KTNS/RR-412 ^X-||gSIZAj 215 % #SSo* 94# @ Slti S97ie 7H9 Development of Regulatory Technologies on Key Issues of Radiation Sources in the Medical and Industrial Fields •a t-7m
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KTNS/RR-412^X-||gSIZAj
215 % #SSo* 94# @
Slti S97ie 7H9
Development of Regulatory Technologies on Key Issues of Radiation Sources in the Medical and Industrial Fields
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SUMMARY
l. Project Title
Development of Regulatory Technologies on Key Issues of Radiation Sources in
the Medical and Industrial Fields
II. Objectives and Necessity of the Project
According to both the driving policy of developing radiation-related technology and
rapid increasing of medical facilities and industries using radioactive isotopes(RI) and
radiation generators(RG), it is expected that the need of safety regulation and the
possibility of accidents are also gradually increased. Thus, the necessity of
rationalization of safety regulation, such as improvement of regulatory framework and
regulatory requirements, is required for keeping face with variety and quantitative
increment of RI and RG uses.
The aim of this research is to provide with rational bases to address the key issues
raising up during the expansion of RI/RG usage in the medical and industrial fields,
thus eventually contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of national regulatory systems
m. Scope and Contents
The scope and contents of this research includes the rationalization of RI/RG
regulation system, development of safety assessment technologies for RI/RG, and
development of safety assessment technologies for RI/RG treatment. Detailed Contents
are composed of following 11 items.
- Estimation Methodology Development of Regulatory Effects for the Use of
Radioactive Substances
- Survey on Domestic Status of Nuclear Materials and Review on Domestic/Foreign
- v -
Regulatory System for Nuclear Materials Regulation
- Comparative Analysis of KSTAR and Fusion Facilities of Advanced Countries
- Radiological Characteristics of Proton Therapy and Analysis of Foreign Cases and
Systems
- Detection and Safety Analysis of Leak Radiation of High Energy Medical
Generators
- Survey and Analysis on Usage and Requirements of Sealed Sources
- Incidents/Accidents Reporting System for RI-related Facilities
- Development of Audio-Visual Education Materials for Radiation Workers
- Development of Major Safety Procedures for Portable RIs
- Expansion of Existing DB for Radiation Devices including New Domestic Ones
- Survey of Foreign Status of Quality Maintenance System for Radiation equipment
IV. Research Results
During this research, some salient outcomes are attained in medical and industrial
fields, examples are as follows
1) Medical Fields
• Proton beam therapy is effective and selective cancer treatment method due to its
special energy transport and range characteristics. This method is less harmful to
normal cells near malignant tumor boundary in contrast with electron or photon
radiation therapy. That is, function of organ which is sensitive to ionization
radiation will be maintained after high dose radiation exposure to neighboring
tumors. As a view of quality of life, it gives more meaningful life to the patients
after treatment.
Research about this topic started in 1950s with a goal of effectiveness and safety.
About 10 developed countries are leading groups and also they have plan to
- vi -
build a new proton/hardron accelerator facility. Medical proton accelerator facility
is also built in Korea for the purpose of starting treatment on October 2006.
The purpose of this research is concerning theoretical base, system characteristics,
functional specifications of proton therapy and surveying application experiences
in other sites. These results will be fundamentals for consecutive domestic
researches.
• The research is carried out to develop methodology for evaluation of neutron
distribution produced by both 10 MV and 15 MV Linear accelerators(hereinafter
'LINAC') under operation which are currently being used for cancer or tumor
treatment in domestic medical institutes. To achieve the above-mentioned
purpose, a model was designed simulating closely Head assembly of LINAC by
using detailed information collected on it and all possible key factors was
included which can influence on distribution of neutron inside a room for
LINAC. MCNPX was adapted for calculation of neutron distribution. Dose
equivalent of neutron was also evaluated outside the room. Energy and Dose
equivalent of neutron was measured by placing bubble detectors on the same
positions as those calculated and BF3 detector was used for measurement of
neutron dose equivalent outside the room. On the basis of current status of this
study, there is similarity between measured results and evaluated one. However, it
is necessary to draw final decision based on data from additional measurements.
2) Industrial and Medical Fields
• The number of facilities in which radioactive isotopes and radiation generators are
used have been increased following national financial condition improved.
Coincidently the possibility of incidents and accidents in that facilities have also
been increased, the accurate record of the incidents and its analysis are requested
in order to prevent such incidents and secure the public health and safety. Those
are also very important factors to estimate the risk of each kind of facilities.
The benchmarking several kinds of an incident reporting system which are
operated in other countries have been carried out. It showed two representative
types : one to get the detail information for control such as NMED and another
to get the lesson-learned such as IRID. In this study the main purpose is to
prevent the future incident from last incidents and this incident reporting system
should be user-friendly type to get real data and all data from domestic users of
radioactive isotopes and radiation generator. Therefore the IRID type incident
reporting system (RINCID) was developed. The pre-survey of incident examples
for users at medical centers, universities, and institutes and their idea about that
system were earned out to help a planning of planned full survey. In next year,
the system will be compensated according to user's idea and a full survey of
practical incidents will be conducted.
3) Industrial Fields
• As a guideline for the applicant to file the documents for the license of use
of the radiation sources and also for the regulatory body to review the
application documents, the standard review guideline is developed for the
permission of use of the radiation sources in non-destructive test this year. Being
one of the essential elements during reviewing the application documents, the
license of use in non-destructive test, the design criteria of the radiation facility
enveloped in the Atomic Energy Act has been centered and suggested in the
draft standard guideline, contents and scope of which are as follows:
- Statistical features of the radiation sources in non-destructive test
- Technical standards for use of the radiation sources in non-destructive test
• The policy on safety regulation system on the use of radioactive substances,
meeting domestic situation has been suggested by raising points at issue at the
regulations and analyzing the recent international trend. The draft definition of
radioisotope in current atomic law was derived to make up for the week points
of exemption and exclusion. The methodology for clearance assessment of IAEA
was analyzed. Based on that, the draft regulation on the self-disposal of
radioactive waste was made to extend the subject of clearance. The rules of
exceptions to the facilities were re-assessed, based on the IAEA methodology for
establishing the exemption. The methodology for setting up the criteria of
notification and license, based on probabilistic risk assessment were developed.
