Development of role and Development of role and function of plant function of plant pigments for life pigments for life By : Retno Mastuti Biology Department – Brawijaya University
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Development of role and
Development of role and
function of plant
function of plant
pigments for life
pigments for life
By :
RetnoMastuti
Biology Department –BrawijayaUniversity
What is plant pigments ?
What is plant pigments ?
�Plant compounds that are perceived by
humans to have color
�Varied structures and colors
→examined
their chemical and physical properties,
their chemical and physical properties,
their m
ode of synthesis, and their
physiological and ecological roles.
�Plant pigments also have a long history of
use by humans
Plant Secondary Metabolites
Plant Secondary Metabolites
�Secondary m
etabolites or secondary
compounds are compounds that are
not required for normal growth and
development, and are not made
through m
etabolic pathways common to
all plants.
all plants.
�The m
ost common roles for secondary
compounds in plants are ecological
roles that govern interactions
between plants and other
organisms.
Functions of Secondary
Functions of Secondary
Compounds
Compounds
�S
eco
nd
ary
co
mp
ou
nd
s a
re g
rou
pe
d in
to c
lass
es
ba
sed
o
n s
imil
ar
stru
ctu
res,
bio
syn
the
tic
pa
thw
ays,
or
the
k
ind
s o
f p
lan
ts t
ha
t m
ake
th
em
. T
he
la
rge
st s
uch
cl
ass
es
are
th
e a
lka
loid
s, t
erp
en
oid
s, a
nd
ph
en
oli
cs.
Ma
ny s
eco
nd
ary
co
mp
ou
nd
s a
re b
rig
htl
y c
olo
red
�
Ma
ny s
eco
nd
ary
co
mp
ou
nd
s a
re b
rig
htl
y c
olo
red
p
igm
en
ts lik
e a
nth
ocy
an
inth
at
colo
r fl
ow
ers
re
d a
nd
b
lue
. T
he
se a
ttra
ct p
oll
ina
tors
an
d f
ruit
an
d s
ee
d
dis
pe
rse
rs.
�S
eco
nd
ary
co
mp
ou
nd
s o
fte
n o
ccu
r in
co
mb
ina
tio
n
wit
h o
ne
or
mo
re s
uga
rs.
Th
ese
co
mb
ina
tio
n
mo
lecu
les
are
kn
ow
n a
s g
lyco
sid
es.
U
sua
lly t
he
su
ga
r is
a g
luco
se,
ga
lact
ose
or
rha
mn
ose
.
Alkaloids
Alkaloids
�A
lka
loid
s g
en
era
lly
in
clu
de
a
lka
lin
e s
ub
sta
nce
s th
at
ha
ve
nit
rog
en
as
pa
rt o
f a
ri
ng
str
uct
ure
.�
Mo
re t
ha
n 6
50
0 a
lka
loid
s a
re k
no
wn
an
d a
re t
he
la
rge
st c
lass
of
seco
nd
ary
co
mp
ou
nd
s.�
Th
ey
are
ve
ry c
om
mo
n in
ce
rta
in p
lan
t fa
mil
ies,
ce
rta
in p
lan
t fa
mil
ies,
e
spe
cia
lly
:�
pe
as
–Fa
ba
cea
e�
sun
flo
we
r –
Ast
era
cea
e�
po
pp
y –
Pa
pa
ve
race
ae
�to
ma
to –
So
lan
ace
ae
�d
og
ba
ne
s –
Ap
ocy
na
cea
e�
mil
kw
ee
ds
-A
scle
pia
da
cea
e�
citr
us
–R
uta
cea
e.
Terpenoids
Terpenoids
Terpenoids are
dim
ers and polymers
of 5 carbon
precursors called
isoprene units (C5
H8).
Terpenoids often
Terpenoids often
evaporate from
plants and contribute
to the haze we see
on hot sunny days.
Phenolics
Phenolics
�C
om
po
un
ds
tha
t co
nta
in a
fu
lly u
nsa
tura
ted
six
ca
rbo
n r
ing
lin
ked
to
an
oxy
ge
n a
re c
all
ed
ph
en
oli
cs.
�
Fla
vo
no
ids
are
co
mp
lex
ph
en
oli
cs.
