-
Depiction of theDevil as seen in theCodex Gigas.
Devils - a frescodetail from the RilaMonastery
DevilFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Devil (from Greek: or dibolos =slanderer or accuser)[1] is
believed in manyreligions, myths and cultures to be a
supernaturalentity that is the personification of evil and theenemy
of God and humankind. The nature of therole varies greatly, ranging
from being aneffective opposite force to the creator god, lockedin
an eons long struggle for human souls on whatmay seem even terms
(to the point of dualisticditheism/bitheism), to being a comical
figure offun or an abstract aspect of the individual
humancondition.
While mainstream Judaism contains no overtconcept of a devil,
Christianity and Islam havevariously regarded the Devil as a
rebellious fallenangel that tempts humans to sin, if not commitevil
deeds himself. In these religions particularlyduring periods of
division or external threat theDevil has assumed more of a
dualistic statuscommonly associated with heretics, infidels,
andother unbelievers. As such, the Devil is seen asan allegory that
represents a crisis of faith,individualism, free will, wisdom
andenlightenment.
In mainstream Islam and Christianity, God andthe Devil are
usually portrayed as fighting overthe souls of humans. The Devil
rules hell, wherehe and his demons punish the damned. The
Devilcommands a force of evil spirits, commonlyknown as demons.[2]
The Hebrew Bible (or OldTestament) describes the Adversary
(ha-satan)as an angel who instigates tests upon humankind.[3][4]
Many otherreligions have a trickster or tempter figure that is
similar to the Devil.
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
1 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
Modern conceptions of the Devil include the concept that it
symbolizeshumans' own lower nature or sinfulness.
Contents1 Etymology2 Abrahamic religions
2.1 Judaism2.2 Apocrypha/Deuterocanon2.3 Christianity2.4
Islam2.5 Bah' Faith2.6 Yazidism
3 Other religions3.1 Neopaganism3.2 New Age movement3.3
Satanism3.4 Zoroastrianism3.5 Hinduism3.6 Buddhism3.7 Ancient
Egypt
4 World folklore5 Other names
5.1 Demons5.2 Titles
6 God as the Devil7 See also8 Footnotes9 References10 External
links
EtymologyDevil descends from the Middle English devel, from Old
English dofol,that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing
of Latin diabolus.This in turn was borrowed from Ancient Greek
dibolos (),"slanderer",[5] from diaballein "to slander": dia-
"across, through" + ballein"to hurl". In the New Testament, "Satan"
occurs more than 30 times inpassages alongside dibolos, referring
to the same person or thing as
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
2 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
Satan.
Abrahamic religionsJudaism
See also: Satan#Judaism
In mainstream Judaism there is no concept of a devil like in
mainstreamChristianity or Islam. Texts make no direct link between
the serpent thattempts Eve in the Garden of Eden from Genesis and
references to aSatan in the first book of Chronicles[3] and in
Job.[4] In Hebrew, thebiblical word ha-satan () means "the
adversary"[6] or the obstacle, oreven "the prosecutor" (recognizing
that God is viewed as the ultimateJudge). As much as the Devil
exists in any form of Judaism, his role is asan adversary and an
accuser which is assigned rather than assumed.
For the Hasidim of the eighteenth century, ha-satan was Baal
Davar.[7]
Apocrypha/DeuterocanonSee also: Apocrypha, Biblical apocrypha,
and Deuterocanonicalbooks
In the Book of Wisdom, the devil is represented as the one who
broughtdeath into the world.[8] The Second Book of Enoch contains
referencesto a Watcher angel called Satanael,[9] describing him as
the prince of theGrigori who was cast out of heaven[10] and an evil
spirit who knew thedifference between what was "righteous" and
"sinful".[11] A similar storyis found in 1 Enoch; however, in that
book, the leader of the Grigori iscalled Semjz. In the apocryphal
literature, Satan rules over a host ofangels.[12] Mastema, who
induced God to test Abraham through thesacrifice of Isaac, is
identical with Satan in both name and nature.[13]The Book of Enoch
contains references to Sathariel, thought also to beSataniel and
Satan'el. The similar spellings mirror that of his angelicbrethren
Michael, Raphael, Uriel and Gabriel, previous to his expulsionfrom
Heaven.