The feed-back system of it to practical regulation periodically were suggested.
V. Suggestions for Application
The research results are utilized to improve regulatory framework, regulatory
requirements, and to cope with the regulatory need in the near future. Thus, this
research will contribute to ensuring safety of, increasing the public acceptance on, and
eventually encouraging the RI/RG uses in medical and industrial fields
- ix -
Contents
Summary.............................................................................................................................................v
Contents ......................................................................................................................................... x
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... xv
List of Figures..............................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1
Chapter 2 Research Contents and Results ..............................................................................5
Section 1: Estimation Methodology Development of Regulatory Effects for the
Use of Radioactive Substances ...................................................................... 5
Section 2: Survey on Domestic Status of Nuclear Materials and Review on
Domestic/Foreign Regulatory System for Nuclear Materials Regulation •
.................................................................................................................... 28
Section 3: Comparative Analysis of KSTAR and Fusion Facilities of Advanced
Countries........................................................................................................... 39
Section 4: Radiological Characteristics of Proton Therapy and Analysis of Foreign
Cases and Systems.............................................................................................50
Section 5: Detection and Safety Analysis of Leak Radiation of High Energy
Medical Generators ........................................................................................... 64
Section 6: Survey and Analysis on Usage and Requirements of Sealed Sources •• 75
Section 7: Incidents/Accidents Reporting System for Rl-related Facilities ............. 90
Section 8: Development of Audio-Visual Education Materials for Radiation Workers
.......................................................................................................................... 100
Section 9: Development of Major Safety Procedures for Portable RIs...................117
- x -
Section 10. Expansion of Existing DB for Radiation Devices including New
Domestic Ones............................................................................................ 130
Section 11. Survey of Foreign Status of Quality Maintenance System for Radiation
equipment ...................................................................................................... 141
Chapter 3. Results and Applications 147
4 4
Sl 4 g............................................................................................................................................................i
Summary.............................................................................................................................................v
Contents ............................................................................................................................................ x
.......................................................................................................................................... xii
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#%3I %# S)#4H^ 0)0)1 4% #57> 7B4(1)41 5%44°> %%•
4%7)#%3Z4 412001-305: %%4417)1-21 7(4)4#41 %% #44 4)3^(4#4e
^ «B#1 #5) g 11 15 7B4%% %#1 2%.
41333(4#4# % q#l #53) %#7ie ^ %7M14##4 418633% #44)4
%%7l#%%%o) 4%% «B#1 #32# %-§-% %%.
1. %#!%#«(# 1 7(%M4^I#4 ### %% 151 ^ 24 #53 33#
2. 711141 tfl% H %#!4%!4 10 143.5.4 4# Dl%o]jL %%41 4% # %#14%14 i# -4% 414 4# 44 4#4# #53
3. 144 «?#4 ^%44 a# %-f 41# %#% #o] %%.
7f. 1#1%4@|#4 W#41 %4I4# %# 331# 1#141 %%•
- 11 -
Y(i) : t8|^ ifi] ^}^S.
X(i) : ^1#
q-. ###4I 4^14^ 4 a)M tt7\ M 251
#44&4 ^°>°> w.4. x\<£ ^ ^7l vj-s. ^ x^s.6) 2-^ 4
4 4##4*t %4.