Th
ey a
re o
fte
n
sold
in
he
alt
h f
oo
d s
tore
s a
s su
pp
lem
en
ts t
o v
ita
min
C
.
�A
nth
ocy
an
ins
are
a t
yp
e o
f fl
avo
no
id t
ha
t g
ive
flo
we
rs
�A
nth
ocy
an
ins
are
a t
yp
e o
f fl
avo
no
id t
ha
t g
ive
flo
we
rs
red
an
d b
lue
pig
me
nts
.
�S
om
e p
he
no
lics
fo
rm p
oly
me
rs :
Ta
nn
ins
-a
re
ast
rin
ge
nt
to t
he
ta
ste
. T
he
y c
an
als
o b
e u
sed
to
ta
n
lea
the
r. T
he
y o
fte
n g
ive
wa
ter
a t
ea
-co
lore
d l
oo
k.
�Li
gn
inis
a m
ajo
r st
ruct
ura
l co
mp
on
en
t o
f w
oo
d.
The major classes of plant
The major classes of plant
pigments :
pigments :
�Chlorophyll,
�Anthocyanins,
�Anthocyanins,
�Carotenoids, and
�Betalains
Pig
me
nts
Pig
me
nts
An
cie
nt
tim
es:
Dye
ing
clo
th,
pri
nti
ng
, p
ain
tin
g,
colo
rin
g f
oo
ds
An
cie
nt
tim
es:
Dye
ing
clo
th,
pri
nti
ng
, p
ain
tin
g,
colo
rin
g f
oo
ds
Hig
hly
su
ita
ble
na
tura
l co
lora
nts
fo
r p
rep
ari
ng
H
igh
ly s
uit
ab
le n
atu
ral
colo
ran
ts f
or
pre
pa
rin
g
In P
lan
ts:
Att
ract
ing
po
llin
ato
rs ;
Se
ed
dis
pe
rsa
l ;
Pro
tect
fro
m h
arm
ful
eff
ect
s o
f U
V l
igh
ts;
inse
ct r
ep
ell
ing
sig
na
l ;
resi
sta
nce
of
un
de
rgro
un
d p
lan
t p
art
s to
so
il p
ath
og
en
; R
OS
sca
ve
ng
ing
;
Lim
itin
g d
am
ag
e c
au
sed
by w
ou
nd
ing
an
d i
nfi
ltra
tio
n in
pla
nt
tiss
ue
s ;
Hig
h a
nti
oxid
an
t ca
pa
citi
es
In P
lan
ts:
Att
ract
ing
po
llin
ato
rs ;
Se
ed
dis
pe
rsa
l ;
Pro
tect
fro
m h
arm
ful
eff
ect
s o
f U
V l
igh
ts;
inse
ct r
ep
ell
ing
sig
na
l ;
resi
sta
nce
of
un
de
rgro
un
d p
lan
t p
art
s to
so
il p
ath
og
en
; R
OS
sca
ve
ng
ing
;
Lim
itin
g d
am
ag
e c
au
sed
by w
ou
nd
ing
an
d i
nfi
ltra
tio
n in
pla
nt
tiss
ue
s ;
Hig
h a
nti
oxid
an
t ca
pa
citi
es
An
tho
cya
nin
s,
Ca
rote
no
ids,
be
tala
ins
An
tho
cya
nin
s,
Ca
rote
no
ids,
be
tala
ins
Hig
hly
su
ita
ble
na
tura
l co
lora
nts
fo
r p
rep
ari
ng
he
alt
h f
oo
ds
Hig
hly
su
ita
ble
na
tura
l co
lora
nts
fo
r p
rep
ari
ng
he
alt
h f
oo
ds
Na
tura
l
colo
ran
ts
Na
tura
l
colo
ran
tsH
av
e n
eit
he
r h
ep
ato
carc
ino
ge
nic
no
r m
uta
ge
nic
eff
ect
s in
ma
mm
al
Ha
ve
ne
ith
er
he
pa
toca
rcin
og
en
ic n
or
mu
tag
en
ic
eff
ect
s in
ma
mm
al
Ha
ve
div
ers
e a
ctiv
itie
s :
An
ti in
fla
mm
ato
ry,
he
pa
top
rote
ctiv
e,
can
cer
che
mo
pre
ve
nta
tive
act
ivit
ies,
re
du
ce o
xid
ati
ve
stre
ss,
pro
tect
LD
Ls f
rom
oxid
ati
on
,
A n
ew
cla
ss o
f d
ieta
ry c
ati
on
ize
da
nti
oxid
an
t
Ha
ve
div
ers
e a
ctiv
itie
s :
An
ti in
fla
mm
ato
ry,
he
pa
top
rote
ctiv
e,
can
cer
che
mo
pre
ve