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
3 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
The Devil depicted inthe Temptation ofChrist, by AryScheffer,
1854.
ChristianityMain article: Devil in ChristianitySee also:
Satan#Christianity and War in Heaven
In mainstream Christianity the Devil is known asSatan and
sometimes as Lucifer, although it hasbeen noted that the reference
in Isaiah 14:12 toLucifer, or the Son of the Morning, is a
referenceto the Babylonian king.[14] Some modernChristians consider
the Devil to be an angel who,along with one-third of the angelic
host (thedemons) rebelled against God and hasconsequently been
condemned to the Lake ofFire. He is described as hating all
humanity, ormore accurately creation, opposing God,spreading lies
and wreaking havoc on the soulsof mankind. Other Christians
consider the devil inthe Bible to refer figuratively to human sin
andtemptation and to any human system inopposition to God.
Satan is often identified as the serpent who convinced Eve to
eat theforbidden fruit; thus, Satan has often been depicted as a
serpent. Thoughthis identification is not present in the Adam and
Eve narrative, thisinterpretation goes back at least as far as the
time of the writing of thebook of Revelation, which specifically
identifies Satan as being theserpent (Rev. 20:2).
In the Bible, the devil is identified with "The dragon" and "the
old serpent"in the Book of Revelation 12:9, 20:2 have also been
identified with Satan,as have "the prince of this world" in the
Book of John 12:31, 14:30; "theprince of the power of the air" also
called Meririm, and "the spirit that nowworketh in the children of
disobedience" in the Book of Ephesians 2:2;and "the god of this
world" in 2 Corinthians 4:4.[16] He is also identifiedas the dragon
in the Book of Revelation (e.g.[17]), and the tempter of theGospels
(e.g.[18]).
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
4 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
Horns of a goat and a ram,goat's fur and ears, noseand canines
of a pig, atypical depiction of theDevil in christian art. Thegoat,
ram and pig areconsistently associatedwith the Devil.[15] Detail
ofa 16th-century painting byJacob de Backer in theNational Museum
inWarsaw.
Beelzebub is originally the name of aPhilistine god (more
specifically a certaintype of Baal, from Baal Zebb, lit. "Lord
ofFlies") but is also used in the NewTestament as a synonym for
Satan. Acorrupted version, "Belzeboub", appears inThe Divine
Comedy.
In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs(e.g. the beliefs of
the Christadelphians) theword "satan" in the Bible is not regarded
asreferring to a supernatural, personal beingbut to any 'adversary'
and figuratively refersto human sin and temptation.[19]
IslamMain article: Devil (Islam)
In Islam the Devil is referred to as Iblis orsometimes the
Shaytan (Arabic: Like theusage of the word satan in the
HebrewBible, Shaytan is also a word used to referto beings called
demons in the Christian Bible, especially the NewTestament).
According to the Qur'an, God created Iblis, along with all ofthe
other jinn, out of "smokeless fire". The primary characteristic of
theDevil, besides hubris, is that he has no power other than the
power tocast evil suggestions into the hearts of men and women.
According to Muslim theology, Iblis was expelled from the grace
of Godwhen he disobeyed God by choosing not to pay homage to Adam,
thefather of all mankind. He claimed to be superior to Adam, on the
groundsthat man was created of earth unlike himself. As for the
angels, theyprostrated before Adam to show their homage and
obedience to God.However, Iblis, adamant in his view that man is
inferior, and unlike angelswas given the ability to choose, made a
choice of not obeying God. Thiscaused him to be expelled by God, a
fact that Iblis blamed on humanity.Initially, the Devil was
successful in deceiving Adam, but once hisintentions became clear,
Adam and Eve repented to God and were freed
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
5 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
from their misdeeds and forgiven. God gave them a strong warning
aboutIblis and the fires of Hell and asked them and their children
(humankind)to stay away from the deceptions of their senses caused
by the Devil.