- 12 -
S. 1.2. m BHXil
@l# (Bq/g)Zn-65 0.1Zn-69 1000Zn-69m 10Ga-72 10Ge-71 10000As-73 1000As-74 10As-76 10As-77 1000Se-75 1Br-82 1Rb-86 100Sr-85 1Sr-85m 100Sr-87m 100Sr-89 1000Sr-90 1Sr-91 10Sr-92 10Y-90 1000Y-91 100Y-91m 100Y-92 100Y-93 100Zr-93 10Zr-95 1Zr-97 10Nb-93m 10Nb-94 0.1Nb-95 10Nb-97 10Nb-98 10Mo-90 10Mo-93 10Mo-99 10Mo-101 10Tc-96 1Tc-96m 1000Tc-97 10Tc-97m 100Tc-99 1Tc-99m 100Ru-97 10
sy# (Bq/g)Ru-103 10Ru-105 10Ru-106 0.1Rh-103m 10000Rh-105 100Pd-103 1000Pd-109 100Ag-105 10Ag-110m 0.1Ag-111 100Cd-109 1Cd-115 10Cd-115m 100In-111 10ln-113m 100ln-114m 10ln-115m 100Sn-113 1Sn-125 10Sb-122 10Sb-124 1Sb-125 0.1Te-123m 1Te-125m 1000Te-127 1000Te-127m 10Te-129 100Te-129m 100Te-131 100Te-131m 10Te-132 1Te-133 10 *Te-133m 10 *Te-134 10 *
1-123 1001-125 10001-126 101-129 0.011-130 101-131 101-132 101-133 101-134 10
(Bq/g)H-3 100Be-7 10C-14 1F-18 10 *Na-22 0.1Na-24 1 *Si-31 1000P-32 1000P-33 1000S-35 100CI-36 1CI-38 10K-42 100K-43 10Ca-45 100Ca-47 10Sc-46 0.1Sc-47 100Sc-48 1V-48 1Cr-51 100Mn-51 10Mn-52 1Mn-52m 10Mn-53 100Mn-54 0.1Mn-56 10Fe-52 10Fe-55 1000Fe-59 1Co-55 10Co-56 0.1Co-57 1Co-58 1Co-58m 10000Co-60 0.1Co-60m 1000Co-61 100Co-62m 10Ni-59 100Ni-63 100Ni-65 10Cu-64 100
- 13 -
«l# (Bq/g)1-135 10 *Cs-129 10Cs-131 1000Cs-132 10Cs-134 0.1Cs-134m 1000 *Cs-135 100Cs-136 1Cs-137 0.1Cs-138 10 *Ba-131 10Ba-140 1La-140 1Ce-139 1Ce-141 100Ce-143 10Ce-144 10Pr-142 100 *Pr-143 1000Nd-147 100Nd-149 100 *Pm-147 1000Pm-149 1000Sm-151 10000Sm-153 100Eu-152 0.1Eu-152m 100 *Eu-154 0.1Eu-155 1Gd-153 10Gd-159 100Tb-160 1Dy-165 1000Dy-166 100Ho-166 100Er-169 1000Er-171 100Tm-170 100Tm-171 1000Yb-175 100Lu-177 100Hf-181 10Ta-182 0.1
sq# (Bq/g)W-181 10W-185 1000W-187 10Re-186 1000Re-188 100Os-185 1Os-191 100Os-191m 1000Os-193 100lr-190 1lr-192 1lr-194 100Pt-191 10Pt-193m 1000Pt-197 1000Pt-197m 100Au-198 10Au-199 100Hg-197 100Hg-197m 100Hg-203 10TI-200 10TI-201 100TI-202 10TI-204 1Pb-203 10Bi-206 1Bi-207 0.1Po-203 10Po-205 10Po-207 10At-211 1000Ra-225 10Ra-227 100Th-226 1000Th-229 0.1Pa-230 10Pa-233 10U-230 10U-231 100U-232 0.1U-233 10U-236 10
eg# (Bq/g)U-237 100U-239 100U-240 100N p-237 1Np-239 100N p-240 10 *Pu-234 100 *Pu-235 100 *Pu-236 1Pu-237 100Pu-238 1Pu-239 1Pu-240 1Pu-241 100Pu-242 1Pu-243 1000Pu-244 0.1Am-241 1Am-242 1000Am-242m 1Am-243 1Cm-242 10Cm-243 1Cm-244 10Cm-245 1Cm-246 1Cm-247 0.1Cm-248 1Bk-249 100Cf-246 1000Cf-248 10Cf-249 0.1Cf-250 1Cf-251 1Cf-252 10Cf-253 100Cf-254 1Es-253 100Es-254 0.1Es-254m 10Fm-254 10000Fm-255 100
* l£#7]7> 1 T’l'S-y 4## 7}z)%
- 14 -
S1.3. H| 1$
JIA| Xf|2001-30S
AiltfeS. (Bq/g)
IAEA BSS
9M9M^s(Bq/g)
IAEA RS-G-1.7
(Bq/g)H-3 100 1,000,000 100
C-14 100 10,000 1F-18 100 10 10
Na-24 100 10 1P-32 100 1,000 1,000S-35 100 100,000 100K-42 100 100 100
Ca-45 100 10,000 100Ca-47 100 10 10Sc-46 100 10 0.1Cr-51 100 1,000 100Fe-59 100 10 1Ga-67 100 - -Ge-71 100 10,000 10,000Se-75 100 100 1Br-82 100 10 1Sr-85 100 100 1Rb-86 100 100 100Mo-99 100 100 10
Tc-99m 100 100 100In-111 100 100 10Sn-113 100 1,000 1
1-123 100 100 1001-125 100 1,000 1,0001-131 100 100 10
Pr-144 100 - -Yb-169 100 - -Au-198 100 100 10TI-201 100 100 100Hg-203 100 100 10
y^7i 100a oi§fo| tH|E^n|. “Uf Aj Wk# SHS.
100
- 15 -
5. 414 if#
7>. 7fl A
4A}4*4€2* a}*4j7x} 4* A}* €444 r4-a}444€4*4 7)*7)#4
€4 *4j 44 44# 4€7)#* 4#4# 4.-&ATM ^ #44€, 444€, 2€:4
4, 4)#44* 4444 44. 25)4, A}#^# 4*23 447} **44 44 ##4
42 4* 44 W4 44327} 444 4444 44 ;))€4 4* 444 44-44
#44 A) 51)4 444 44 44 444 44)4 €2 444 44 24* 4-44#4 2
a) ^)2002-23si r4A}44x #4 44 4#j 4 tgA]5)o) €4 44 44 44 44
4 $ 7}4* 444 24 4-44- 44-.
44), €4-44 4118s 4)14 4)15. 4 4-44#4 24 r4A}442 *4 44 4
*j 4)112 4)i5i 444 44 4442 4 444)3. 4^-g- 244 =444* 424#
^7ii^4s) 1,0004# 2444 4* 42
#4), €4-44 4)182 4)14 4)551 4 444** 24 4a}442 44) 44 4#j
4)112 4)22 4441 44 244444 44* 244 &* 424# €4)444 loowfl
» 24-44 €=* 4#
44 44, 4444 *4* ^^4 441*4=# 4#23 A}^-?}a.A} 4# 4=4 44)2
44 1004) ~ i,oooti|)4 4#* 2444 ^=* 442 41442 44 44)244 1004)
~ 1,0004)4 4ir 44# 44441 € *1)4# IAEA 44)24* 2444 444 2 am
a) 44 4)4 444 4)4 424* 2 44 44)24°) 10041 ~ 1,00042 *442
4* 4* 4-44*4 24 71)98-12 r4A}44 ** 44# 4#j 7} IAEA 441*4*
2€44 41€44A) 2.4 71)4* 4444 4*442 444 4*3 444** 24 Tfl
2002-235. r4A}442 *4) 44 4*j 4)A) #*42 €42 4444.
