Company Confiden,al and Proprietary ADXS-NEO Personalized Neoepitope-Targeted Immunotherapy for Cancer A convergence of technologies to benefit individual patients 1 Precision/Personalized Therapies Canadian Organiza,on for Rare Diseases Annual Mee,ng November 7, 2016
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Developments in precision/personalized therapies: Robert Petit (Advaxis)
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Company Confiden,al and Proprietary
ADXS-NEO Personalized
Neoepitope-Targeted Immunotherapy for
Cancer A convergence of technologies to benefit individual patients
1
Precision/Personalized Therapies
Canadian Organiza,on for Rare Diseases Annual Mee,ng November 7, 2016
2 Company Confiden,al and Proprietary 2015 Advaxis, Inc. | www.advaxis.com
The Technologies
Immunotherapy of Cancer • Immune Systems Role in Tumor Surveillance • Understanding Immunologic Tolerance • Manipulating Immunologic Controls • Understanding Failures and Successes of Immunotherapy
Genomics Science • Human Genome Project -1988-2003 (International Consortium) • Molecular Biologic Understanding of Cell Functional Pathways • High Throughput Massively Parallel DNA/RNA sequencing – Now accomplished in 4-7 days
Oncogenesis • Why do cells become cancerous • What drives tumor growth • Why do people with the same cancer respond differently • Why does resistance develop
3 Company Confiden,al and Proprietary 2015 Advaxis, Inc. | www.advaxis.com
The Convergence – A new understanding and treatment paradigm What have we learned?
• The immune system is generally capable of eliminating cancers
• The best balance between efficacy and side effects may be immunotherapy
• Cancers succeed primarily because of a problem or misperception of immune surveillance / tolerance
• Immunologic activity can be manipulated by pharmaceuticals and/or vaccines
• Cancer growth is driven by inappropriate signaling within molecular pathways
• Cancer is caused by an accumulation of mutations, some in tumor growth “driver” genes (10-1000+)
• Cancer is comprised of a diverse population of variants (not identical cells)
• Even patients with the same cancer type harbor vastly different sets of mutations
• DNA sequencing technology is becoming practical, and allows complete understanding of a patients own personal cancer at the genomic and bioinformatics level within a few days
• The DNA /RNA sequence of a patient’s own cancer is the ultimate personal biomarker
Immuno-Oncology – A History • 1891 William Coley – Coley’s toxins cause tumor regression
• Inflammatory response to pathogens changes immune tolerance of tumor
• 1985 FDA approves Interferon alpha2b - Hairy Cell Leukemia • Immune modulation of signaling increases immune resistance against cancer
• 1985 First report of IL-2 LAK adoptive immune therapy (Rosenberg) • Autologous lymphocytes could be manipulated and cultivated ex-vivo as cancer treatment
• 1988 First Report of Clinical Response to IL-2 TIL treatment (Rosenberg) • Specific enhancement of CTL’s with tumor reactivity (TILs) more effective
• TIL Therapy, Rosenberg NCI (and others) – Cell Therapy • Extract tumor fighting white blood cells from a patient, expand them in the lab, give them back to fight cancer.
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The Aha Moment! Expansion of pre-‐exis;ng Tcells from the pa;ent, that target protein sequences associated with muta;ons = “Neoepitopes” are responsible for long-‐term tumor control
Company Confiden,al and Proprietary 6 Company Confiden,al and Proprietary
Mutational Burden by Tumor Type
• Best efficacy in Melanoma, Lung Cancer • More Mutations = more chances to have immunogenic neoepitopes (when presented by tumors)
• Challenge: Tumors are poor antigen presenters, mostly “normal”
• Solution: Prospectively Immunize patients against their own neoepitopes with a potent system that is highly immunogenic…. Personalized Neoepitope Immunotherapy
Schumacher TN and Schreiber RD. Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Science 2015; 348, 6230: 69-74.
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Advaxis – Personalized Neoepitope Immunotherapy
Parallel DNA sequencing mutations identified
ADXS-NEO: Weakened bacteria with neoepitopes
given to patient
Neoepitopes secreted in antigen presenting cells
T cells find, destroy tumor “cell to cell combat”
T cells activated to hunt down neoepitope targets
Neoepitopes presented by patient’s immune system
Neoepitope coding DNA bioengineered into personalized
vector
Immune tolerance reduced
Biopsy to first treatment ~ 6-‐8 weeks
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Summary We now have the technology to understand each patient’s cancer at a genomic level
Essentially, every single patient’s cancer is unique with many mutations that cause malignancy
New tools used to control the immune system are making immunotherapy the backbone of new cancer treatments wherever possible
When applied together, technologies can identify the mutations that cause a patient’s cancer, and mobilize the patient’s immune system to those mutations for immune elimination
“Personalized Neoepitope Immunotherapy” uses the very mutations that cause cancer as it’s “Achilles heel”, by training the immune system to target and eliminate the mutated cells
The battle against cancer is a personal one, involving “cell to cell” combat between immune fighter cells and the cancer cells that are trying to evade and neutralize them
Essentially, every cancer patient has a “rare” disease, unique to them alone. However the best way to fight it may be through empowering their own immune system to fight it.
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