nta
tive
act
ivit
ies,
re
du
ce o
xid
ati
ve
stre
ss,
pro
tect
LD
Ls f
rom
oxid
ati
on
,
A n
ew
cla
ss o
f d
ieta
ry c
ati
on
ize
da
nti
oxid
an
t
10
Pigmen fotosintetik
Pigmen fotosintetik
•Klorofila : jumlahnyapaling banyak, mengabsorsicahayabiru(430 nm) dan
merah(662 nm)
•klorofilb: struktur= klorofila, tetapitidaksebanyakklorofila, mengabsorbsi
maksim
alcahayapada
λ= 453nm and 642 nm, meningkatkankisarancahaya
ygdigunakansbgenergi
•Karotenoid
: pigmenaccessorypadasemuaorganismefotosintetik,
hidrofobik
(larutlemak), beradapadamembranlipid, mengabsorbsicahaya
maksim
alpada
λantara
460 nm dan550 nm, tampakberw
arnamerah, oranye
dankuning
•Fungsikarotenoid
: melindungitanamandariradikalbebasyang terbentuk
dariradiasiUV ataulainnya. Radikalbebasberbahayakarenamengandung
ekstra’odd’ elektronyang sebenarnyatidakdiharapkankeberanaannya. This
means that they are constantly trying to get rid of this extra electron. They do
this by attacking w
hatever bonds they can.
Anthocyanins:
Anthocyanins:
�a class of flavonoidsderived ultim
ately from phenylalanine,
water-soluble,
�synthesized in the cytosol, and localized in vacuoles.
�provide a wide range of colors ranging from orange/red to
violet/blue.
violet/blue.
�various structures,
�their specific color depends on co-pigments, metal ions and
pH.
�Common types : Anthocyanins, aurones, chalcones,
flavonols and proanthocyanidins
�are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Produce m
any
colors in flowers.
Carotenoids
Carotenoids
�T
he
lip
id-s
olu
ble
, ye
llo
w-t
o-r
ed
, a
su
bcl
ass
of
terp
en
oid
s,
�A
re d
istr
ibu
ted
ub
iqu
ito
usl
y in
pla
nts
.
�a
re s
yn
the
size
d in
ch
loro
pla
sts
an
d
�a
re e
sse
nti
al to
th
e in
teg
rity
of
the
ph
oto
syn
the
tic
�a
re e
sse
nti
al to
th
e in
teg
rity
of
the
ph
oto
syn
the
tic
ap
pa
ratu
s.
�C
om
mo
n t
yp
es
: C
aro
ten
es
an
d x
an
tho
ph
yll
s (e
.g.
ast
axa
nth
in)
�In
gre
en
pla
nts
(m
ask
ed
by c
hlo
rop
hyll
), v
eg
eta
ble
s li
ke
carr
ots
, m
an
go
es
an
d s
o o
n.
So
me
bir
ds,
fis
h a
nd
cr
ust
ace
an
s a
bso
rb t
he
m t
hro
ug
h t
he
ir d
iets
Betalains
Betalains
�are nitrogen-containing water-soluble compounds
�Consist of yellow betaxanthin and red-purple
betacyanins,
�derived from tyrosine
are found only in a lim
ited number of plant (only
�are found only in a lim
ited number of plant (only
13 families of Ordo Caryophyllales).
�In contrast to anthocyanins and carotenoids, the
biosynthetic pathway of betalains is only partially
understood.