444** 2a) 71)98-12 r4A}44 ** 44* 4*j 444 44**4 4444
44 44* 4* €444 44 *4* 2444 44*4* 4*4 W* 4^2 4
4 4 a) 47))€ 443 **44 4)14(0.1 pCi), 4)24(1 pCi), 4)34(10 pCi), 4)44(100 pCi)
23 4444 €24 44 44*** a}*s}ji7} 4* *4 4 441**4 1004 ~ 10,0004* 24-44 ^# 4*2 *4*2 €4-.
444, 4*3 €7}444)A) 24*2 €* IAEA 441**4- 44 €4444 441*4= 4 *44 4* 441*4=4 €4 44*4* *47} €2 *44*2 4#* *4# 4 #4A) ^4 44 *4* 4-44 2AM4 4*42 €* 44*4 44 4*4 IAEA 44)*€=41 ioo«D - 1,0004# 4*4* 4* *^4 247} ##4 €* * €4-
444, # 4*44* 4*3 €a}4444 *442 €* 44 44 *44 IAEA 44
- 16 -
**4 4*££ 4"*44 *£££ * 4*4 A1 *4* IAEA 44^*4 ** *4* # **££ # 4 ^44431 ¥*44 14 44 #4# 444-314- *#.
* 4*471 *4 44 *4* *4*4 44 4* 4* *1* 44 44 44 £4o] 4* 4444 44 &* 5544 MAd 444 *a*4*£ 44:44 44: 44: 44 44- *¥*£ 1 mSv# £**4 ^*4* 1# £4£ 4:4. 7>4 44 4444 44 471444 *4# £** *£** 7j-.g-4.314- 4* 44 444"4=4 1004 £* 1,0004* £¥*4 4*£ *£* 44 *4=4 £#*4# ^£# *4*31 4£4-, ¥ 4*4A1* 21* -a4 7>47> *£ 4* 1# *l££ 44-. 4-4, 44444 44* £44 ^* *£*i 4444 a4 44-4444 44* 44- a4 *#*£, 444 7fls. ** 4*44 44 £4* 44#£ 4#4:44* 4#£ W*ir *44 1*4* £*4-4* *l*£* 4* *4* **** 4, 4* IAEA44 *4**# 4444 4444-4£ *4* 4* 4*4 4*4£7> 4444 *4 &£££ ¥*¥ 44e# 44£ 4444 *4* 444* 44 44444 4*44. **, 44 44*£*4 44 *4444* 4*4 ***£ 1 mSvt- 4** 44* ^**44** 4#4* *4*44 *#£ 44 4*4 *¥ 4*4*# 1 mSv£ 41*4* 4A1 4*4 #4.
4. 44 44 *£**«a 444* *^1 *-4471 a4* 44*£ ^ *47H£ aa-& £44 #* *£
4* 4*4 44 44 41-4^5. 44444 1,000 ^ 4444.44 44, * 4*471* iaea 441*4 41444 Af-§-4 4#444£4 4#4£*
4*44 ¥**£ 4 #4aH£ 44* £44 &* *£*# *£**. iaea 44*4 #4 *4#(20004£ 4*47^44471*4 *4-71 £31 ai *£) *4
* 444471 4AH A>JL71- *^44 *ap^44^7> 4£4£, 4£ 44 44444*717}- *A}4#4g. 44437 44 AH7} 444- *4 *4 44* 4*44-4£7} 4444 44. 4 44444£4 4* **4££* 44^1-7} 4*4 *7}4 #14 #4, *7l£ *** *7>Aji-44 4* 4*4# 21431 Afl(ash) 444 W4 #14 4# 4*£4# 7H4-31 44-.
¥**£ 4 #4aHs. 44 44 *£* 41* 41 IAEA 4#444£4 4#l£* 4*44 1 Bq £4*4 4# 44- 4*l£* 4#a*(Sv/Bq)ir 41*4 *1 ** 1*4 *¥*£* imSv# 4 *££ #¥4 ***.
5. 1.4* ¥*4*4- 314471 44*r ***£ * #4aH5. 4^0] A*4 &* *£
*4 * 4*471 4*# *£*4-4 4-4¥ 44*31 *4- 44£ ¥*4¥* 3144
- 17 -
#5 4 4 # 444 #5^34 4"# 4## 34# 4, O] o] o.^ £ l^A]#3 ^ #4434- 4444 y^-o] 4# 4 #411^34 44434-# 44-33 #5## 71^ 4 4M, 444## JLAjo] IAEA 4 4 #44 A}-g-£}^ 3# 444
4-434 4#437} 5444 4443. 4444434 44437} 44444 4#4
^444 4## 4444 4#4j 4414 3#44 #4# 5z#}4 4444-
34444 4«1 44 4544 iaea 44444 4444 44 444443 4 3 44 4444 4#44434# 4444 44 #4, 4444 44 44431 4444# 4444 444 #, 444 4445 l mSv# o] ^}33 444 ^4444- 444-7} 544 4§]] 444^ 444 4444 44444 44444 #34 4 ##4 44 44444 44# 44#4 44 #4433 IAEA4)4^ #4#4 44 44444
3# 4-3 4444434 4 443 4r##3 44- 4# # 44444 344 444 4 4444433 4443 4#4 4# 67}4 4^50)1 44 4444# 444#
4-44, 44#4 4# 344 #4 44 444##4, #4#4 4# 344 4#4 44 444#4!#, #4#41 4# 344 54^ 4s> 4-145.
y!4l, 44#41 4# 344 441 44 44
4^4, #444 44414 444 #4#4 #4
444- #4#4| 44 444 444 44443 44 4444
44, 414 4#43l 4#44# 414# 4) IAEA414# #4# #37} 14 #4 100
44 4#4-4 # 14 44443 7}^§U 4# 4# 3#44 #444 44 44 % 54# #544 4# 44 43 44 ### #4 §14.
