8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
1/60
Developments in
Multidimensional- andComprehensive-
ChromatographyBeyondBoxcars and Deans
Pittcon 2007
Ronald E.Majors
Agilent TechnologiesWilmington, DE
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
2/60
Early On-Line 2D GC Publication
Pages 32-35
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
3/60
Early Instrument Designed for
2D GC
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
4/60
Early 2D GC On-Line
Fractionation of Hydrocarbons
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
5/60
Outline of Presentation
Off-Line and On-Line MD
Chromatography: Definitions,advantages and disadvantages
Multi-dimensional LC
Comprehensive LC (LCXLC)
Multi-dimensional GC
Comprehensive GC (GCXGC)
Conclusions
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
6/60
What is Multidimensional Chromatography?
The selective transfer of a fraction (or fractions) from one
chromatographic medium (usually a column) to a secondary (or
additional) chromatographic media for further separation
Technique used for:
Further resolution of complex mixture that cannot be separated on
a single medium (increased peak capacity)
Sample cleanup by removing matrix or interfering compounds Increased sample throughput
Trace enrichment of minor compounds of interest
Various names have been used (with variations):
Column switching, multiphase chromatography, coupled column
chromatography, sequential analysis, boxcar chromatography and
others
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
7/60
Simplified Schematic of 2D MDC
LC Separation
10 Separation Mode: Size Exclusion Chromatography
20 Separation Mode: Affinity Chromatography
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
8/60
1D GC Information Capacity
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
9/60
Heartcut 2D GC Information
Capacity
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
10/60
Comprehensive GCxGC
Information Capacity
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
11/60
Sampling
Adahchour, M.; Beens, J.; Vreuls, R. J. J.; Brinkman, U. A. T. "Recent developments in comprehensive two-
dimensional gas chromatography (GC*GC). Introduction and instrumental set-up." TrAC, Trends in Analytical
Chemistry2006, 25, 438-454.
Basic Concept of Comprehensive 2D Chromatography
(thanks to Pete Carr for loan of slide)
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
12/60
Peak Capacity
The maximum number of peaks thatcan be resolved side-by-side into the
available separation space.
Assumes each dimension is totally orthogonal
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
13/60
Peptide Map of BSA on Three SB-C18
Columns with Different Particle SizesGradient Time = 30 min
Temp. = 80C
238
Peak Capacity
391
540
Starting
Pressure
51
103
340
min4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
mAU
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
min*4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
mAU
0
10
20
30
40
50
min*4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
mAU
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SB-C18, 2.1x150mm, 5m
SB-C18, 2.1x150mm, 3.5m
SB-C18, 2.1x150mm, 1.8m
[Pc using eqn. of Neue, J.Chromatogr. A, 1079(1-2), 153-161(2005)]
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
14/60
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
15/60
Two Dimensional Chromatographic Techniques
GCSFC
SFCSFC
LCSFC
LC or GCSPE, SPME or
SBSE
GCLC
LCLC
GCGC
XGC or LCPreparative TLC
TLC (or HPTLC)TLC (or HPTLC)
On-LineOff-LineSecondaryTechnique
PrimaryTechnique
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
16/60
Off-Line Multidimensional
Chromatography
On-Line MultidimensionalChromatography
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
17/60
Coupled HPLC Modes
++ ++
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
18/60
Basic Setup for an On-Line MD LC-LC
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
19/60
Use of Coupled Column RAM-
RPC System for Analysis of Drugs in PlasmaColumn A: RAM Column
Mobile phase: water, 0.5 mL/min
Column B: LiChrospher 60 RP Select B
Mobile phase: Trichloroacetic acid, Acetonitrile, 0.1%
Triethanolamine,
pH2, 1.0 mL/min
B.A.
100-uL plasma BioTrap C8
LiChrospher RP-4 ADS
ISRP C8
SPS C8Peaks:
1. Epirubicinol
2. Epirubicinal aglycone
3. Epirubicin
4. Epriubicin aglycone
5. 7-deoxyepirubicinal aglycone
(compounds in 5.6-8.2 ng/mL range)
A. Rudolphi and K.-S. Boos, LC/GC 15, 814-823 (1997).
Switching time
Detector: Fluorescence, 445 nm ex
560 nm em
(70/30 V/V)
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
20/60
Proteomics With 2D-LC/MS - Workflow
HPLC:
1st dimensionIon-exchange
2nd dimension
Reversed phase
1. cell disruption
2. prefractionation
3. solubilization
4. sample clean up
cell free proteins
(104 to 105)
tryptic digest
Peptides
(105 to 106)
Mass Spec
Data Analysis
Separation &
Isolation
identification
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
21/60
Theoretical Resolving Power of 2D-LC/MS
e.g. reversed phase
Peak capacity nc = L /(4 )
L total elution time
average standard deviation of peaks
15 fractions
e.g. cation exchange,gel filtration
Gradient run time L = 90 min,
peak width 4 ~25s
nc
= 216
Total Peak capacity : 1. Dim * 2. Dim 15 * 216 = 3240
3. Dimension Mass Spec
10 Dimension
20 Dimension
(15 x 20 Dimension)
7 * 3240 = 23,000 peptides
(Wolters Et Al.)