R1
: glu
co
se
in
ca
se
of b
eta
nin
an
d
H in
ca
se
of
be
tan
idin
;
(DO
PA
: 3
, 4
-
dih
yd
roxyp
he
nyla
lanin
e
Bio
synth
etic p
ath
way o
f beta
lain
H in
ca
se
of
be
tan
idin
;
R~
is -
(CH
~)2
CO
NH
2R
2: Ia
tera
l ch
ain
of
am
ino
acid
or
am
ine
co
mp
ou
nd
R~
is -
(CH
~)2
CO
NH
2
beta
nin
glu
co
se
beta
nid
in
Ce
losia
cri
sta
ta
Did
iere
a
Ba
se
lla a
lba
Op
un
tia
ca
cti
Be
ta v
ulg
ari
s
Aiz
oa
ce
ae
the d
iffe
rent
localiz
ation o
f th
e
red b
eta
cyanin
sand y
ello
w
beta
xanth
ins
Ph
yto
lacca
ru
go
sa
Bo
ug
ain
va
ille
Po
rtu
laca
Me
se
mb
rya
nth
em
um
Be
ta v
ulg
ari
s
Ste
gn
osp
erm
a h
am
ilifo
lium
Am
ara
nth
us
beta
xanth
ins
Commerc
ial pro
duct :
betalain
from red beet
Commerc
ial pro
duct :
betalain
from red beet
Amara
nthus: pro
mising
altern
ative betalain
sourc
e
Amara
nthus: pro
mising
altern
ative betalain
sourc
e
17
�All three classes of pigments act as visible
signals to attract insects, birds and
anim
als for pollination and seed dispersal.
They also protect plants from damage
caused by UV and visible light.
Biosynthesis of plant (flower)
Biosynthesis of plant (flower)
pigments: anthocyanins, betalains
pigments: anthocyanins, betalains
and carotenoids.
and carotenoids.
Major plant pigments and their
Major plant pigments and their
occurrence
occurrence
PigmentCommon typesWhere they are found
Examples of
typical colors
Chloroph
ylls
Chlorophyll
Green plants
Green
Caroteno
ids
Carotenes and
xanthophylls
(e.g.
Bacteria. Green plants
(masked by chlorophyll),
vegetables like carrots,
mangoes and so on.
Oranges, reds,
yellows, pinks
ids
(e.g.
astaxanthin)
mangoes and so on.
Some birds, fish and
crustaceans absorb them
through their diets
yellows, pinks
Flavonoi
ds
Anthocyanins,
aurones,
chalcones,
flavonolsand
proanthocyanidi
ns
Produce m
any colors in
flowers. Common in
plants such as berries,
eggplant, and citrus
fruits. Present in certain
teas, wine, and chocolate
Yellow, red,
blue, purple
Betalains
Betacyanins and
betaxanthins
Flowers and fungi
Red to violet,
also yellow to
orange
Induction and selection of
Induction and selection of
callus
callus
So
urc
e o
f P
lan
tS
eed
germ
inati
on
MS
0 m
ed
ium
Call
us in
du
cti
on
MS
+2B
AP
+2N
AA
Call
us s
ele
cti
on
Growth curve
Growth curve ––log phase
log phase
determination
determination
Fresh weight of callus (g)B
eta
cyanin
accum
ula
tion c
losely
associa
ted w
ith c
ell
gro
wth
(B
eta
vulg
aris,
Phyto
laca a
mericanum
, C
henopodiu
m r
ubru
m)
Length
of
culture
s (
days)
Fresh weight of callus (g)
Th
e f
ive b
asic
in
heri
ted
Mic
rog
rap
hs
of
red
be
et
ce
lls
: o
ran
ge
[O
]. v
iole
t [V
], r
ed
[K
] a
nd
ye
llo
w [
Y]
ce
lls
sh
ow
ing
th
e m
orp
ho
log
y
co
rre
sp
on
din
g t
o e
ac
h c
olo
ure
d p
he
no
typ
e.
Du
e t
o t
he
hig
h f
ria
bil
ity o
f th
e c
all
i, c
ell
s s
ca
tte
red
sp
on
tan
eo
us
ly w
he
n d
rop
pe
d i
n a
7%
ma
nn
ito
l s
olu
tio
n.