51.5# #44 #44 42} #oj <gu 44-7141- 3a)4a^| ^4# 3444-4 ^4
44 #544 # 4444 344 444# 4#44431- 5444 #5# #543 4 4-OM 4-4-3. 4# 4# 34#3 44.
- 18 -
il.4. % S°iXH5. A|*d 0||a| ££§* 711 Ai- gn|. ti|HL
H|7|^ JIA|(A)A[DH x|0|
(A/B)SU4(B)
H-3 1.00x1012 1.12x1012 1.00x1012 10°
C-14 1.00x1010 3.45x1010 1.00x10" 10"
P-32 1.00x108 4.65x109 1.00x101° 10 2
S-35 1.00x1011 2.94x1010 1.00x101° 101
CI-36 1.00x109 3.33x109 1.00x101° 10"
Fe-55 1.00x109 2.79x10" 1.00x10" 10 2
Fe-59 1.00x109 4.98x109 1.00x101° 101
Co-60 1.00x10® 2.88x10® 1.00x10® 1
Ni-63 1.00x1011 9.57x10" 1.00x1012 10"
Kr-85 1.00x107 2.09x10" 1.00x10" 10"4
Tc-99m 1.00x101° 9.81x10" 1.00x1012 10 2
In-111 1.00x109 6.44x101° 1.00x10" 10 2
1-123 1.00x101° 1.46x10" 1.00x10" 10"
1-125 1.00x109 2.08x10® 1.00x10® 1
Cs-137 1.00x107 2.32x10® 1.00x10® 10 2
Pm-147 1.00x101° 2.00x10® 1.00x10® 101
Au-198 1.00x109 1.70x101° 1.00x101° 10"
TI-201 1.00x109 2.69x10" 1.00x10" 10 2
Pu-239 1.00x107 2.94x107 1.00X107 1
Am-241 1.00x107 2.86x107 1.00x107 1
- 19 -
5. 1.5. A|g 0||Sj ffEif 711 y 34 ti|H
*u ^44 ¥ SA|(A)
¥ 24? m 4oisq o-
(A/B)
H-3 1.00X1011 2.57x1012 1.00x1012 10'1
C-14 1.00x10= 3.72x101° 1.00x1011 10"2
P-32 1.00x107 8.53x10® 1.00x101°
!I
S-35 1.00x1010 4.00x101° 1.00x1011 101
CI-36 1.00x10= 9.62x10® 1.00x101° 10 2
Fe-55 1.00X107 7.89x101° 1.00x10" 10"4
Fe-59 1.00x10s 8.48x10s 1.00x10® 10"1
Co-60 1.00x107 2.65x10s 1.00x10s 10"1
Ni-63 1.00x101° 6.36x1010 1.00x10" 10"1
Kr-85 1.00x10s 2.05x1011 1.00x10" 10'5
Tc-99m 1.00x10s 2.05x101° 1.00x101° 10"1
In-111 1.00x1 o8 2.76x10® 1.00x10® 10'1
1-123 1.00x10® 5.39x101° 1.00x10" 10 2
1-125 1.00x10s 4.33x10® 1.00x101° 10 2
Cs-137 1.00x1 o6 1.38x10® 1.00x10® 10"3
Pm-147 1.00x10® 1.15x101° 1.00x101° 10"1
Au-198 1.00x10s 1.44x101° 1.00x101° 10 2
TI-201 1.00x10s 1.18x101° 1.00x101° 10 2
Pu-239 1.00x1 o6 1.82x10s 1.00x10s
Ii
°o
Am-241 1.00x10s 1.77x10s 1.00x10s °o
- 20 -
6. 4:11 ^7> ^4#
7}. Ay yf 4 (Event tree analysis)
4S4 #914 ^4# # Sit: 7H444 Ayi#4 #4# 544-^ ^
44 #4# 4^w. A>JI 41 4)#s^ 414l#4 ##jie4 44##14-1 4& A>y 0.5. a]^]-£]j7, 9] #5.4 4 4 i^s. a# A>y^- ^44-4 7^4 4 44 444 4&* 4444. ^^#4 444 #4 zy ^-^sl^)*] 4#4 4 4^4
4 444J1 44#4 eiJbll 44 it 44# 4444 444, 4 a>44 4#4 441 4 444, 4444 Ay 4 <9 ?y#!4 4-#4ss 441 4 44
°1 7]## 14471 44, icrp 76°-5.44 AMI 4#4 4# 3.4WH
4 444 44 ^4 SAy# tfljfoii 4^ #41 5E4 #4# ^Ayey^nii Ay#^cy (ni l.i). 440.5.^ ^445. 7f#o] 44^ 1 44 Xl 4-4 it 41 1 44 44?y
444 -S-7H1 44 lAy### 44- 444 4## 4 s 7yil AyeM*), 43: 1^#. ^y?y 0]=.^^^ #44| ^y^o) aliM #4/Ml 44 11# 411 4915. 9144^# s41 44444 4144- 4 441 4#444 #Ay# #
4 SAy#s #47f4 ## 4114-. 44 117y #0] ;M1 4# 4444, ?y#45 is# 5.44 44# 444- xi 4# #4444-. # 44 4#4ie 11 Ay^4 5. 144 141 el 1144-. 4-1 147y Ay=yo] el 9] 4# 4# 4444, is# 44 a# 1 lee444 4# 7y#45. 544-.
niJi.1. 5E411 Ai(D), @ei!4(P), 144!1(A)7) gx|=!
