, in farads

ZL = load impedance, in ohms

SmartComponent List 3-53


LoadFile = load S-parameter file name

Palette

Filter DG - All Networks

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Sensitivity Assistant, Display Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to “Matching Assistant” on page 3-27. Whenrepresenting the source and/or load using lumped components only lowpass typenetworks are allowed. Arbitrary terminations may be implemented usingS-parameter files. However, if the specified termination impedance is not of lowpassform, the resulting matching network response will approximate a lowpass form butwill typically roll off at the low end of the band.

Simulation Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to “Simulation Assistant” on page 3-33.

Sensitivity Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to “Sensitivity Assistant” on page 3-36.

Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to “Display Assistant” on page 3-38.

Example

A lowpass matching network (N = 3) was designed for 1 GHz with a resistive sourcetermination (Rg = 50 Ohms) and a Series RL load termination (RL = 50 Ohms, LL = 1nH). The match is realized using two reactive components, since the load inductanceis absorbed by the designed network.

3-54 SmartComponent List



LCHighpassMatch (Highpass Match)

Symbol

Summary

A highpass matching network provides a highpass frequency response between theinput (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations can bespecified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequency independentcomplex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file. Analytic and RealFrequency synthesis methods are both possible. The network order (N) isapproximate due to potential component absorption.

Parameters

Fp = frequency at passband edge, in hertz



N = network order














Palette





For general information, refer to “Matching Assistant” on page 3-27. Whenrepresenting the source and/or load using lumped components, only lowpass typenetworks are allowed. Arbitrary terminations may be implemented usingS-parameter files. However, if the specified termination impedance is not of lowpassform, the resulting matching network response will approximate a lowpass form butwill typically roll off at the low end of the band.









Example

A highpass matching network (N = 4) was designed for 1 GHz with a Parallel RLsource termination (Rg = 20 Ohms, Lg = 8 nH) and a Series RC load termination (RL= 50 Ohms, CL = 1 pF). The match is realized using three reactive components, sincethe load capacitance is absorbed by the designed network.


LCBandpassMatch (Bandpass Match)

Symbol

Summary

A bandpass matching network provides a bandpass frequency response between theinput (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations can bespecified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequency independentcomplex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file. Analytic and RealFrequency synthesis methods are both possible. The number of reactive components(N) is approximate due to potential component absorption.

Parameters

Fp1, Fp2 = frequency at lower and upper passband edges, in hertz



N = network order















Palette





For general information, refer to “Matching Assistant” on page 3-27.Network orderresults in approximately 2*N elements, although this varies due to componentabsorption as well as required network transformations.








Example

A bandpass matching network (N = 2) was designed for a passband between 1 GHzand 2 GHz with a complex source termination (Zg = 20 + j*50 Ohms) and a SeriesRLC load termination (RL = 50 Ohms, LL = 1 nH, CL = 1 pF). 20 choices are offeredfor the network. Choosing the first network results in a match realized using fivereactive components.



LCBandpassTransformer (Bandpass Transformer)

Symbol

Summary

A bandpass transformer provides a bandpass (pseudo-lowpass) frequency responsebetween the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminationsmust be real and unequal.

Parameters


N = network order

ResponseType = type of frequency response


Rl = load resistance, in ohms

Palette





For general information, refer to “Matching Assistant” on page 3-27. Theterminations must be unequal or no network will be synthesized. For equalterminations, use a doubly-terminated filter topology. Network order results in 2*Ncomponents.








Example

A bandpass transformer (N = 3) was designed for a passband between 1 GHz and 2GHz with a source resistance of Rg = 50 Ohms and a load resistance of Rl = 20 Ohms.



LCEllMatch (Two-Element “Ell” Narrowband Match)

Symbol

Summary

An Ell matching network provides a narrowband bandpass frequency responsebetween the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminationscan be specified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequencyindependent complex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file.

Parameters

F = match frequency, in hertz













Palette

Matching DG - All Networks



Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Sensitivity Assistant, Display Assistant,Transformation Assistant


For general information, refer to “Matching Assistant” on page 3-27.









Example

An Ell matching network was designed for a center frequency of 1 GHz with a 50Ohm source resistance and a Series RLC load termination (RL = 50 Ohms, LL = 1 nH,CL = 1 pF).


SingleStubMatch (Single-Stub Match)

Symbol

Summary

A single-stub matching network provides a narrowband bandpass frequency responsebetween the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminationscan be specified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequencyindependent complex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file.

Parameters

F = match frequency, in hertz

ZStub = characteristic impedance of shunt stub, in ohms

ZLine = characteristic impedance of transmission line, in ohms













Palette















Example

A single-stub matching network was designed to match a Series RL (R = 100 Ohms, L= 1 nH) load impedance to a 50 ohm source impedance at a center frequency of 1GHz.Choosing the configuration with an open-circuit stub yielded a design offering thefollowing results.



QuarterWaveMatch (Quarter Wave Match)

Symbol

Summary

A quarter wave transformer network provides a broadband bandpass frequencyresponse between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or loadterminations must be unequal resistances. The matching network consists ofmultiple quarter wavelength transmission line elements with carefully computedcharacteristic impedances to provide the specified frequency response.

Parameters




ResponseType = frequency response type (Uniform, Binomial, or Chebyshev)

N = number of quarter wave sections (set to 0 to compute N from frequencies)

Rmax = maximum voltage reflection coefficient in passband

Palette













Example

A quarter wave transformer was designed to match a 100 Ohm load impedance to a50 ohm source impedance from 1GHz to 2 GHz. The maximum reflection coefficientwas -20 dB, with a uniform distribution of the section reflection coefficients. The

design resulted in N = 3 sections.