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
22/60
2-D HPLC: Cation Exchange andReversed Phase Chromatography
Waste
Mass Spec
Data Analysis
SCX)
Peptides
RP
Protein mixture
Digest pH < 3
MS/MS Data
1) Load peptides on SCX at 0% salt
2) Elute w/ increments of salt (0.1 M - 1 M)
3) a. Collect fractions and re-inject on RPcolumn (OFF-LINE approach)
or
b. Inject directly on RP column
(ON-LINE approach)
2D approach results in more resolved
peptides than either single dimension
ICAT
Eluted and separated peptidesare directly analyzed by MS/MS
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
23/60
HPLC-Chip Platform for Nanospray LC/MS
1200 NanoLC System
6000 Series Mass Spectrometer
(Ion trap, SQ, QQQ, TOF, Q-TOF)
HPLC-Chip/MS
interface
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
24/60
Protein 2D
2D HPLC-Chip/MS: 1st D SCX; 2nd D RP C18
Sample
1 2
3
45
6
Through holeWaste
Nano electrospray1 2
3
45
6
Open to bottom
Open to top1st D SCX column
2nd D RP column
Nanoflow LC Pump
Low to high organic/H20 gradient
Prototype
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
25/60
2D Separation of 16 Protein Tryptic Digest Mixture using
BioSCX II Column in-Line with Protein ID Chip
Peptides were eluted from
SCX column using series ofsalt injections
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
26/60
Comprehensive 2D-LC Mode: NPLC-RPLC-UV/MS
1st Dimension NPLC Condition:
Column: Diol Phase, 250 1mm, 5um; Mobile Phase: 85/15 hexane/1-
butanol + 0.2% ethanolamine,
isocratic. Flow rate: 0.03 ml/min, 30oC, Sample: pharmaceutical
compounds B-mix, 254 nm.
2nd Dimension RPLC Condition:
Column: E. Merck Chromolith RP
18e 100 4.6mm. Mobile Phase: A:
H2O, B:AcCN, Gradient: 25%B for 3s, to 50%B in 3 s, to 100%B in 15 s,
100%B for 9 s, back to 25%B in 3 s.
Flow rate: 5 ml/min (170 Bar), 30 oC,
Sample: pharmaceutical compounds
B-mix, response time 0.1 s. Injection of immiscible phase onto
RPLC column is possible without loss
of efficiency! And reproducibility is
found good also
min10 20 30 40 50
mA U
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
B3
B6* B7*
B6
B2
B1
B4
B5
B7B4*
min10 20 30 40 50
mA U
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
min10 20 30 40 50
mA U
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
B3
B6* B7*
B6
B2
B1
B4
B5
B7B4*
min0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
mAU
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
B4
B1+B5
B2
B6
B7
B3B7*
min0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
mAU
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
min0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
mAU
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
B4
B1+B5
B2
B6
B7
B3B7*
1st D: NPLC method:
50 min run
2nd D: RPLC method:
1 min run
(courtesy of Yining Zhou, Pfizer)
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
27/60
Comprehensive 2D-LC-UV
Chromatogram
Low correlation (orthogonal dimensions)
More info than in either 1D separation
(courtesy of Yining Zhou, Pfizer)
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
28/60
GC Analysis in Complex Matrices
In complex sample matrices, there are often too many
overlapping compounds to allow resolution of the
compound(s) of interest, even with the highest resolutioncolumns available.
Must use some approach that gives selectivity
Selective sample prep like SPE Selective stationary phase like Carbowax
Selective element detector like FPD, AED, NPD etc.
Spectral detector like GC-MS or GC-IR
Multidimensional (2-D) GC
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
29/60
Multidimensional (2-D) GC
Very old (>25 yrs) but powerful separation technique
Based on cutting peak(s) from one GC column onto
another with stationary phase of different selectivity Compounds that co-elute with analyte on first
column separate from analyte on second column
Example pairs of complimentary phases:
DB-1 (non-polar) with Innowax (polar)
TCEP (very polar) with DB-1 DB-5 (low polarity) with Cyclosil (chiral)
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
30/60
Early 2-D GC Had Some Challenges
Early systems were difficult to use. 2-D
often implied 2- difficult
Column connections: inertness, dead volume
Balancing gas flows: complex flow system, needle valves
Retention time drift: wide cut windows, lower resolution
Inertness problems: loss of polar analytes
High cost:
Multiple GC ovens Cryogenic focusing devices
H t C tti 2 Di i l GC
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
31/60
Heart-Cutting 2-Dimensional GC
Overview
Cut
Deans Switch
7683Auto-sampler
6890NGC
FID1 FID2
Column 1 Column 2
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
32/60
Why 2-D GC? Whats Changed?