- 21 -
°1 4144 444 444 7}# #4 #4# 4 #4#4- ##, 44#
# 44# #44 #444 #5=# 14-7} 4##4 #44 #44, 4444 #44 44 444#4 4# 4# #4-44 44i- 4jl #4. 44 # 444 s.# 4#4#4, 7}# 4 7} 4M 44 444 #41- #444# #44 # 447} s# 4#44 ^4 #4, 7}#7l# 43:1- #4 ##jl 2:4-7} 4#44 444#4 4#44s. 4# 44 4 444- 4444 4 44# >444, 7}# 7] 7} # 44 #44 4###4 4±* 4> 4 7}#4# %##4, 444^4# 4#44 44#. 444 444 4#4
# 44#4#(event tree)7} 72^ 1.244 S.44JL ##.
312 >^AH4 4 ea ^4]^ 4E-1 t!!AH4 S3I- 43Ȥgfe?f?
HH&P.(AH}OI El#
ngi.2. #e#@ 2i#4a §4 ai^bio| -=£
- 22 -
&* 444 3.% 1.241 4444 44^ ^4* 4# ^1^. 4* #
4, * 4^17} 4*44 S^4 7}* 7)7} 4* **# #4 *44^, V}*7]7} 4*4*
7}?'4* 4*3* *#4 €4. *4441, 44 *4 $*\7\ 4*444, ‘44 4147}
4*4*7}?'4* 4*37} *44 44. 4* 444 44144 7}*4* 444471 4
4, **43# *444 47l4—5.4 434444(minimal cut set)33 444 44 4
3# # 4*7} 44. 444 *414 444 4444 *44* 4* * 444 44*
44444 4444* 4*4 4433 *## 444-
*4**4 4* 44* ‘cut(44)’44 44, 444 *4** 4* 44*} 44 4*
44 4* 44* *4444 4* ‘4444’°14 44- ‘4*4444’* 4*44 4*
44* *44* 4*44) 444 4* 44** 444 * 44 *4* 4444 44,
44 444 444 *4**4 7}*4 4*444 4-44 44* jib)4*4
(a) *4 44 4* 441;(b) $4 44 4* 441;(c) 7}*7) ** 44);
(d) * ^4 ** 441;
(e) * 444- 7}*7)4 4* 441;(f) *4 444- 7}*7)4 4* 441; 5*
(g) * 44 **4- 7}*44 4* 441.4^14 7}*4 44# *44, (a)4- (b)* 4*44 4*441# *444 S4-71 cut
set4 4447) ^*4-. 44-7}, 7}*7)7} #4-5} 4 $£_o_4 47)7} 4*4*7*} *3*7)
^o}Ai (e), (f) ^ (g)* 4*^444-0) 444-. 434, (c)4- (d)* 44 4*^ 444
4*441* *44* 4*4414 4* 444*3. 4*4444t44-.
444 4*4414 £4* *^1.3<HI4 (c)4- (d)4 44*3. 4444 %14. 4 *4*
*4 4*4414 7}*4 4 ^7}l 4 444, *44 44 44 ***44 7}4°11 414
4* 444 4#* *44* 314 7}*44. 4 4^14 4*44) 4*4 4*** 4 10"3(*, 44 4 4 #44 4 4 4 441)43 7}*44 4*44 4*4 io"4444, 4
*444 4444 4** l.oixio"*)*.
- 23 -
SIS Ah 2d g ^AH4 ea ^AH^1- MEA AHI3| A)# gag#? 4gag4? 4gag;i?
0.99890010LLI2
0.0000999
0.00099890ILI20ILI2 0.000999
0.00000010HI2
0.000001
S): 0.999899M mm (f):0.000101
Zlil 1.3. S|bBSSli(minimal cut set)# gO^b bg5E
4 #444 tij-s. 444 4 /Ml 44b 4#S5)H14 44 444 444 44 4b 44b 444. 4b44 4b44 44b b 44 sb44b44 4##4 1004 3.4. 444i- 44444 4#, 4 44# 4 4b 4b44 4b444 444 4# 4b4 4 44444 44.
4- S4bb#4(Fault tree analysis)
S44b#4b ‘top event’43 4b 4b 44 Sb 444 4444 44 4b^4
#444- s4bb#4b 444b 4b 44 44 top event# b444b4# 4444 44 44 4b^4 44SLS/} 4S5. 4b4b 4b 4444b 444 444b#4
b 4sm #44b 44 44 4s #4 44 4bsb 4444, 44 4444b 4s H14SS.4 €4 44 4 b $lb Boolean b44S# 4444 i444- s 4b 44
b s4b##44 4ft£, # 444 t£ ab b5l4S7> 4al44 4^444 4
## 4 $144 444b#4b 4444 #4# #b4-
44 4b44 4b^b 444b 444 s4bb#44 s# 4H| 4444 44 4 Sr 44b 4444 44 4b44, 4bS(tree)b top event# 444 4b S4 44 4 4#44- bEi H14m4 bbbb 4444: and HMmb 4#4 444s# 4#
4s or 4 4 mb 4#4 444s# 4 #44.
