Development of Political Parties 16-1 Unit VII Civic Responsibility 06/20/22 23:10
Jan 16, 2016
Development of Political Parties
16-1
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.
04/21/23 10:14
coalition governmentone formed by several parties who combine forces to obtain a majority
ideologiesset of basic beliefs about life, culture, government, and society
16.1
Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.
04/21/23 10:14
political partya group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy
proportional representationsystem in which several officials are elected to represent the same area in proportion to the votes each party's candidate receives
16.1
Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.
04/21/23 10:14
single-member districtelectoral district in which only one candidate is elected to each office
theocracygovernment dominated by religion
16.1
Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.
04/21/23 10:14
third partyany political party other than one of the two major parties
16.1
Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.
04/21/23 10:14
Authoritarian governments, mostly
in Communist countries or countries dominated by religion,
no coalitions or compromises,
politically stable
nonauthoritariangovernments, mostly
in non-Communistgovernments, often
have coalitiongovernments,
politically unstable
parties represent
specificideologies, sometimes have minor
parties
16.1
Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.
04/21/23 10:14
1796: two major parties emerge, Federalists and Democratic-Republicans; Federalists win presidency in 1796 1800: Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic- Republican, becomes president in 1800 1804: Thomas Jefferson is reelected in 1804 1828: Democratic-Republicans split; Andrew Jackson of the Democrats becomes president in 18281850: Democrats split into northern and southern factions over the question of slavery; Republican Party formed1860– 1930: Republican presidents dominate; Democratic presidents serve for only 4 terms
16.1
Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.
04/21/23 10:14
1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, becomes president; Democrats dominate the presidency and Congress for the next 50 years1968: Richard Nixon becomes president; Republicans control the White House for 6 of the next 9 presidential terms1992: Bill Clinton, a Democrat, becomes president, but Republicans dominate Congress at midterm elections 1995: for the first time since Truman, a Democratic president has to work
16.1
Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.
04/21/23 10:14
Role Of Third PartiesTypes
•Single issue parties- focus exclusively on one major social, economic or moral issue. •Ideological parties – focus on overall societal changes.•splinter party – splits away from one of the major parties (typically fade away with defeat of candidate.
Impact•Third parties often promote ideas that are at first unpopular, major parties later adopt their issues thus absorbing the third party
Obstacles•often hard for candidates to get on the ballot•single member districts usually elect a major party candidate•campaigns require large sums of money so financing is difficult for candidates
16.1
Quick Review Answers
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. C 04/21/23 10:14
Political Party Organization
16-2
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Describe the organization and function of political parties in America.
independenta voter who does not
support any particular party
04/21/23 10:14
national committeerepresentatives from the 50 state party organizations who run a political party
16.2
Essential Question: Describe the organization and function of political parties in America.
national conventiongathering of local and state
party members chosen to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates
04/21/23 10:14
patronagepractice of granting favors to reward party loyalty
16.2
Essential Question: Describe the organization and function of political parties in America.
precinctvoting district
04/21/23 10:14
precinct captainvolunteer who organizes party workers to distribute information about the party and its candidates and to get the voters to the polls
16.2
Essential Question: Describe the organization and function of political parties in America.
state central committeeusually composed largely of
representatives from the party's county organizations
04/21/23 10:14
wardlarge district comprised of several adjoining precincts
16.2
Essential Question: Describe the organization and function of political parties in America.
04/21/23 10:14
Membership and Organization
Party Membership
Local Party Organization
State party Organization
National Party Organization
membership not required to vote; may declare party preference when voting; both major parties are open to anyone; may support monetarily, volunteer, becoming candidate
precinct – local unit, each precinct has a captain, several adjoining precincts make up a ward, precincts within a county make up a county committee with a chairperson
state central committee composed of reps from county committees, led by party state chairperson (usually recommended by governor or other state party elected leader) main function is to help state candidates.
2 main parts – national convention (meet every 4 years (presidential)) and national committee (assist local, state and national candidates); national party chairperson manages day to day operations
16.2
Essential Question: Describe the organization and function of political parties in America.
04/21/23 10:14
Political Party Functions
Recruiting Candidates
Educating The Public
Operating The
Government
seek men and women who seem to have a good chance of being elected; this is the major function of the party
publishes position on important issues like inflation, economy, taxes, pollution etc.; maintain websites; raise money for candidates;
Legislatures are organized based on party membership; party leaders work to support parties’ position in legislation
16.2
Essential Question: Describe the organization and function of political parties in America.