Modern 2-D GC systems (e.g. Agilent 7890A) are
much easier to use:
Column connections are easier, zero dead volume, inert,and reliable
Balancing gas flows done with EPC and Flow Calculator
Retention time drift greatly reduced with modern oven
and EPC
Inertness problems with switch hardware eliminated with
surface coatings (Sulfinert)
Because RT control is so tight and the switch is so quick,multiple ovens and cryo focusing devices can often be
avoided
Original Design of Deans
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
33/60
Original Design of Deans
Hardware for Agilent 6890
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
34/60
New Deans Switch Design
Photolithography and chem-milling technologies used to
produce a Gas Phase Micro-Fluidic* Deans Switch
4x less thermal mass than traditional hardware
* Capillary flow technology
C GC
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
35/60
9.78 psi11.14 psi
FID A
S/S Inlet
FID B
PCM
Restrictor
6.54 mL/min
4.54 mL/min
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
36/60
FID A
S/S Inlet
FID B
PCM
On
BP
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
37/60
FID A
S/S Inlet
FID B
PCM
6.54 mL/min
4.54 mL/min
Benzene
Hydrocarbon, Benzene
Restrictor
Column 1: HP-1
Column 2: Innowax
Heart Cutting 2-D GC How It Works
Valve off end heart cut, perform 2
nd
separation on column 2
Connections for Capillary Flow
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
38/60
Connections for Capillary Flow
Technology Switch
Simple, easy to make connectors
A single, special design metal ferrule More inert than graphite/vespel
Does not leak at high oven temperature (>400 oC)
Primary
Column
UDFS
Restrictor
Plate
Metal
Ferrule
Nut
Secondary
Column
Channel
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
39/60
4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-
DMDBT) at Low ppm in Diesel with FID
Most difficult sulfur compound to hydro-treat
Used to monitor overall trace sulfur in diesel
Does not require Sulfur Chemiluminescence
Detector or Atomic Emission Detector
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
40/60
Old Method for 4,6-DMDBT in Diesel Fuel
0 5 10 15 20
C 179
S 181
426 ppm wt/wt total sulfur, run on GC-AED
4,6-
Dimethyldibenzothiophene
(162 ng/uL)
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
41/60
Diesel Fuel Deans Setup
Used to heart cut 4,6-DMDBT from HP-5 to Innowaxcolumn
FID1
S/S Inlet
FID2
PCM
solenoid valverestrictor
HP-5
Innowax
30m x 0.25 mm x 0.25um
15m x 0.25 mm x 0.25
um
0.77m x .1 mm UDFS
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
42/60
4,6-DMDBT in Diesel Fuel
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Cut window 6.40-6.65 min
4,6-DMDBT
165 ng/uL
(162 on AED)
4,6-DMDBT is completely resolved using FIDs.Method good to low ppm level and comparable to AED.
HP-5
Innowax
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
43/60
Method Developers Tools
Calculator to correctly set flows and restrictor size
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
44/60
GC x GC Background Information
Why is the Application Important ?
Real-world samples can be too complex for sufficient
separation on one chromatographic phase Target analysis is very complex samples
Excellent visualization of the sample
Powerful technique for hydrocarbon class determination
Issues with Current Solutions
Non-integrated hardware
Lack of good data reduction software Many based on thermal modulation requiring large
quantities of cryogenic media
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
45/60
Comprehensive 2-D GC (GCxGC) Basics
Consists of four parts:1. A primary column (conventional separation)
2. A modulator
3. A second column (very fast separation)
4. Fast detector
The modulator does two jobs:
1. It collects effluent from theprimary column
2. It transfers the collected
effluent (in whole) to thesecondary column
This process is repeatedapproximately every 1.5seconds, synchronized with
the start of data acquisition
GC x GC Chromatogram
The peak capacity of the system is the
product of the peak capacities of the two
columns: result a lot of separation power
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
46/60
Basic System Layout
7683
Auto-sampler
7890A GC
FID
Column 1 Column 2
Flow modulator
s/s inlet
PCM
Switching valve
modulated
2nd column
1st column
7683
Auto-sampler
7890A GC
FID
Column 1 Column 2Column 2
s/s inlet
PCM
Switching valve
modulated
2nd column
1st column
Agilents Flow Modulator : Differential Flow
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
47/60
Agilent s Flow Modulator : Differential Flow
Using Design by Prof. John V. Seeley,
Oakland University
Modulation
Valve
FID
Split/Splitless
Inlet
Column 1 (25 30 M)
Column 2 (5M)
Collectionchannel
Flow Modulator
H2
Flush Flow
direction
Collect Flow
direction
Flow modulator eliminates the need for cryo. Sample compression controlled
by flow ratios occurs in the collection loop and is quickly injected into the second
column, resulting in very narrow and tall peaks.