- 24 -
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1. 10CFR Part 40 Domestic Licensing of Source Material
40.7 Employee protection 40.20 Type of licenses40.31 Application for specific licenses40.32 General requirements for issuance of specific licenses 40.34 Special requirements for issuance of specific licenses 40.51 Transfer of source or byproduct material40.60 Reporting requirements40.61 Records40.62 Inspections40.63 Tests40.64 Reports
2. Reg Guide 10.4Guide for the preparation of applications for licenses to process source material
o Physical protection and safeguards information o Contents of an application
item 1 License information item 2 Name and mailing address of applicant item 3 Locations of useitem 4 Person to be contacted about application item 5 Material to be possessed
- element and mass number- chemical and physical form (including % U or Th),- maximum amounts to be possessed at any one time (kilograms)
item 6 Purpose for which licensed material will be useditem 7 Individuals responsible for radiation safety-their training and experience item 8 Training for individuals working in or frequenting restricted areas item 9 Facilities and equipment item 10 Radiation safety program
10.1 Personnel monitoring devices10.2 Bioassay10.3 Surveys and monitoring10.4 Radiation detection instruments and instrument calibration10.5 Radiation safety procedures
item 11 Waste management
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— -----------------------x --------- (4 4.1)
e : electronic charge
N : the density of target atoms
Z2 : the atomic number of target atoms
mc : the electron mass
v : the particle velocity
Zeff : the effective charge of the projectile
Io : a mean ionization potential of the projectile
5 4.1 “M^Ajo| ##4I 4E 44x14. LET44 541
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- 53 -
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- 55 -
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- 57 -
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- 58 -
1* scattering material
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- 59 -
S 4.2 g Ail711 x|=A|*d [1],[3],[4]
s*g4 *15. uiimHarvard Cycl. Lab., USA Synchrocyclotron 160 1961 horizontal
ITER, Moscow, Russia Synchrotron 70-200 1969 horizontal
LIJF, St. Petersburg, Russia Synchrocyclotron 70-1000 1975 horizontal
NIRS, Chiba, Japan Synchrocyclotron 70 1979 horizontal
PMRC, Tskuba, Japan Synchrotron 250 1983 vertical,horizontal
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland Isochronous cyclorton 70-590 1984 1 horizontal, 1 gantry
JINR, Dubna, Russia Synchrocyclotron 1987 horizontal
Werner Inst. Uppsala, Sweden Synchrocyclotron 1989 horizontal
TRIUMF, Canada Cyclotron 180-520 1995 horizontal
4S 2A)|m
Clatterbridge, UK Isochronous cyclorton 62 1989 horizontal
UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Cyclotron 90 1991 horizontal
CAL, Nicea, France Cyclotron 65 1991 horizontal
CPO Orsay, France Synchrocyclotron 70-200 1991 horizontal
MAC, South Africa Cyclotron 200 1993 horizontal
MPRI, IN, USA Cyclotron 200 1993 horizontal
UCF-CNL, CA, USA Cyclotron 68.5 1994
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland Cyclotron 200 1996 1 gantry, spot scanning
45
LLUMC, Loma Linda, USA Synchrotron 70-250 1990 1 horizontal, 3 gantries
NCC, Kashiwa, Japan Cyclotron 235 1998 2 gantries
NPTC, USA Isochronous cyclorton 235 2000 1 horizontal, 2gantries
NCC, llsan, Korea Isochronous cyclorton 235 2006 1 horizontal, 2gantries
7>. LBL
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- 60 -
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- 61 -
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Energy Physics(KEK)4 *41 **(booster) 4-3SS** 7}7ls 4^44*4 4 ** 4 ass** 7}*7H1 44-g SOOMeV 4=4A}# 250MeVS **447) a}*^l}. o] X\Q
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- 62 -
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#44 4444 45.7> 7>#4 4444.
5. 444-fi
[1] Clinical Proton Dosimetry Part 1, ICRU 59, ICRU (1998)
[2] 200444 4444 #4, #44 (2005)
[3] Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators, Wioletta Wieszczycka and Waldemar H. Scharf (2001)
[4] RINECKER PROTON THERAPY CENTER(RPTC), http://www.rptc.de/ (2006)
[5] Principles of Charged Particle Acceleration, Stanley Humphries, Jr. (1999)
[6] Introduction to IBA nozzle-presentation material, D. Prieels (2005)
[7] Brochure, Northeast Proton Therapy Center (2005)
- 63 -
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- 65 -
S. 5.1. 42 MSI (Y,n)y§0j| LHti S^4M4
mm HH4 Abundance(%) ^EjcH|L-jx|(MeV)
Al 27 100 13.1
Fe 54 5.8 13.4
Cu 65 30.8 9.91
W 183 14.3 6.19
Pb 207 22.1 6.74
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1.5x10’ 2.0x10' 3.0xlo’ 3.5x101.0x10
Energy (eV)
ZLBi 5.2. ^2 fl°| (Y,n)ys
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S. 6.1 ^A^SAHofl ccf= tiU^SH^o| hd B
feg : AZl§Ac-227,Am-241 ,Am-243,Cf-249,Cf-250,Cf-252,Cm-242,Cm-243,Cm-244,Cm-245,
Cm-246, Np-237, Pa-231, Pb-210, Po-210,Pu-238,Pu-239,Pu-240,Pu-241, Pu-242,
Ba-223,Ba-226,Ra-228,Th-227,Th-228,Th-230,U-230,U-232,U-233,U-234: B-1 ag
Ac-228,Ag-110m, At-211 ,Ba-140,Bi-207,Bi-210,Bk-249,Ca-245,Cd-115m,Ce-144
CI-36,Co-56,Co-60,Cs-134,Cs-137,Eu-152(13y),Eu-154,Hf-181,1-124,1-125,1-126
1-131,1-133,ln-114m,lr-192,Mn-54,Na-22,Pa-230,Pb-212,Ba-224,Ru-106,Sb-124,