According to the verses of the Quran, the Devil's mission until
theQiyamah or Resurrection Day (yaum-ul-qiyama) is to deceive
Adam'schildren (mankind). After that, he will be put into the fires
of Hell alongwith those whom he has deceived. The Devil is also
referred to as one ofthe jinns, as they are all created from the
smokeless fire. The Qur'andoes not depict Iblis as the enemy of
God, as God is supreme over all hiscreations and Iblis is just one
of his creations. Iblis's single enemy ishumanity. He intends to
discourage humans from obeying God. Thus,humankind is warned to
struggle (jihad) against the mischiefs of theSatan and temptations
he puts them in. The ones who succeed in thisare rewarded with
Paradise (jannath ul firdaus), attainable only byrighteous
conduct.
Bah' FaithIn the Bah' Faith, a malevolent, superhuman entity
such as a devil orsatan is not believed to exist.[20] These terms
do, however, appear in theBah' writings, where they are used as
metaphors for the base nature ofman. Human beings are seen to have
free will, and are thus able to turntowards God and develop
spiritual qualities or turn away from God andbecome immersed in
their self-centered desires. Individuals who followthe temptations
of the self and do not develop spiritual virtues are oftendescribed
in the Bah' writings with the word satanic.[20] The Bah'writings
also state that the devil is a metaphor for the "insistent self"
or"lower self" which is a self-serving inclination within each
individual.Those who follow their lower nature are also described
as followers of"the Evil One".[21][22]
YazidismAn alternate name for the main deity in the tentatively
Indo-Europeanpantheon of the Yazidi, Melek Taus, is Shaitan.[23]
Rather than Satanic,however, Yazidism is better understood as a
remnant of a pre-IslamicMiddle Eastern religion, and/or a ghulat
Sufi movement founded by
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
6 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir. The connection with Satan, originally
made byMuslim outsiders, attracted the interest of 19th-century
Europeantravelers and esoteric writers.
Other religionsNeopaganismChristian tradition has frequently
identified pagan religions and witchcraftwith the influence of
Satan. In the Early Modern Period, the Churchaccused alleged
witches of consorting and conspiring with Satan.Several modern
conservative Christian writers, such as Jack Chick andJames Dobson,
have depicted today's neopagan and witchcraft religionsas
explicitly Satanic.
Few neopagan reconstructionist traditions recognize Satan or the
Deviloutright. However, many neopagan groups worship some sort of
HornedGod, for example as a consort of the Great Goddess in Wicca.
Thesegods usually reflect mythological figures such as Cernunnos or
Pan, andany similarity they may have to the Christian Devil seems
to date backonly to the 19th century, when a Christian reaction to
Pan's growingimportance in literature and art resulted in his image
being translated tothat of the Devil.[24]
New Age movementParticipants in the New Age movement have widely
varied views aboutSatan, the Devil, and so forth. In some forms of
Esoteric ChristianitySatan remains as a being of evil, or at least
a metaphor for sin andmaterialism, but the most widespread tendency
is to deny his existencealtogether. Lucifer, on the other hand, in
the original Roman sense of"light-bringer", occasionally appears in
the literature of certain groups asa metaphorical figure quite
distinct from Satan, and without anyimplications of evil. For
example, Theosophy founder Madame Blavatskynamed her journal
Lucifer since she intended it to be a "bringer of light".Many New
Age schools of thought follow a nondualistic philosophy thatdoes
not recognize a primal force for evil.
Even when a dualistic model is followed, this is more often akin
to the
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
7 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
The Baphomet,adopted symbol ofsome Left-HandPath
systems,including TheisticSatanism.
Chinese system of yin and yang, in which goodand evil are
explicitly not a complementaryduality. Schools of thought that do
stress aspiritual war between good and evil or light anddarkness
include the philosophy of RudolfSteiner, Agni Yoga, and the Church
Universal andTriumphant.
SatanismMain articles: Satanism, LaVeyan Satanism,Setianism, and
Theistic Satanism
Some religions worship the Devil. This can be ina polytheistic
sense where "God", Satan, andothers are all deities with Satan as
the preferredpatron; or it can be from a more
monotheisticviewpoint, where God is regarded as a true god,but is
nevertheless defied.