Th
e f
ive b
asic
in
heri
ted
sta
ble
ph
en
oty
pes o
f re
d
beet
cell
cu
ltu
res. L
eft
to
rig
ht:
gre
en
[G
], y
ell
ow
[Y
],
ora
ng
e [
O|,
red
[R
] an
d v
iole
t |V
|.
Am
ara
nth
us p
igm
en
ts is a
n a
ltern
ati
ve c
an
did
ate
of
healt
hy b
eta
lain
natu
ral
co
lora
nts
23
Am
ara
nth
us
pla
nt
imp
rov
em
en
t th
rou
gh
tis
sue
cu
ltu
re m
eth
od
Am
ara
nth
us
pla
nt
imp
rov
em
en
t th
rou
gh
tis
sue
cu
ltu
re m
eth
od
org
an
og
en
esis
pla
ntl
et
pro
top
lasts
References
References
�A
zere
do
, H
.M.C
. 2
00
9.
Be
tala
ins:
pro
pe
rtie
s, s
ou
rce
s, a
pp
lica
tio
ns
an
d s
tab
ilit
y –
a r
ev
iew
. In
t. J
. Fo
od
Sci
.
Tech
no
l. 4
4:2
36
5-2
37
6.
�D
elg
ad
o-V
arg
as,
F.,
Jim
e´n
ez,
A.R
. &
Pa
red
es-
Lo´
pe
z, O
. (2
00
0).
Na
tura
l p
igm
en
ts:
caro
ten
oid
s, a
nth
ocy
an
ins,
an
d b
eta
lain
s -c
ha
ract
eri
stic
s, b
iosy
nth
esi
s, p
roce
ssin
g,
an
d s
tab
ilit
y. C
riti
cal
Re
vie
ws
in F
oo
d S
cie
nce
an
d
Nu
trit
ion
, 4
0,
17
3–
28
9.
�D
o¨
rne
nb
urg
, H
. &
Kn
orr
, D
. (1
99
7).
Ch
all
en
ge
s a
nd
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
of
me
tab
oli
te p
rod
uct
ion
fro
m p
lan
t ce
ll
an
d t
issu
e c
ult
ure
. Fo
od
Te
chn
olo
gy,
51
, 4
7–
54
.
�D
ow
nh
am
, A
. &
Co
llin
s, P
. (2
00
0).
Co
lou
rin
g o
ur
foo
ds
in t
he
la
st a
nd
ne
xt
mil
len
niu
m.
Inte
rna
�G
eo
rgie
v, …
20
08
. B
eta
lain
pro
du
ctio
n i
n p
lan
t in
vit
ro s
yst
em
s. A
cta
Ph
ysi
ol.
Pla
nt.
D
�K
an
ne
r, J
., H
are
l, S
. &
Gra
nit
, R
. (2
00
1).
Be
tala
ins
-a
ne
w c
lass
of
die
tary
ca
tio
niz
ed
an
tio
xid
an
ts.
Jou
rna
l o
f
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral
an
d F
oo
d C
he
mis
try,
49
, 5
17
8–
51
85
. ti
on
al
Jou
rna
l o
f Fo
od
Sci
en
ce a
nd
Te
chn
olo
gy,
35
, 5
–2
2.
�K
aru
pp
usa
my,
S.
20
9.
A r
ev
iew
on
tre
nd
s in
pro
du
ctio
n
of
seco
nd
ary
me
tab
oli
tes
fro
m h
igh
er
pla
nts
by
in
�
Ka
rup
pu
sam
y, S
. 2
09
. A
re
vie
w o
n t
ren
ds
in p
rod
uct
ion
o
f se
con
da
ry m
eta
bo
lite
s fr
om
hig
he
r p
lan
ts b
y i
n
vit
ro,
tiss
ue
, o
rga
n a
nd
ce
ll c
ult
ure
s. J
. M
ed
icin
al
Pla
nts
Re
s. 3
(23
):1
22
2-1
23
9.
�K
ea
rsle
y, M
.W.
& K
ats
ab
oxa
kis
, K
.Z.
(19
80
). S
tab
ilit
y a
nd
use
of
na
tura
l co
lou
rs in
fo
od
s. J
ou
rna
l o
f Fo
od
Tech
no
log
y, 1
5,
50
1–
51
4.
�M
ore
no
…..
