Development Policy and Management

Development Policy and Management

PIA 2501

Week Seven

Local Administration and Development: Democracy,

Decentralization and the Myth of the Grassroots

Discussion

Danielle Loustau-Williams

Reminder: Development Themes

1. Development Theory

2. Development Planning and Management

3. Governance, Local Government and Civil Society

4. Human Resource Development

5. Donors and Development

Theme Three

Governance,

Local Government and Civil Society

Three Issues

• I. Governance

• II. Local Government

• III. Civil Society

I. GOVERNANCE

Democracy Video

Governance

Governance and theState

Sovereignty– Authority to Govern (Ostrom)

Presumption of “Independence”– A National Government status given by International

Community and by use of International Law

"States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management."

Milton Esman

International Criminal Court

Three Post-September 11 Issues:

1.Governance

2.NGOs and Civil Society

3.Human Resource Development

The Shift in Development Priorities

Governance: an Overview of Issues

• Focus of International Development: Post-2001:

“Democracy and Governance”

Human Rights (First Generation-Political)

But not second (social) or third (economic)

TermsBasic Terms:

1. The Environment of Development

2. Governance-Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown

3. Rule of Law

Governance and Sovereignty

"[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does“

- Anonymous

Governance and Sovereignty• Rules of the Game politics:

– Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics

• "Splintering”– Break up of states--centrifugal forces

• Interest Group Liberalism: The goal?

• Civil Society as organizational– Not the individual or the mass

The Nature of Conflict

Governance and Sovereignty

• The need for apathy?

• Constitutional vs. Social stability

• Institutional structures:– Checks and balances

– The Institutional State• What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it important?

Governance and Democracy

Three Views

Types of Democracy: Terms

• Direct Democracy

– Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations

• Town hall or village model

New England Town Hall

Types of Democracy, Continued

• Indirect Democracy– Some form of representative democracy

• Pluralism– Existence of various diverse interest

associations, individuals and groups within society (Focus on Tolerance)

Nepal Poster

Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy

• Problem with Populism– Mob Justice

• Minority rights

• Shifting majorities

• Problem with Plebiscites

• Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

James Madison and Democracy: The Warning

• The problem with majorities

• Tyranny

• Factions

Democracy: What is it? "It is only when men learn what it means to

be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development."

- Vincent Ostrom

Vincent Ostrom, Tej Kumari Mahat and Elinor Ostrom

Types of Democracy, cont.

• Polyarchy– Diverse interest associations of society

compete with each other over policy issues (Structured Pluralism)

• Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism)– Diverse interest associations cooperate

with each other and with organs of the state to make policy (Scandinavia)

Robert Dahl (Yale University Born 1915) and Polyarchy

Democracy: What is it?

“The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.”

Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

Peter L. Berger (Born March 17, 1929, Boston University)

Central to Peter Berger's work is the relationship between society and the individual

Review: Governance and the Rule of Law

• Albie Sachs

• VIDEO

• Ten Minute Break

II. Local Government- Focus on

Local Administration and Development

Myths of the Grass Roots

Governance Issues- Continued

Local Government Defined:

• Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

What Local Government Does

CLGF Pacific Local Government Capacity Building Project

What Local Government Does?

• Services: local roads, sanitation, water, basic health, primary education

• Depend Upon: Skilled Personnel

– Fiscal/budget allocation• Taxes and transfers

– Planning• Strategic priorities

– Managing• Implementing

Local Government and Development: The Goal

Bottom Up Participation Planning vs. politics: myths of participation

Decentralized Governance

• Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units

• Not always about democracy

Reinventing Government?

Decentralization and Local Government: Models

• Devolution- Political

• Deconcentration- administrative

• Delegation- autonomous control

• Privatization- private or non-profit sector

Local Government and theLocal State

• Local State (Local level national authority) vs. Local Government

• Functional vs. Territorial Control

• Devolution

– Urban vs. Rural

– Urban linked with Rural

The Primary Unit of Government

• Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats

• English/American– Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)

• Continental European– Commune (no distinction between rural

and urban)

Swedish Local Government Organizations

Deconcentration

• Functional vs. Prefectoral

• Prefectoral integrated

• Prefectoral unintegrated

French Prefect

Control Systems

Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor

Council/Chief

Prefectoral - Integrated

DistrictOffice

DistrictLaborOffice

District Ed.Office

District Ag.Office

Public WorksOffice

Control Systems

Local Govt.

Council/Chief

Prefectoral - Unintegrated

Police

Police

Interior Labor

DistrictLaborOffice

Education

District Ed.Office

Agriculture

District Ag.Office

Public Works

Public WorksOffice

DistrictOffice

Control Systems

Home Affairs Local Govt.

Council

Labor

DistrictLaborOffice

Education

District Ed.Office

Agriculture

District Ag.Office

Public Works

Public WorksOffice

Functional

III. Civil Society, E and Governance

Civil Society: Definition

Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

Target Group

Grassroots Organizations

Civic Education

Land Rural Industries

Governance / Democracy

Communica-tion and Support

NGOs Women’s Focused Groups

Decentralization

State Societal Linkages

Central State - Macro

Civil Society - Micro

Weak Strong

State-mezzo Weak Strong

Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State

SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE

Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Weak Strong

The Principle

The Goal

Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie

• Bottom up and interactive

• Village development committees vs. local planning officers

• Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks

• Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

Potential Development Themes

• Potential areas of development include infrastructure improvement, agricultural productivity, pasture improvement, value adding (product processing), postharvest technology and irrigation system improvement.

• At the Grassroots

Civil SocietyDefinition:

–Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests

"Beyond the family but short of the state”- Hegal

"Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship”

- First vs. Second and Third generation

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Authors and the Debates

Picard, “Socialism and the Field Administrator”

Development Themes-AuthorsI. Planning vs. Implementation- The Limits of

Governance

• Aaron Wildavsky

• Jeffery Pressman (and Wildavsky)- Local Government

• Naomi Caiden (and Wildavsky)- Planning vs. Budgeting

Development Themes

II. Gender and Development- A Democracy and Governance issue

• Isabel Allende

• Sue Ellen Charlton

• Kathleen Staudt

Governance Themes

III. Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories

• Samuel Huntington

• Monte Palmer

• Jorge Luis Borges• • V.S. Naipaul

JORGE LUIS BORGES

Core Debates

Development Policy and Management?

John Seitz

Michael Edwards

John Rapley

Paul A. Haslam- Pictured

John Seitz, Michael Edwards and John Rapley

“Case Studies”

• Isabel Allende, “Clarrisa”

• Jorge Luis Borges, “ The Book of Sand”

Jorge Luis Borge and Isabel Allende

This Weeks Books

• V.S. Naipaul, A Bend in the River

• Paul Theroux, The Mosquito Coast

The Odd Couple:V.S. Naipaul and Paul Theroux

Books of the Week for Next Week

• Janine Wedel, Collision and Collusion

• Deborah Scroggins, Emma’s War

Next Week’s AuthorsJanine Wedel and Deborah Scroggins

Interview

• Deborah Scroggins

• VIDEO