DEVIANCE AND CRIME. DEVIANCE: BEHAVIOR, BELIEFS OR CONDITIONS THAT VIOLATE CULTURAL NORMS NO ACT OR BELIEF IS INHERENTLY DEVIANT RELATIVE TO TIME AND.

DEVIANCE AND CRIME

DEVIANCE AND CRIMEDEVIANCE: BEHAVIOR, BELIEFS OR CONDITIONS THAT VIOLATE CULTURAL NORMS

NO ACT OR BELIEF IS INHERENTLY DEVIANT

• RELATIVE TO TIME AND CULTURE

• SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED

FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OF DEVIANCE

DURKHEIM• DEVIANCE OCCURS IN ALL SOCIETIES

• DEVIANCE CLARIFIES RULES

• DEVIANCE UNITES A GROUP

• DEVIANCE PROMOTES SOCIAL CHANGE

MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY OF DEVIANCE

FIVE MODES OF ADAPTATION

• CONFORMITY

• INNOVATION

• RITUALISM

• RETREATISM

• REBELLION

Typology of Individual Modes of Adaptation

Typology of Individual Modes of Adaptation

MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS

1. CONFORMITY + +1. CONFORMITY + +

2. INNOVATION + -2. INNOVATION + -

3. RITUALISM - +3. RITUALISM - +

4. RETREATISM - -4. RETREATISM - -

5. REBELLION +/- +/-5. REBELLION +/- +/-

MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS

1. CONFORMITY + +1. CONFORMITY + +

2. INNOVATION + -2. INNOVATION + -

3. RITUALISM - +3. RITUALISM - +

4. RETREATISM - -4. RETREATISM - -

5. REBELLION +/- +/-5. REBELLION +/- +/-

Points out how competition for success createsconflict and crime. Suggests that social conditions

and not personality can account for crime. Can explain middle- and upper-class crime.

STRENGTHS

Strain Theory: AnomieStrain Theory: Anomie

People who adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them

seek alternatives, such as crime.

MAJOR PREMISEMAJOR PREMISE

OPPORTUNITY THEORY OF DEVIANCE

• CLOWARD AND OHLIN THEORY

• ILLEGITIMATE OPPORTUNITIES EXIST IN SOME SUBCULTURES

• WHEN LEGITIMATE MEANS ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO ACQUIRE SOCIETIES GOALS

Cultural Deviance Theory:Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of

Opportunity

Cultural Deviance Theory:Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of

Opportunity

STRENGTHS:

Shows that even illegal opportunities are structured in society. Indicates why people

become involved in a particular type of criminal activity. Presents a way of preventing

crime.

MAJOR PREMISE: Blockage of conventional opportunities causeslower-class youths to join criminal, conflict, or

retreatist gangs.

INTERACTIONIST VIEW OF DEVIANCE

• DEVIANCE IS LEARNED THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION

• THEORIES:– DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (EDWIN SUTHERLAND)– LABELING THEORY

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION

• DEVIANCE IS LEANED THROUGH ASSOCIATION WITH THOSE MORE FAVORABLE TO DEVIANCE

• LEARNING INCLUDES TECHNIQUES, MOTIVES, ATTITUDES AND RATIONALIZATION

• THE ASSOCIATION MUST BE: FREQUENT, INTENSE, AND LONG LASTING

Social Learning Theory:Differential AssociationSocial Learning Theory:Differential Association

Major Premise:Major Premise:People learn to commit crimePeople learn to commit crimefrom exposure to antisocialfrom exposure to antisocial

definitions.definitions.

STRENGTHSExplains onset of criminality. Explains the presence of crime in all elements of social structure. Explains why some people in

high-crime areas refrain from criminality. Can apply to adults and juveniles.

LABELING THEORY

• FOCUSES ON THE PROCESS NOT THE BEHAVIOR

• DEVIANTS ARE THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY LABELED AS DEVIANT

• LABELING DONE BY THOSE IN AUTHORITY

• PRIMARY DEVIANCE

• SECONDARY DEVIANCE

Socialreaction

DeviantDeviantactact

Secondary deviance

THELABELINGPROCESS

Devianceamplification

DeviantDeviantsubculturesubculture

Self-Self-labelinglabeling

Degradation Ceremonies

NegativeNegativeLabelLabel

Primary and Secondary DeviancePrimary and Secondary DeviancePrimary and Secondary DeviancePrimary and Secondary Deviance

CONFLICT VIEW OF DEVIANCE

• THE POWERFUL USE LAW TO PROTECT THEIR INTERESTS

• LAW IS USED TO CONTROL LOWER CLASSES

• AFFLUENT NOT PROSECUTED AS ARE POOR

• THE POOR AND UNEDUCATED MORE LIKELY TO BE ARRESTED AND PROSECUTED

Conflict Theory

MAJOR PREMISEMAJOR PREMISECrime is a function of class conflict. The definition of the law is controlled

by people who hold social and political power.

STRENGTHSSTRENGTHSAccounts for class differentials in the crime rate. Shows how class conflict

influences behavior.

CRIME

• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIME AND DEVIANCE

• SOCIOLOGIST CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

• STREET CRIME: PROPERTY AND PERSONS

• OCCUPATIONAL/WHITE COLLAR CRIME

• CORPORATE CRIME

• ORGANIZED CRIME

• POLITICAL CRIME

Classification of Crime

More serious offenses

Punishable by deathor imprisonment for more than a year in astate prison.

FELONY

Less serious offenses

Punishable by incar-ceration for less than ayear in a local jail or house of correction.

MISDEMEANOR

The General Theory of Crime

Crime and Crime and deviancedeviance

Impulsive personalityLow self-controlLow self-control

Weakening ofWeakening ofsocial bondssocial bonds

CriminalCriminalOpportunityOpportunity

PURPOSES OF PUNISHMENT

• RETRIBUTION: VENGEANCE

• SOCIAL PROTECTION: INCAPACITATE

• REHABILITATION: REFORM

• DETERRENCE: FEAR OF PUNISHMENT

BENTHAM’S PANOPTICAN

EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY

EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY, PENN

ALCATRAZ

SAN QUENTIN