20
08
.
�S
he
no
y, V
.R.
(19
93
). A
nth
ocy
an
ins
-P
rosp
ect
ive
fo
od
co
lou
rs.
Cu
rre
nt
Sci
en
ce,
64
, 5
75
–5
79
.
�S
taff
ord
, H
.A.
(19
94
). A
nth
ocy
an
ins
an
d b
eta
lain
s: e
vo
luti
on
of
the
mu
tua
lly
exc
lusi
ve
pa
thw
ays.
Pla
nt
Sci
en
ce,
10
1,
91
–9
8.
�S
tin
tzin
g,
F.C
. &
Ca
rle
, R
. (2
00
4).
Fu
nct
ion
al
pro
pe
rtie
s o
f a
nth
ocy
an
ins
an
d b
eta
lain
s in
pla
nts
, fo
od
, a
nd
in
hu
ma
n n
utr
itio
n.
Tre
nd
s in
Fo
od
Sci
en
ce a
nd
Te
chn
olo
gy,
15
, 1
9–
38
.
�S
tin
tzin
g,
F.C
. &
Ca
rle
, R
. (2
00
7).
Be
tala
ins
–e
me
rgin
g p
rosp
ect
s fo
r fo
od
sci
en
tist
s. T
ren
ds
Fo
od
Sci
. Te
chn
ol.
18
: 5
14
-5
25
.
�S
tra
ck,
D.,
Vo
gt,
T.
& S
chli
em
an
n,
W.
(20
03
). R
ece
nt
ad
va
nce
s in
be
tala
in r
ese
arc
h.
Ph
yto
che
mis
try,
62
, 2
47
–
26
9.
�vo
n E
lbe
, J.
H.
(19
75
). S
tab
ilit
y o
f b
eta
lain
es
as
foo
d c
olo
rs.
Fo
od
Te
chn
olo
gy,
5,
42
–4
4.
Judulpenelitiantugasakhirskripsi/tesis
�In
du
ksi
Aku
mu
lasi
Be
tasi
an
in p
ad
a K
alu
s C
elo
sia
cri
sta
taLi
nn
. d
en
ga
n
Eli
sito
r A
bio
tik
(M
n2
+ d
an
Co
2+
)
�In
du
ksi
Aku
mu
lasi
Be
tasi
an
in p
ad
a K
alu
s C
elo
sia
cri
sta
taLi
nn
. d
en
ga
n
Eli
sito
r B
ioti
k (
Kit
osa
n d
an
Pe
kti
n)
�P
ote
nsi
Ekst
rak
Pig
me
n B
eta
lain
Bu
ng
an
Je
ng
ge
r A
ya
m (
Ce
losi
a c
rist
ata
)
terh
ad
ap
Pe
ng
ha
mb
ata
n P
ert
um
bu
ha
n P
lasm
od
ium
be
rgh
ei
terh
ad
ap
Pe
ng
ha
mb
ata
n P
ert
um
bu
ha
n P
lasm
od
ium
be
rgh
ei
�In
du
ksi
Aku
mu
lasi
B
eta
sia
nin
Ka
lus
Ce
losi
a s
p m
ela
lui
Mo
dif
ika
si S
uk
rosa
sert
a k
om
bin
asi
Glu
kosa
da
n F
rukto
sa p
ad
a M
ed
ium
Ku
ltu
r M
S
�K
lasi
fika
si G
en
us
An
gg
ota
Fa
mil
i A
ma
ran
tha
cea
ea
Be
rda
sark
an
An
ali
sis
Mo
rfo
log
i d
an
Mo
leku
ler
�K
asi
fika
si E
na
mG
en
us
An
gg
ota
Fa
mil
iA
ma
ran
tha
cea
eb
erd
asa
rka
n
Mo
rfo
log
iTu
mb
uh
an
da
nA
na
tom
iD
au
n d
an
Ba
tan
g
�K
lasi
fika
si E
na
m G
en
us
An
gg
ota
Fa
mil
ia A
ma
ran
tha
cea
e b
erd
asa
rka
n
Mo
rfo
log
i Tu
mb
uh
an
da
n P
rofi
l S
en
ya
wa
Be
tasi
an
in
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