Development of the Hurricane Development of the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Using Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Using a Systems Engineering Approach a Systems Engineering Approach 61 61 st st Interdepartmental Hurricane Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference Conference 6 March 2007 6 March 2007
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Development of the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Using a Systems Engineering Approach 61 st Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference 6 March 2007.
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Development of the Hurricane Development of the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Using Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Using a Systems Engineering Approach a Systems Engineering Approach
Call for Improved Understanding Call for Improved Understanding and Predictability of Hurricane and Predictability of Hurricane
IntensityIntensity• Key focus of Hurricane Intensity Research Working Group
of the NOAA Science Advisory Board - to reduce the error in 48-hour intensity forecasts for hurricane-strength storms by at least 10kt within the next five years
• High priority of National Science Board (NSB) report, “Hurricane Warning: A Critical Need for a National Hurricane Research Initiative” - Predicting hurricane intensification and size, and reducing the uncertainty associated with where and when hurricanes will make landfall
• Key operational forecasting needs outlined by Joint Action Group for Tropical Cyclone Research – Intensity, Structure, Track, Sea State, Storm Surge, Precipitation, Observations
NRC Decadal StudyNRC Decadal Study
• QuikSCAT is aging beyond its expected life span
• NASA/NOAA should develop better collaborations
• NOAA should assume responsibility for the next operational scatterometer
• NASA should explore innovative remote sensing technologies– Venture class of satellites– Suborbital demonstrations
• Revisit time interval: every 6 hours (1-3 hour goal)– Reduced product latency: 45 - 60 minutes from
measurement to product availability (15 min goal)• < = 2.5 km horizontal grid resolution (1 km goal)• < = 2.5 km from coast (1km goal)• Wind fields must be delivered into the operational
environment, i.e., NAWIPS, AWIPS and data assimilation systems
• Product documentation / tutorial / training
HIRAD Team ResponsibilitiesHIRAD Team Responsibilities
• NASA Marshall Space Flight Center – Project Science and Systems Integration
• NOAA Hurricane Research Division – Hurricane Expertise
• University of Central Florida – Modeling and Algorithm Development
• University of Michigan – System Design and Calibration
• RTI – Antenna Array Design and Analysis
Measurement HeritageMeasurement HeritageSFMR Tb for Hurricane
KatrinaSFMR
Freq
Tapp
Horn Antenn
a
SFMR wing pod
Electronics
SFMR on NOAA WP-3D Aircraft
Partners: NASA LaRC, UMass., NOAA HRD, and ProSensing
Innovations from the NASA Innovations from the NASA Earth Science Technology Earth Science Technology
PortfolioPortfolio• Instrument Incubator Program
Synthetic thinned array antenna and correlated receiver technologies utilized by the Lightweight Rain Radiometer (LRR)
Agile Digital Detection for RFI mitigation
• Advanced Information Systems Technology Program
Sensor Management for Applied Research Technologies (SMART) On-Demand Modeling (ODM) for flexible, autonomous integration of Earth observations and model results during real-time decision-making
LRR-X Deployed on NASA DC-8LRR-X Deployed on NASA DC-8Engineering Demonstration of ImagingEngineering Demonstration of Imaging
track field of view• Low profile planar array antenna• Software beam forming with no moving parts• Internal hot, cold, and noise diode based calibration• Continuous gap free imaging• Real-time wind and rain retrieval algorithms with
one second update at 1 km spatial resolution• Sensor web enablement (SWE) technology based on
Open Geospatial Consortium protocols
Technology Transfer Operational Reconnaissance Hurricane Aircraft (optional)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Demonstration (optional)
Technology Brassboard Demonstration in Laboratory
Satellite Demonstration of Improved Hurricane Ocean Surface Vector Winds and Rain Rate
• NASA MSFC Investment fundingLaboratory and anechoic chamber testing of antennaBrassboard demonstrations of full systemModeling simulated observationsNOAA AOC assistance with off-nadir SFMR demoObserving Systems Simulation Experiment with HWINDFull aircraft system development
• Proposals for competed fundingAircraft integration and test flightsField deployments in hurricane scenarios
Planning for SuccessPlanning for SuccessReplacing Hurricane Floyd simulations with real Replacing Hurricane Floyd simulations with real
observationsobservations
Long
Lat
High Spacial Resolution WS 2D Plot
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Long
Lat
High Spacial Resolution RR 2D Plot
50 100 150 200 250 300
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Simulated aircraft wind speed observations
Simulated wind speed product at 1 km
Simulated aircraft rain rate observations
Simulated rain rate product at 1 km
Backup SlidesBackup Slides
Chris Ruf, Univ. Michigan, ver. 15 Dec 2006
USER INPUTS: AIRCRAFT (1 m aperture) SPACECRAFT (5 m aperture) SPACECRAFT (15 m aperture) ***** System Design ***** freq (GHz) 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 altitude (km) (a/c ~ 11 km, s/c ~ 350 km) 11 11 11 11 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 ground track velocity (km/s) (0.2 km/s ~ 450 mph) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 integration time (s) 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
•ESTAR• Soil Moisture• David LeVine, GSFC• w. U.Mass.
