Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under.

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program

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Essentials of Essentials of SociologySociology

9th Edition

Chapter 6: DevianceChapter 6: Deviance

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is Deviance?

The Symbolic

Interactionist

Perspective

The Functionalist

Perspective

The Conflict

Perspective

Types of Crime

The U.S. Prison System

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

“It is not the act itself, but the reaction to the act, that

make something deviant.”

Howard Becker, 1966

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What is What is Deviance?Deviance?

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

D

eviance is a violation of societal norms

W

hat is deviant to some is not deviant to

others

“

Deviance” is a nonjudgmental term

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What is What is Deviance?Deviance?

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Stigma –Erving Goffman

A person can have a stigma and be considered deviant

A stigma is a blemish on ones identity

A stigma is a violation of norms of appearance and ability

A person can have a stigma by being a member of an involuntary group

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StigmaStigmaStigmaStigma

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

N

orms Make Social Life Possible by Making Behavior Predictable

I

nformal and Formal Norms (crimes)

N

orms Bring About Social Order

S

ocieties have formal and informal means to enforce norms and

this is referred to as Social Control

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Norms and Norms and Social LifeSocial Life

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociobiology

Look for Answers Inside Individuals Genetic Predispositions

Psychologists

Focus on Conditions Within Individuals Personality Disorders

Sociology

Sociologists look for Answers Outside Individuals7

Explanations of Explanations of DevianceDeviance

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cre

ated by Edwin Sutherland

We

learn to deviate by those we associate with in our livesT

his includes family, friends, and neighbors5

0 % of people in prison also have a father, mother, brother, or sister

that have also committed a crimeP

rison or freedom?

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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Differential Association TheoryDifferential Association Theory

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Created by Travis Hirschi

We all want to commit deviant acts but we don’t because of inner and outer controls

The stronger the controls, the less likely deviance is to occur

Inner controls: Conscience, Morals, Religious Beliefs

Outer controls: Attachments, Commitments, Involvements in society

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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Control TheoryControl Theory

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Created by Howard Becker

Labels propel us into deviance or can divert us away from it

Techniques of Neutralization: 5 ways people reject labels

Denial of Responsibility, Denial of Injury, Denial of a Victim, Condemnation of the Condemners, Appeal to Higher Loyalties

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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Labeling TheoryLabeling Theory

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A

ccording to Durkheim, deviance is functional

because:

1) It affirms moral boundaries

2)Promotes Social Unity

3)Promotes Social Change

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Functionalist Functionalist PerspectivePerspective

Can Deviance Be Functional?

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

R

obert Merton created the Strain Theory

W

e are all socialized to want certain cultural goals but we

don’t all have the means to attain those goals

P

eople develop strain and a sense of anomie (normlessness)

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Functionalist Functionalist PerspectivePerspective

Strain Theory

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conformity – This is the most common response to strain and is a non-deviant response

Innovator – Wants to achieve cultural goals but uses illegitimate methods

Ritualism – Has given up on attaining cultural goals but still clings to conventional means of conduct

Retreatism – Rejects cultural goals and means to attain those goals

Rebellionism – Rejects cultural goals and tries to replace them with own goals

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Functionalist Perspective: Functionalist Perspective: Responses to StrainResponses to Strain

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Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The law is used as a means to oppress the masses

Those who have the wealth and power often bypass the law and others must pay full penalties

Every once in a while someone from the upper social classes is “showcased” so as to appear fair

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Conflict PerspectiveConflict Perspective

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

White Collar Crime

Crime that is committed by those who have wealth and power

Corporate crime is a type of white collar crime

Street Crime

Often committed by those of the lower social classes as a way to survive

Includes property crime

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Two Types of CrimeTwo Types of Crime

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The U.S. has the highest amount of prisoners in the world

Many prisons face overcrowding

The recidivism rate is high; 2/3 of those who commit violent crimes are rearrested

The majority of prisoners are male, have a high school education, and are from the lower to middle social classes

What should be the purpose of prisons?

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The U.S. Prison SystemThe U.S. Prison System

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Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19

Figure 6.1 Some States Are Safer: Violent Crime in the United StatesNote: Violent crimes are murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. As this figure illustrates, violent crime varies widely among the states. The chance of becoming a victim of these crimes is seven times higher in South Carolina, the most dangerous state, than in Maine, the safest state. Washington, D.C., not a state, is in a class by itself. Its rate of 1,508 is thirteen times higher than Maine’s rate. Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 297.

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20

Deviance and Social ControlCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21

Figure 6.3 Recidivism of U.S. PrisonersNote: The individuals were not necessarily rearrested for the same crime for which they had originally been imprisoned.Source: By the author. Based on Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 2003:Table 6.50.