Capillary Flow Technology- Design
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
48/60
Capillary Flow Technology Design
Photolithographic chemical milling for low dead volume
Diffusion bond two halves to form a single flow plate
Small, thin profile provides fast thermal response
Projection welded connections for leak tight fittings
Deactivation of all internal surfaces for inertness
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
49/60
Flow Modulation Device
C S
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
50/60
Load or Collect Step
ModulationValve
FID
Split/Splitless
Inlet
Column 1 (25 30 M)
Column 2 (5M)
Collection
channel
Flow Modulator
H2
Collect Flow
direction
1 ml/min
20 ml/min
Load time must not be
longer than time to fill
collection channel
Work in constant flow mode
I j S
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
51/60
Inject Step
Modulation
Valve
FID
Split/Splitless
Inlet
Column 1 (25 30 M)
Column 2 (5M)
Collection
channel
Flow Modulator
H2
Inject Flow
direction
1 ml/min
20 ml/min
Collection channel is
quickly injected into
second column in about100 milliseconds
20 ml/min
200 Hz
Typical times: Load 1.4 sec; Inject 0.12 sec
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
52/60
N-Butylbenzene
11.8 11.85 11.9 11.9511.75 11.8 11.85 11.9 11.95
unmodulated modulated
Kerosene Raw Data
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
53/60
Kerosene Raw DataAlkane, mono-aromatic, and di-aromatic
separated in 1.5 seconds
Zoom from 15.8 to 16 min
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
54/60
Heavy Gasoline Raw 2D Data
Note hydrocarbons being separated
in each 1.5 second modulation
GC X GC M d l ti B i
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
55/60
GC X GC Modulation Basics1.Acquisition
2. Transformation
1D-GC chromatogram(at the end of the 1st column in blue)
9 modulations shown
Coelution of 3 compounds!
Raw 2D-GC
chromatograms
(at the end of the 2nd column)
Take slices of the co-eluting
peaks and inject quickly toanother column of different
selectivity
red peak elutes last now and green peak elutes first and all 3 completely separated!
1
2
3
4 5 6
7
8
9
GC X GC Visualization
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
56/60
GC X GC Visualization2nd Dimension
chromatograms stackedReconstitute the peaks by
combining each of them from
each chromatogram
2D Image
1st Dimension
2nd
Dime
nsion(fa
stGC)
Chromatograms produced
by 8 modulation cycles
System Performance Check
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
57/60
Syste e o a ce C ec
Mixture: 7890A
1
21 3
45
6
7
8
9
10 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
181
21 3
45
6
7
8
9
10 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1. Octane
2. Fluorobenzene3. Propylbenzene
4. Bromo-2-fluorobenzene
5. Indane
6. Butylbenzene
7. Tetralin
8. Dodecane9. Naphthalene
10. Tridecane
11. Tetradecane12. Fluorobiphenyl
13. 1,3,5-Tributylbenzene
14. Acenaphthalene
15. Fluorene
16. Terphenyl
17. 2-Methyl anthracene18. Eicosan
Mixture of wide boiling point and polarity
Flow Modulation:
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
58/60
(GC x GC) of Diesel Fuel: 7890A
GC x GC Image:
Showing the normal B.P. distribution (1st dimension)
Also shows the hydrocarbon class clusters
Consistent RT for alkanes in 1st dimension showing precise modulation
Comparable peak in 2nd dimension band shows minimum peak broadening
with flow modulation
Naphthalene
Toluene
p-xylene
o-xylene
C9 C12 C16
Alkanes
mono-Aromatics
di-Aromatics
Methyl-naphthalenes
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
59/60
Conclusions
Both 2D and comprehensive 2D gas and liquidchromatography can be useful for handling complex
mixtures that cannot be adequately separated by 1Dchromatography.
In HPLC, phases of higher peak capacity and fast LCcolumns can be combined to provide LCXLCseparations
In GC, more advanced capillary flow technologyhardware, rapid electronics, Deans calculator andtransformation software can combine to provide
powerful separation capability.
8/12/2019 Developments in Multidimensional- And Comprehensive- ChromatographyBeyond Boxcars and Deans
60/60
Acknowledgements
GC Work-Jim McCurry, Roger Firor,and Bruce Quimby in Wilmington, DE
LC-Chip Work-Georges Gauthier and
LC Chip Team in Waldbronn and Santa
Clara