•LRR• Rainfall• Chris Ruf, U. Michigan
Original HIRADTechnology Road Original HIRADTechnology Road MapMap
HIRAD Aircraft Instrument
16 Element Partial Array
32 Element Full Array
Dual Linear Array/Integral Feed Test Article
Modeling and trade studies
or
Now
Near Term
2 – 3 Years
or
Tasks
LRR Technology
}
Current HIRAD PartnersCurrent HIRAD Partners
• University of Central Florida:
– Linwood Jones and James Johnson• University of Michigan:
– Chris Ruf and team• RTI:
– M.C. Bailey and Chi Nuygen• NOAA Hurricane Research Division:
– Peter Black and Eric Uhlhorn• NASA MSFC:
– VP61: Robbie Hood, Frank LaFontaine, Tim Miller– VP51: Karen Stephens– EI51: Mark James – UAH: David Simmons and Sue O’Brien– USRA: Vanessa Rohwedder
Satellite Hurricane Imager
Microwave RadiometerHurricane Winds and Rain
Instrument Development
Partnership
NASA
NOAA
UCF
U. Michigan
Wind Analysis ExamplesWind Analysis Examples
QuikSCAT information for Hurricane Erin compiled by Remote Sensing Solutions
NOAA HRD Hurricane Wind (HWIND) Analysis for Hurricane Katrina
Air Force29 Aug 0930 UTC
NOAASFMR29 Aug 0930 UTC
Original Hurricane Imaging Radiometer Team (HIRAD)
Prof. Chris RufU- Michigan
System Design and Calibration
Dr. MC BaileyRTI
Array Design and Analysis
Dr. Linwood JonesCFRSL
Algorithms and Modeling
Mr. James JohnsonCFRSL
Project Management
Wide Swath Imaging of Strong Wind and
Heavy Rain Hurricane Conditions
HeritageHeritage
• Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer/ 4-7 GHz non-scanning instrumentation developed at LaRC and currently flown on NOAA P-3 and USAFR 53rd WRS C-130
• Lightweight Rain Radiometer/10 GHz developed with NASA Instrument Incubator Program funding
• NASA MSFC and LaRC aircraft instrument development expertise
• NOAA and NASA aircraft hurricane sampling expertise and collaborations
• NOAA is establishing a requirement for improved hurricane wind observations
HIRad ConceptHIRad Concept
Top Side
HIRad Array Element Concept
HiRad Swath
NOAA’s Gulfstream-IV SP
SFMR Swath
HIRad wind speed simulation of Hurricane Floyd
Concept• HIRad offers wide swath and high resolution imaging from Gulfstream IV or a UAV.• Potential for spaceborne application. Technology• The multi-frequency, microstrip, stacked patch, thinned array is the technology challenge for HIRad.
Strategic PlanningStrategic Planning
• Technology Demonstration
– Laboratory brassboard demonstration at NSSTC– Definition of design, testing, and performance
requirements• Aircraft Demonstration
– Fast track technology demonstration on NASA ER-2, DC-8, or NOAA P-3 in non-hurricane conditions in 2008
NASA User Cost: $4,000/Flight Hour $3,700/Flight Hour TBD $3,000/Flight Hour TBD
Aircraft Specification Comparison
WP3D Tail Doppler (now)- 3D winds over 80 km swath from 1-10 km alt. in precipitation regions only (NOAA)
GIV Tail Doppler (2008)- 3D winds over 40 km swath from 5-18 km alt. in precipitation regions only (NOAA)
Satellite Doppler (2020)- 3D winds from 1-20 km alt over 500 km swath similar to TRMM coverage (NOAA/NASA)
Satellite Scan SAR (2013)- Surface winds over 500 km swath similar to TRMM coverage (NASA/JPL)
WP3D ARAP (2008)- Dual mode Doppler profiler/scatterometer ( Big & Heavy). 20 km wind swath width (surface to 5 km alt) from 10 km alt. Saturates at 40 m/s (CAT2) winds. (NOAA/RSS)
Global Hawk HWrap (2012)- AUV based dual mode Doppler profiler/scatterometer (light and compact). 20 km wind swath width (surface to 10 km alt) from 20 km alt. Saturates at 40 m/s (CAT2) winds. (GSFC/RSS)
Lagrangian Drifters- pillow size balloons to map winds (1-20km alt point source with 5 day lifetime, I.e. continuous in time): winds, temperature, humidity throughout hurricane with 95% chance max wind detection with 500 balloons (ENSCO Corp.)
3D Hurricane Winds- 3D Hurricane Winds- Competition/CollaborationCompetition/Collaboration