04/21/23 10:14
Political Party Functions
Dispensing Patronage
Loyal Opposition
Reduction Of Conflict
reward party loyalty with favors like jobs, contract, appointments; patronage has become limited by laws
party out of power becomes the watchdog of government by observing the party in power and criticizing it or offering opposite resolutions
parties encourage groups to compromise and work together; promote adoption of moderate policies; transfer of power is peaceful government
16.2
Quick Review Answers
1. B 2. D 3. E 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C 04/21/23 10:14
Nominating Candidates16-3
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
bosspowerful party leader
caucusprivate meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
closed primaryelection in which only members of a political party can vote
direct primaryelection in which party members select people to run in the general election
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
nominating conventionofficial public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office
open primaryelection in which all voters may participate
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
plankssection of a political party platform
platformstatement of a political party's principles, beliefs, and position on vital issues
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
pluralitylargest number of votes in an election
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
runoff primarysecond primary election between the two candidates who received the most votes in the first primary
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
ticketcandidates for president and vice president
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
Originally was the only way candidates were chosen, now begins at the local level
local party organizations send representatives to country-wide meeting that selects candidates
most commonly used today; conducted according to state law and are held at public polling places
a person announces their candidacy and files a document with a specified number of voters signatures
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
Became more democraticcaucuses > nominating convention > presidential primaries
•delegate selection process possible•winner take all or delegates based on number of votes received•delegates may be required to support popular vote
•too long period of time•image more important than issues•one-sided victories
16.3
Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.
04/21/23 10:14
date/time/place set, number of votes/state
delegates gather, candidates campaign, reports and speeches
governs the way the convention is run
approves delegations
selects permanent chairperson and other officials
writes statement of principals, beliefs and positions
speeches, demonstrations, roll call
acceptance speeches by candidates
16.3
Quick Review Answers
1. B 2. D 3. E 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. B 04/21/23 10:14
Election Campaigns17-1
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Examine the role election campaign financing and political parties play in electing candidates for public office.
04/21/23 10:14
campaign managerperson responsible for the overall strategy and planning of a campaign
imagemental picture
17.1
Essential Question: Examine the role election campaign financing and political parties play in electing candidates for public office.
04/21/23 10:14
soft moneymoney raised by a political party for general purposes, not designated for a candidate
political action committee(PAC); an organization formed to collect money and provide financial support for political candidates
17.1
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Examine the role election campaign financing and political parties play in electing candidates for public office.
270 of the 538 electoral votes to win; each states total number equal number of representatives and senators, usually electoral votes follow popular vote
aggressive attack , stress what issues, how much and where spend money
campaign mgr. responsible for overall strategy, strong organization
mass media powerful, image is important, televised debates
increased use of websites to convey candidates positions, background, schedule, speeches and videos; electronic newsletters
17.1
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Examine the role election campaign financing and political parties play in electing candidates for public office.
Regulating Campaign Financing
Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) requires public disclosure of spending and funding; prohibits direct contributions from certain organizations and limits individual contributions
Presidential candidates may accept funds from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund for primary and general election but must limit total spending
bulk of funding comes from private sources such as individuals, party organizations and PACs
election web site operators must identify themselves online, must register with the FEC, follow established reporting procedures
17.1
Quick Review Answers
1. C 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B 04/21/23 10:14
Expanding Voting Rights17-2
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Summarize the historical expansion of voting rights.
04/21/23 10:14
suffragethe right to vote
grandfather clauseexemption in a law for a certain group based on previous conditions
17.2
Essential Question: Summarize the historical expansion of voting rights.
04/21/23 10:14
poll taxmoney paid in order to vote
17.2
Essential Question: Summarize the historical expansion of voting rights.
04/21/23 10:14
white maleproperty owners
white males non property owners
women African Americans
all white males
women most African Americans
all white women
all white males
most African Americans
17.2
Essential Question: Summarize the historical expansion of voting rights.
04/21/23 10:14
African American SuffrageFifteenth Amendment
Grandfather Clause
(1870) provided that no state can deprive any citizen of the right to vote on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude
provided that only voters whose grandfathers had voted before 1867 were eligible to vote without paying a poll tax or passing literacy test
17.2
Essential Question: Summarize the historical expansion of voting rights.