Some variants deny the existence of God and the Devil
altogether, butstill call themselves Satanists, such as Anton
LaVey's Church Of Satanwhich sees Satan as a representation of the
primal and natural state ofmankind.[25]
Much "Satanic" lore does not originate from actual Satanists,
but fromChristians. Best-known would be the medieval folklore and
theologysurrounding demons and witches. A more recent example is
the Satanicritual abuse scare of the 1980s beginning with the
memoir MichelleRemembers which depicts Satanism as a vast (and
unsubstantiated)conspiracy of elites with a predilection for child
abuse and humansacrifice. This genre regularly describes Satan as
actually appearing inperson in order to receive worship.[26]
ZoroastrianismMain article: Angra Mainyu
In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the Zoroastrian Avesta,
believed tohave been composed by Zoroaster himself, the poet does
not mention a
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
8 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
manifest adversary. Ahura Mazda's Creation is "truth", asha. The
"lie"(druj) is manifest only as decay or chaos, not an entity.
Later, in Zurvanism (Zurvanite Zoroastrianism), Ahura Mazda and
theprinciple of evil, Angra Mainyu, are the "twin" offspring of
Zurvan, 'Time'.No trace of Zurvanism exists after the 10th
century.
Today, the Parsis of India largely accept the 19th century
interpretationthat Angra Mainyu is the 'Destructive Emanation' of
Ahura Mazda.Instead of struggling against Mazda himself, Angra
Mainyu battlesSpenta Mainyu, Mazda's 'Creative Emanation.'
HinduismIn contrast to Christianity and Islam, Hinduism does not
recognize anycentral evil force or entity such as the Devil
opposing God and man.Hinduism does recognize that different beings
(e.g., asuras) and entitiescan perform evil acts, under the
temporary dominance of the guna oftamas, and cause worldly
sufferings. The Rajasic and Tamasic Gunas ofMaya are considered
especially close to the Abrahamic concept, thehellish parts of the
Ultimate Delusion called "Prakriti". An embodiment ofthis is the
concept of Advaita (non-dualism) where there is no good orevil but
simply different levels of realization.
On the other hand in Hinduism, which provides plenty of room
forcounterpoint, there is also the notion of dvaita (dualism) where
there isinterplay between good and evil tendencies.[27] A prominent
asura isRahu whose characteristics are similar to those of the
Devil. However,Hindus, and Vaishnavites in particular, believe that
an avatar of Vishnuincarnates to defeat evil when evil reaches its
greatest strength. Theconcept of Guna and Karma also explain evil
to a degree, rather than theinfluence of a devil.
To be more specific, Hindu philosophy defines that the only
existing thing(Truth) is the Almighty God. So, all the asuric
tendencies are inferior andmostly exist as illusions in the mind.
Asuras are also different people inwhom bad motivations and
intentions (tamas) have temporarilyoutweighed the good ones
(Sattva). Different beings like siddha,gandharva, yaksha etc. are
considered beings unlike mankind, and in
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
9 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
some ways superior to men.
In Ayyavazhi, officially an offshoot of Hinduism prominent in
Tamil Nadu(a southern state in India with Dravidian heritage),
followers, unlike mostother branches of Hinduism, believes in a
Satan-like figure, Kroni. Kroni,according to Ayyavazhi is the
primordial manifestation of evil andmanifests in various forms of
evil, i.e., Ravana, Duryodhana, etc., indifferent ages or yugas. In
response to such manifestation of evil,believers, in Ayya-Vazhi
religion believe that God, as Vishnu manifests inHis Avatars such
as Rama and Krishna to defeat evil. Eventually, theEkam with the
spirit (the spirit taken by Narayana only for incarnating inthe
world) of Narayana incarnates in the world as Ayya Vaikundar
todestroy the final manifestaion of Kroni, Kaliyan.
Kroni, the spirit of Kali Yuga is said to be omnipresent in this
age and thatis one reason followers of Ayya Vazhi, like most
Hindus, believe that thecurrent yuga, Kali Yuga is so degraded.