Sb-125,Sc-46,Sr-89,Sr-90(1),Ta-182,Tb-160,Te-127m,Te-129m,Th-234,TI-204
Tm-170,U-236,Y-91,Zr-95 ea ■■ B-23#
Ar-41 ,Ag-105, Ag-111 ,As-73,As-74,As-76,As-77,Au-196,Au-198,Au-199,Ba-131
Be-7,Bi-206,Bi-212,Br-82,C-14,Cu-64,Dy-165,Dy-166,Er-169,Er-171 ,Eu-152(9.2h)
Eu-155,F-18,Fe-52,Fe-55,Fe-59,Ga-67,Ga-72,K-43,Kr-85m,Kr-87,La-140,Lu-177
Mn-52,Mo-90,Mn-56,Na-24,Nb-93m,Nb-95,Nd-147,Nd-149,Pr-143,Pt-191,Pt-193
Pt-197,Rb-86,Re-183,Re-186,Re-188,Rh-105,Rn-220,Rn-222,Ru-97,Ru-103,Tc-96
Tc-97,Tc-97m,Tc-99,Te-125m,Te-127,Te-129,Te-131 m,Te-132,Th-231 ,TI-200,
TI-201 ,TI-202,Ca-47,Cd-109,Cd-115,Ce-141 ,Ce-143,CI-38,Co-57,Co-58,Cr-51 ,Cs-131,
Cs-136,Hg-197m,Hg-203,Ho-166,1-130,1-132,1-134,1-135,ln-115m,lr-190,lr-194.K-42,
Os-185,Os-191 „Os-193,P-32,Pa-233,Pb-203,Pd-103,Pd-109,Pm-147,Pm-149,Pr-142,
Sc-47, Sc-48Se-75, Si-31 ,Sm-151 ,Sn-153,Sn-113,Sn-125,Sr-85,Sr-91 ,W-185.W-187,
Xe-135,Y-87,Y-90,Y-92,Y-93,Yb-175,Zn-65,Zn-69m
We : CZLSAr-37,Co-58m,Cs-134m,Cs-135,Ge-71 ,H-3,I-129, ln-111m,In-113m,Kr-85,Nb-97
Ni-59,0-15,Os-191 m,Pt-193m,Pt-197m,Rb-87,Re-187,Rh-103m,Sm-147,Sr-85m,
Tc-96m,Tc-99m,Th-232,Th(*i°1),U-235,U-238,U(*i°1),Xe-131m,Xe-133,Y-91m,
Zn-69,Zr-93________________________________________________________________
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3 7.1 (S^, IRID)
Mof1 Case no. 13 Occupation of workers
2 Area 14 Type of equipment
3 Incident date 15 Nuclide(s) involved
4 Incident category 16 Activity
5 Exposure level 17 kV of Radiation generator
6 Site level 18 Cause of incident
7 Nature of incident 19 Contingency plans
8 No. exposed: occupational 20 RPA involvement
9 No. exposed: public 21 RPS involvement
10 Whole body dose 22 Follow-up action
11 Extremity dose 23 Date of entry in database
12 Internal organ dose 24 Description
M-. 7^# a]>^, RELIR(2#^)^4)3 A}#^ “#A]-t)-# Aj-yo] sjcajj ^ti”0_^A^ Ajj5# A}## 41## #
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WorkersOccupational Physician:; Competent persons, etc
Moderators-20
INCIDENT
analysevalidation
ExpertCommittee
PublicationInternet
diffusion
Hi! 7.1 RELIR(=i^)B| #7}# A|^Qj
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3. 7.3 10CFR MU §=■
gOl1 Medical Events (MD2).
2 Radiation Overexposure (EXP)
3 Release of Licensed Material or Contamination (RLM)
4 Loss of Control of Material (LAS)
5 Leaking Sealed Source (LKS)
6 Equipment Problem (EQP)
7 Transportation (TRS)
8 Fuel Cycle Facility Events
9 Non-power Reactor Events
10 Others (OTH)
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Countryspecific
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Austria X
Belgium X
Denmark No response
Finland X
France X X
Germany X X
Greece X
Irish Republic X
Italy xm
Luxembourg X
Netherlands X(1)
Portugal X
Spain X
Sweden X XUnited Kingdom X
Applicant countries and associated countries
Existing system In development
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Bulgaria No Response
Cyprus X
Czech Republic XEstonia No ResponseHungary No Response
Latvia No Response
Lithuania X<’>
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Turkey XIceland XNorway RADEV3Switzerland X
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET
Performing Org. Report No.
Sponsoring Org. Report No. Standard Report No. INIS Subject Code
KINS/RR-412
Title/Subtitle Title: Development of Regulatory Technologies on Key Issues of Radiation Sources in the Medical and Industrial Fields
Project Manager and Dept. Jae-Seong LEE, Regulatory Research Division, KINSResearchers and Dept. Byung-Soo Kim et. al (Regulatory Research Division)
Bon-Chul Ku et. al (Radiation Safety Regulatory Division)Pub. Place Taejon Pub. Org. KINS Pub. Date Aug. 2006
Page p. 151 Fig. & Tab. Yes (o), No ( ) Size 21 x 29.6 cmNote
Classified Open (o), Restricted ( ), 1 Class Document Report Type Technical Report
Performing Org. KINS Contract No.Abstract
The aim of this research is to provide with rational bases to address the key issues raising up during the expansion of RI/RG usage in the medical and industrial fields, thus eventually contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of national regulatory systems. Related key issues that are introduced in the medical and industrial fields are analyzed and some outcomes are produced. The following results are attained.
- Estimation Methodology Development of Regulatory Effects for the Use of Radioactive Substances
- Survey on Domestic Status of Nuclear Materials and Review on Domestic/ForeignRegulatory System for Nuclear Materials Regulation
- Comparative Analysis of KSTAR and Fusion Facilities of Advanced Countries- Radiological Characteristics of Proton Therapy and Analysis of Foreign Cases
and Systems- Detection and Safety Analysis of Leak Radiation of High Energy Medical Generators- Survey and Analysis on Usage and Requirements of Sealed Sources- Incidents/Accidents Reporting System for Rl-related Facilities- Development of Audio-Visual Education Materials for Radiation Workers- Development of Major Safety Procedures for Portable RIs- Expansion of Existing DB for Radiation Devices including New Domestic Ones- Survey of Foreign Status of Quality Maintenance System for Radiation equipment
Subject KeywordsMedical Application, Industrial Application, Key Issue, Safety of Radiation Source, Radiation Device, Radiation Safety Regulation_______________________________
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