i DEVELOPMENT OF POLYSULFONE- POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PSf-PDMS) THIN FILM COMPOSITE (TFC) MEMBRANE FOR CO 2 / N 2 GAS SEPARATION NUR ATIKAH BINTI CHE EMBEE A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering (Gas Technology) Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang FEBRUARY 2013
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i
DEVELOPMENT OF POLYSULFONE-
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE (PSf-PDMS) THIN FILM
COMPOSITE (TFC) MEMBRANE FOR CO2/ N2 GAS SEPARATION
NUR ATIKAH BINTI CHE EMBEE
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Chemical Engineering (Gas Technology)
Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
FEBRUARY 2013
vi
DEVELOPMENT OF POLYSULFONE-POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE
(PSf-PDMS) THIN FILM COMPOSITE (TFC) MEMBRANE FOR
CO2/ N2 GAS SEPARATION
ABSTRACT
The capture and storage of carbon dioxide has been identified as one potential
solution to greenhouse gas driven climate change. Efficient separation technologies
are required for removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas streams to allow this
solution to be widely implemented. This study is mainly focusing on the effect of
different concentration of PDMS in dip-coating solution on the membrane’s
performance. The asymmetric thin flat sheet membrane was prepared by dry/ wet
phase inversion process consisting 20 wt% of polysulfone (PSf) as the support layer
polymer and 80 wt% of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. PDMS was
coated on the support PSf membrane with the composition of 10, 15 and 20 wt% of
PSf in n-hexane respectively. The characterization of morphology of TFC membrane
will be conducted by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier
Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR). The membrane’s performance and the
selectivity of CO2/N2 separation will be determined by conducting gas permeation
test. The result obtained, show that membrane with highest concentration of PDMS
in dip-coating solution give a highest performance in selectivity and unfortunately it
contribute to lower permeability. It is vice versa from the membrane without PDMS
in the top layer which gives highest value of permeability but lowest in selectivity.
From the characterization and permeation test of the membrane, hereby the
membrane with highest percentage of PDMS should be selected for the future
development of membrane due to its highest value of selectivity which contributes to
highest efficiency in separating the gas.
vii
PENGHASILAN POLISULFON-POLIDIMETILSILOKSAN
(PSf-PDMS) KOMPOSIT FILEM NIPIS (TFC) MEMBRAN UNTUK
PENGASINGAN GAS CO2/ N2
ABSTRAK
Penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon dioksida telah dikenal pasti berpotensi
untuk penyelesaian gas rumah hijau yang didorong oleh perubahan iklim. Teknologi
pemisahan yang cekap diperlukan untuk penyingkiran karbon dioksida daripada
serombong aliran gas untuk membolehkan penyelesaian ini dapat dilaksanakan
secara meluas. Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada kesan kepelbagaian kepekatan
PDMS dalam larutan lapisan atas pada prestasi membran. Simetri nipis lembaran rata
membran telah disediakan melalui proses fasa balikan kering/ basah yang terdiri
20 wt% polysulfon (PSf) sebagai polimer lapisan sokongan dan 80 wt% N-methyl-2-
pyrrolidone (NMP) sebagai pelarut. PDMS telah disalut pada setiap membran
sokongan dengan komposisi 10, 15 dan 20 % dalam n-heksana. Pencirian morfologi
membran TFC akan dijalankan dengan menggunakan Imbasan Electron Microscopy
(SEM) dan Sinaran Inframerah Transformasi Fourier (FTIR). Prestasi membran iaitu
kepilihan pemisahan gas CO2/N2 akan ditentukan dengan menjalankan ujian
penyerapan gas. Berdasarkan keputusan yang diperolehi, ia menunjukkan bahawa
membran dengan kepekatan tertinggi PDMS dalam larutan lapisan atas memberikan
prestasi tertinggi dalam selektiviti dan malangnya ia menyumbang kepada
kebolehtelapan yang rendah. Ia adalah sebaliknya dari membran tanpa PDMS di
lapisan atas yang memberikan nilai tertinggi kebolehtelapan tetapi terendah pada
nilai selektiviti. Dari ujian pencirian dan penyerapan membran, dengan ini membran
dengan peratusan tertinggi PDMS perlu dipilih untuk penyediaan membran pada
masa hadapan kerana nilai tertinggi selektiviti yang menyumbang kepada kecekapan
tertinggi dalam mengasingkan gas.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF EQUATION xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Research Objectives 4
1.4 Scope of Research Proposed 5
1.5 Rationale and Significance 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Background Study of the Membranes 7
2.1.1 Definition of Membranes 9
2.1.2 Fundamental of Membrane Gas Separation 9
2.1.3 Classification of Membrane Process 10
2.1.4 Classification of Membrane 11
2.2 Materials for Polymeric Membranes 14
2.2.1 Polymer Selection Criteria 15
2.2.2 Type of Polymeric Material 15
2.2.2.1 Polysulfone (PSf) 15
2.2.2.2 General Properties of PSf 16
2.2.2.3 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 18
2.2.2.4 General Properties of PDMS 19
ix
2.3 Manufacturing Process 19
2.3.1 Dry Process 20
2.3.2 Wet Process 20
2.3.3 Dry/ Wet Process 21
2.4 Membrane Separation Technology 22
2.4.1 Types of Membranes 22
2.4.1.1 Porous Membranes 23
2.4.1.2 Non-Porous Membranes 24
2.4.2 Application of Membranes 26
2.4.2.1 Gas Separation 26
2.4.2.2 Carbon Capture 29
2.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Membranes 30
2.5 Membrane Processes and Separation Mechanisms 33
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 35
3.2 Material Selection 37
3.2.1 Polymer Selection 37
3.2.1.1 Polysulfone (PSf) 37
3.2.2 Solvent Selection 38
3.2.2.1 N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) 38
3.2.3 Coagulation Medium 38
3.2.3.1 Water (H2O) 38
3.2.4 Coating Solution 39
3.2.4.1 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 39
3.2.4.2 n-Hexane 39
3.3 Dope Solution Preparation 39
3.4 Asymmetric Flat Sheet Membrane Film Formation 42