BuddhismMain article: Mara (demon)
A devil-like figure in Buddhism is Mara. He is a tempter, who
alsotempted Gautama Buddha by trying to seduce him with the vision
ofbeautiful women who, in various legends, are often said to be
Mara'sdaughters. Mara personifies unskillfulness, the "death" of
the spiritual life.He tries to distract humans from practicing the
spiritual life by making themundane alluring or the negative seem
positive. Another interpretation ofMara is that he is the desires
that are present in one's own mindpreventing the person from seeing
the truth. So in a sense Mara is not anindependent being but a part
of one's own being that has to be defeated.In daily life of the
Buddha the role of devil has been given to Devadatta.
Ancient EgyptMain articles: Set (mythology) and Apep
In the Ausarian drama we find that Ausar (Greek: Osiris) is
chopped into13 pieces by Set. Auset (Isis) collects all of his
pieces save his phallus.Horus, son of Ausar and Auset sets out to
avenge the death and
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
10 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
Depiction of the Devilinterviewing Mayor Hall
dismemberment of his father by confronting Set. Horus is
victorious overSet and Ausar, being brought back from the dead
becomes lord of theunderworld. It is this drama that gives us the
cosmic conflict betweengood and evil, evil being embodied by Set.
This is not to say that Set wasalways seen as an evil character in
Ancient Egyptian theology. There aremany times in Ancient Egyptian
history where conflicts between different"houses" lead to the
depreciation of one god relative to another.
As in most polytheistic faiths, the characters involved
differentiatethemselves from the Western tradition of a devil in
that all the gods areclosely related. In this case, numerous
historic texts suggest that Set isthe Uncle or Brother of Horus and
in the "defeat" of Set, we see anotherseparation from the norm in
the devouring/assimilation of Set into Horuswith the result of
Horus having depictions of both the falcon head and the(unknown
animal) head of Set. This (like Buddhism) represents adissolution
of dichotomy.
World folkloreIn the Western Christian tradition, the Devilhas
entered popular folklore, particularly in hisrole as a trickster
figure. As such, he is foundas a character in a wide number of
traditionalfolktales and legends from Ireland,Newfoundland, Italy
and the United Kingdom,where he often attempts to trick or
outwitother characters. In some of these tales, theDevil is
portrayed as more of a folk villain thanas the personification of
evil. The Devil alsofeatures prominently in a number
ofhagiographical tales, or tales of the saintssuch as the popular
tale of St. Dunstan, manyof which may fall outside the
authorizedreligious canon. The Devil is also a recurring feature in
tales explainingthe etymology of geographical names, lending his
name to naturalformations such as The Devil's Chimney.
David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States, claims to have
only onepiece of correspondence with the Devil in the nation's vast
and varied
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
11 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
Diablo III cover
collections. A letter sent from Baltimore at the end of the
American CivilWar to Confederate leader Jefferson Davis bemoans the
rebellionagainst the United States and is signed by "the
Devil".[28]
A series of video games was created "in honor" ofthe devil, by
Blizzard North company. "Diablo" is anaction role-playing series of
games, in which Diabloterrorizes the world and the hero gets rid of
him,again and again.
Bob Dylan refers to the Satan in his song "Man ofpeace", from
his album Infidels. Dylan claims thatthe Satan can be wearing even
the most pleasantdisguise and can be found in everyone, even
theleast expected.[29]
Other namesFurther information: Devil in Christianity#Sources of
Christianteaching
DemonsIn some religions and traditions, these titles are
separate demons; othersidentify these names as guises of The Devil.
Even when thought of asindividual demons, some are often thought of
being under the Devil'sdirect control. This identifies only those
thought of as the Devil; List ofdemons has a more general
listing.
Azazel, Asael (Hebrew): Kingof DevilsBaphomet, a demonsupposedly
worshiped by theKnights Templar
Beelzebub, ba'al zevuv (Hebrew): Lord of the flies(Matthew
10:25(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Matthew&verse=10:25&src=!))
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
12 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
Belial, Beliar, Bheliar(Hebrew): without master,despicableness
of the earth,Lord of Pride (2 Corinthians6:15
(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=2%20Corinthians&
verse=6:15&src=!))Mastema, a devil in the Bookof
JubileesSammael, Samiel, Sammael(Hebrew): "Poison of God"Lilith, a
female demon inJewish mythology.