TaperedLineMatch (Tapered Line Match)

Symbol

Summary

A tapered line transformer network provides a broadband highpass frequencyresponse between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or loadterminations must be unequal resistances. The network consists of multipletransmission line sections to approximate a tapered line.

Parameters

Fp = frequency at lower passband edges, in hertz



ResponseType = frequency response type (Exponential, Triangular, or Klopfenstein)

N = number of transmission lines sections per wavelength to approximate taper

Rmax = maximum voltage reflection coefficient in passband

Palette















Example

A tapered transformer was designed to match a 100 Ohm load impedance to a 50 ohmsource impedance with a lower passband edge of 1GHz. The maximum reflectioncoefficient was -20 dB, with an exponential taper. The design used N = 20 sections per

wavelength.


References

[1]Thomas R. Cuthbert, Jr., Circuit Design Using Personal Computers, John Wiley& Sons, New York, 1983.

[2] R. Levy, “Explicit formulas for Chebyshev impedance-matching networks,” Proc.IEEE, pp. 1099-1106, June 1964.

[3] R. M. Cottee and W. T. Joines, “Synthesis of lumped and distributed networksfor impedance matching of complex loads,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., pp.316-329, May 1979.




Chapter 4: Load Pull Measurement DataImport UtilityThe Load Pull Measurement Data Import utility is used to import Maury or FocusLoadpull measured load pull data in ADS for interpolation and generation of loadand source pull contours. It is assumed that the data is generated for a constant bias,fixed frequency and constant input power.

Procedure to Import Load pull measured dataLoad Pull Measurement Data Import utility can be selected and installed duringinstallation process of Agilent's Advanced Design System version 2003A. Onceinstalled the Load Pull utility can be accessed from Schematic Window selectDesignGuides > Loadpull > Loadpull Measured Data Import Utility .

Before you use Loadpull Measurement Data Import utility, you should havemeasured loadpull data available on your system. In case you do not have measuredload pull data, sample measured data file for Maury and Focus microwave systemcan be accessed and copied to your project directory by selecting DesignGuides >Loadpull > Sample Loadpull Data File.

The import of load pull measurement data starts with the selection of DesignGuides >Loadpull > Loadpull Measurement Data Import. The selection will display a dialogbox which enable you to import and interpolate load pull measured data.

Procedure to Import Load pull measured data 4-1

Load Pull Measurement Data Import Utility

Following steps are used to import and interpolate load pull measurement data

• Select File Format option as per your requirement. The utility will enable you toimport either Maury or Focus measured data.

• Select Loadpull Data File will invoke file selection dialog box. You can select theBrowse button or Load Output File button.

• The Browse button option will enable you to select the measurement data file,define the output file name, verify the Data Format .

• Using the Load Output File button you can load a previously prepared load pulldata file. This assumes that you have successfully prepared loadpull dataearlier and you want to load it now. All the prepared loadpull file will haveextension .lpa. The previously prepared file can be browsed and selected. Thisstep will directly load all the Measurement Variable for contour plots. You canadd Measurement Variable to Trace and Generate Contours.

• Select the measured data file using Browse button and define Output FileName.

4-2 Procedure to Import Load pull measured data

• The utility will sense the impedance format used in measurement data fileautomatically and set up the appropriate settings in Data Format dialog boxwhich will pop up automatically during the process. If required, you can changesettings in Data Format dialog box.

• Select Prepare Loadpull Data . This steps involves preparing the data forinterpolation. The process takes all the measurement points and generate atriangular mesh to perform linear interpolation on scattered data.

• Once the data is prepared for interpolation, The measurement variables forwhich the contours can be generated will appear in the Measurement Variablefield. The utility does not restrict the number of variables you can plotsimultaneously. You can generate loadpull contours for multiple variables at thesame time provided you have valid measurement data to generate loadpullcontours.

• Select the variable from the Measurement Variable field and add to the Tracefield. During this process you will be asked to enter the minimum andmaximum bounds for your contour plots and the number of contours you wantto generate within defined bounds.

• Add all the Measurement Variable you want to plot to the Trace field



• Click on Generate Contours . This process will interpolate the prepared data andgenerate load pull contours.

• If Open Data Display button is enabled, The data display page will be openedand you can plot loadpull contours on Smith chart or on Polar Chart. To viewcontour on a rectangular grid, Plot real( Variable_Name) vsimag(Variable_Name).

• The triangular mesh which is generated during Prepare Loadpull Data can beexported to data display page by activating the Output Mesh check button. Theoutput mesh can be plotted by plotting the variable Zmesh on the smith chart oron polar chart. The output mesh can be used to view the measurement pointsand for debugging purposes.

• The measurement variable name will be changed during the translation processto remove all special character and a prefix "Z" will be appended at thebeginning. The new assigned name can be viewed in the Data Display VariableName by selecting the name in the Trace window .





Index
DDASmithChartMatch, 2-12
FFilter DesignGuide

design flow, 1-8, 3-10How Do I?, 3-12navigation, 1-6, 3-6simple examples, 1-2, 3-2SmartComponent Basics, 3-22

PPassive Circuit DesignGuide

Design Assistant (using), 2-13, 2-21simple examples, 2-1

Placeholder, 3-75, 4-5

Index-7

-8

dgutil

Documents

resistive bias network

subparagraphs c

setraph c

arks of microsoft corporation

onent palette access

software product

subparagsoftware clause

farr agencies