TitlesThese are titles that almost always refer to the
Devil.
666 or 616, the Number of theBeastAngra Mainyu, Ahriman:"malign
spirit", "unholy spirit"Antichrist, the coming of theDevil to the
mortal world inChristianityDark LordDer Leibhaftige (German):
"HeHimself"[citation needed]Diabolus, Diabolos (Greek:): "cutting
through"Father of Lies (John 8:44), incontrast to Jesus ("I am
thetruth").Iblis, the devil in IslamLord of the underworld / Lordof
Hell / Lord of this WorldLucifer / The Morning Star(Greek and
Roman): bringer oflight, illuminator; the planetVenus, often
portrayed asSatan's name before he fell
LeviathanMephistopheles, he whoavoids the light ()Old Scratch,
The Stranger, OldNick: a colloquialism for thedevil, as indicated
by the nameof the character in the storyThe Devil and Tom WalkerOld
HobPrince of Darkness / AirSatan / The Adversary,Accuser,
Prosecutor(The ancient/old/crooked/coiling) SerpentShaitan, an
Arabic name forSatanKlski (Iceland)[30]Voland (medieval France)
A list of liturgical names for the Devil may be found in Jeffrey
BurtonRussell, Lucifer, the Devil in the Middle Ages (Cornell
University Press,1986), p. 128, note 76 online.
(http://books.google.com/books?id=3FJtnOsqtqAC&pg=RA1-PA128&dq=%22liturgical+names+for+the+Devil%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
13 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES)
God as the DevilMain article: God as the Devil
Several religious authors throughout history have advanced the
notionthat the god of the Abrahamic Bible and its sequels is
consistent incharacter with the Devil. They make the case that the
Biblical God is adivine force that wreaks suffering, death and
destruction and that temptsor commands humanity into committing
mayhem and genocide. Tertullianaccuses Marcion of Sinope, the first
great heretic of Christianity in the 1stcentury, that he "[held
that] the Old Testament was a scandal to thefaithful and accounted
for it by postulating [that Jehovah was] asecondary deity, a
demiurgus, who was god, in a sense, but not thesupreme God; he was
just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but hewas not the
good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ."[31] TheChurch
condemned his writings as heretical. John Arendzen (1909) inthe
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) mentions that Eusebius accusedApelles,
the 2nd-century AD Gnostic, of considering the Inspirer
ofOld-Testament prophecies to be not a god, but an evil
angel.[32]Hegemonius (4th century) accuses the Persian prophet
Mani, founder ofthe Manichaean sect in the 3rd century AD,
identified Jehovah as "thedevil god which created the world"[33]
and said that "he who spoke withMoses, the Jews, and the priests is
the [Prince] of Darkness, notthe god of truth."[34]
These writings refer to the Abrahamic God variously as
"ademiurgus",[31] "an evil angel",[32] "the devil god",[33] "the
Prince ofDarkness",[34] "the source of all evil",[35] "the
Devil",[36] "a demon",[37] "acruel, wrathful, warlike tyrant",[38]
"Satan"[39] and "the first beast of thebook of Revelation".[40]
See alsoDeal with the DevilDevil in popular culture
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
14 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
Hell, Hades, UnderworldLawsuits against the DevilThe Devil
(Tarot card)Non-physical entity
Footnotes^ "devil"
(http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030155).
EncyclopdiaBritannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica. June 29,
2007.
1.
^ Revelation 12:9
(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Revelation&verse=12:9&src=!)
2.
^ a b 1Chronicles 21:1
(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=1Chronicles&verse=21:1&src=!)
3.
^ a b Job 1:11
(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Job&verse=1:11&src=!)
4.
^
(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddia%2Fbolos),Henry
George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on
Perseus
5.
^ For example in Numbers 22:22
(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Numbers&verse=22:22&src=HE)
and Samuel
29:4(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Samuel&verse=29:4&src=HE)
and other places, the word "adversary" appears in the
translation,which in the original Hebrew is "ha-satan".
6.
^ The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, 19677.^ "But by
the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of
WisdomII. 24
8.
^ 2 Enoch 18:39.^ "And I threw him out from the height with his
angels, and he was flying inthe air continuously above the
bottomless" - 2 Enoch 29:4
10.
^ "The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a
fugitive he madeSotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail,
thus he becamedifferent from the angels, but his nature did not
change his intelligence as faras his understanding of righteous and
sinful things" - 2 Enoch 31:4
11.
^ Martyrdom of Isaiah, 2:2; Vita Ad et Ev, 16)12.^ Book of
Jubilees, xvii. 1813.^ See, for example, the entries in Nave's
Topical Bible
(http://studylight.org/con/ntb/view.cgi?number=T3103), the Holman
Bible
Dictionary(http://studylight.org/dic/hbd/view.cgi?number=T3937) and
the Adam ClarkeCommentary
(http://studylight.org/com/acc/view.cgi?book=isa&chapter=14&verse=12#Isa14_12).
14.
^ Fritscher, Jack (2004). Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the
Witch'sMouth. Popular Press. p. 23. ISBN 02-99203-04-2. "The pig,
goat, ram allof these creatures are consistently associated with
the Devil."
15.
^ 2 Corinthians 2:2
(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=2%20Corinthians&verse=2:2&src=!)
16.
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
15 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
^ Rev. 12:917.^ Mat. 4:118.^ "Do you Believe in a Devil? Bible
Teaching on
Temptation."(http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm).
Retrieved 2007-05-29.
19.
^ a b Smith, Peter (2000). "satan". A concise encyclopedia of
the Bah'Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 304. ISBN
1-85168-184-1.
20.
^ Bah'u'llh; Bahullh (1994) [1873-92]. "Tablet of the
World"(http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-8.html#pg87).
Tablets of Bah'u'llhRevealed After the Kitb-i-Aqdas. Wilmette,
Illinois, USA: Bah' PublishingTrust. p. 87. ISBN 0-87743-174-4.
21.
^ Shoghi Effendi quoted in Hornby, Helen (1983). Hornby, Helen
(Ed.), ed.Lights of Guidance: A Bah' Reference File
(http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance_2&chapter=4#n1738).
Bah' Publishing Trust,New Delhi, India. p. 513. ISBN
81-85091-46-3.
22.
^ Drower, E.S. The Peacock Angel
(http://www.avesta.org/yezidi/peacock.htm). Being Some Account of
Votaries of a Secret Cult and theirSanctuaries. London: John
Murray, 1941.
23.
^ Hutton, Ronald (1999). Triumph of the Moon. Oxford:
OxfordUniverUniversity Press. p. 46. ISBN.
24.
^ "Church of Satan official statement of
beliefs"(http://www.churchofsatan.com/home.html).
Churchofsatan.com. Retrieved2012-04-05.
25.
^ "SATANISM: Real & imaginary"
(http://www.religioustolerance.org/satanism.htm).
Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
26.
^ "Hindu Concept of God"
(http://www.shaivam.org/hipgodco.htm).Shaivam.org. Retrieved
2012-04-05.
27.
^ "American Artifacts: Inside the Archivists Office"
(http://www.c-span.org/Events/American-Artifacts-Inside-the-Archivists-Office/10737423396/).American
History TV (National Cable Satellite Corporation (C-SPAN)).December
26, 2011. Event occurs at 15:40.
28.
^ "Bob Dylan - "Man of Peace" lyrics"
(http://www.metrolyrics.com/man-of-peace-lyrics-bob-dylan.html).
29.
^ "Vsindavefurinn: How many words are there in Icelandic for the
devil?"(http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=4793).
Visindavefur.hi.is. Retrieved2012-04-05.
30.
^ a b "Marcionites". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
AppletonCompany. 1913.
31.
^ a b "Gnosticism". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
AppletonCompany. 1913.
32.
^ a b Manichaeism
(http://www.themystica.org/mystica/articles/m/manichaenism.html) by
Alan G. Hefner in The Mystica, undated
33.
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
16 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
^ a b Acta Archelai of Hegemonius, Chapter XII, c. AD 350,
quoted inTranslated Texts
(http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_II_Texts.pdf)
of Manicheism, compiled by Prods OktorSkjrv, page 68. History of
the Acta Archelai explained in the
Introduction(http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_I_Intro.pdf),page
11
34.
^ Albigenses (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01267e.htm) by
NicholasWeber in Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907
35.
^ Martin Luther by Oswald Bayer
(http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bayer&ei=iPvTSeK-CZOotAPM_4yrCg&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Doswald%2Bbayer%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26num%3D100%26newwindow%3D1)
in The ReformationTheologians: An Introduction to Theology in the
Early Modern Period, editedby Carter Lindberg, Wiley-Blackwell,
2002 (partial text available at GoogleBooks
(http://books.google.com/books?id=NXthK1iravwC)). See The EvilOne;
God as the Devil; God's Wrath, page 58..9.
36.
^ The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine, 1794, Part I, Chapter
VII,Examination of the Old Testament
37.
^ A Book of Blood: Biblical atrocities
(http://www.ebonmusings.org/atheism/atrocities.html) on Ebon
Musings, undated
38.
^ Walter L. Williams
(http://www.usc.edu/dept/elab/anth/FacultyPages/williams.html),
private correspondence (quoted here with permission),March 19,
2009, referring to The Essential Teachings of Jesus and Mary
byWalter L. Williams, unpublished manuscript, December 24, 2008,
excerptsavailable at The Community Of Jesus And
Mary(http://www.jesusandmary.info)
39.
^ The Old Serpent Chained
(http://www.authorhouse.com/Bookstore/ItemDetail.aspx?bookid=32848)
by "Son of man", Author House, 2006. (Fulltext of book available by
clicking "Free Preview", then "Download the freeeBook".)
40.
ReferencesThe Origin of Satan, by Elaine Pagels (Vintage Books,
New York 1995)explores the development, the "demonization" of the
character of Satanagainst the background of the bitter struggle
between the early Church andthe Synagogue to be the legitimate heir
of ancient Hebrew religious tradition.She discusses how Satan
becomes a figure that reflects our own hatredsand prejudices, and
the struggle between our loving selves and our fearful,combative
selves.The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth, by Neil Forsyth
(Princeton, NewJersey, 1987) seeks to show how Satan emerged from
ancient mythologicaltraditions and is best understood not as a
principle of evil, but as a narrativecharacter in the context of
"the Combat Myth". Forsyth tells the Devil's story
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
17 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
-
from the Epic of Gilgamesh through to the writings of St.
Augustine.The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to
Primitive Christianity, byJeffrey Burton Russell (Meridian, New
York 1977) is "a history of thepersonification of evil" which, to
make things clear, he calls "the Devil".Accessible and engaging,
full of photographs illustrating the text, this is thefirst of a
four volume series on the history of the concept of the Devil.
Thefollowing volumes are, Satan: The Early Christian Tradition,
Lucifer: TheDevil in the Middle Ages, and Mephistopheles: The Devil
in the ModernWorld.The Devil in Legend and Literature, by
Maximilian Rudwin (Open Court, LaSalle, Illinois, 1931, 1959) is a
compendium of "the secular and sacredadventures of Satan."
External links The dictionary definition of Devil at Wiktionary
Media related to The_Devil at Wikimedia Commons
Entry (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm) from
theCatholic EncyclopediaThe History of the Devil (2009 film),
ASIN:B001RPZE1M(http://www.amazon.com/The-History-Devil-Zoroaster/dp/B001RPZE1M/),
Video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5mYFJ4irxM) on YouTube and
watchdocumentary.org(http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/the-history-of-the-devil-video_4d151c826.html)"The
Devil - Unjustly Maligned"
(http://www.atheistfoundation.org.au/devil.htm) (Atheist Foundation
of Australia)
Retrieved from
"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devil&oldid=598464643"Categories:
Abrahamic mythology Demons Demons in ChristianityFallen angels Hell
Horned deities Individual angels SatanChristian mythology
This page was last modified on 6 March 2014 at 22:16.Text is
available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlikeLicense;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree tothe
Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.Wikipedia is a registered trademark
of the Wikimedia Foundation,Inc., a non-profit organization.
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
18 von 18 11.03.14 01:04