04/21/23 10:14
African American Suffrage
Literacy test
Poll Tax
had to pass a reading and writing test before voting
had to be paid in advance of election and was retroactive; caused financial burden
17.2
Essential Question: Summarize the historical expansion of voting rights.
04/21/23 10:14
1. The government could register voters in any district in which fewer than 50 percent of African American adults were on the voting lists.2. The government could register voters in districts in which it appeared that local officials were discriminating against African Americans.3. The new laws forbade the unfair division of election districts in order to diminish the influence of African American voters or of other minority groups.
Essential Question: Summarize the historical expansion of voting rights.
04/21/23 10:14
4. The laws provided for the appointment of poll watchers to ensure that the votes of all qualified voters were properly counted.5. Literacy tests were abolished.6. The laws required that ballots be printed in Spanish for Spanish-speaking communities; other minority language groups were given the same right.
Quick Review Answers
1. D 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. C 04/21/23 10:14
Influences on Voters17-3
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
How might Super Storm Sandy affect the election?
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Evaluate the factors that influence voters and nonvoters.
04/21/23 10:14
straight party ticketone where a voter has selected candidates of his or her party only
17.3
Essential Question: Evaluate the factors that influence voters and nonvoters.
04/21/23 10:14
cross-pressured voterone who is caught between conflicting elements in his or her own life
propagandathe use of ideas, information, or rumors to influence opinion
17.3
Essential Question: Evaluate the factors that influence voters and nonvoters.
04/21/23 10:14
A. AgeB. EducationC. ReligionD. Racial/ethnic backgroundE. Whether he or she is cross-pressured
A. Whether he or she is a strong party voterB. Whether he or she is a weak party voterC. Whether he or she is an independent
C. TaxesD. EducationE. Affirmative actionF. AbortionG. Gun rightsH. Environment
A. Social SecurityB. Health care
A.How the candidate is perceived: favoring peace or war; strong or weak on economic issuesB. How well the candidate uses propaganda techniques—plain folks, and wagon, patriotic symbols, celebrity endorsements, and other tactics
17.3
Essential Question: Evaluate the factors that influence voters and nonvoters.
04/21/23 10:14
Have a higher-than-average level of education Are middle-aged
Have a higher-than-average income
Are not formal citizens
Have not met residency requirementsAre not registered to vote
17.3
Quick Review Answers
1. D 2. C 3. E 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. C 04/21/23 10:14
How the Media Impacts Government
19-1
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Prezi assignment: (www.prezi.com)
1.Create a Prezi account 2.Create a Prezi presentation that defines 11 terms in Ch. 19. you should include the 11 terms, their definitions and pictures or graphics that illustrate the terms. 3.When you are finished you can email me the prezi using the “Share” button and then Email it to [email protected]
04/21/23 10:14
Prezi assignment: (www.prezi.com)
1.You should include the 11 terms, their definitions and pictures or graphics that illustrate the terms. 2.When you are finished you can email me the prezi using the “Share” button and then Email it to [email protected]
What does this poll show? How could this poll be misleading?
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.
04/21/23 10:14
front-runnerearly leader in an election
leakrelease of secret information by anonymous government officials to the media
19.1
Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.
04/21/23 10:14
mass mediameans of communication, such as television, newspapers, movies, books, and the Internet, that influence large audiences
media eventvisually interesting event designed to reinforce a politician's position on some issue
19.1
Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.
04/21/23 10:14
news briefingmeeting during which a government official makes an announcement or explains a policy, decision, or action
news releaseready-made story government officials prepare for members of the press
19.1
Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.
04/21/23 10:14
spot advertisingthe brief, frequent, positive descriptions of a candidate or a candidate's major themes broadcast on television or radio
19.1
Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.
04/21/23 10:14
19.1
The President and the MediaNews Release and Briefings: Press Conference:
Other Means of Sharing Information:
Media Events:
release used as background information; briefings give reporters opportunity to ask officials about news releases
carefully planned events; presidents usually prepped by conferring with aides, may prep reporters with allowable topics
backgrounders – top officials give reporters important pieces of information which they can use in story but not reveal source
used by modern politicians to reinforce position; ie. standing in front of new state of art manufacturing plant to support pollution control
Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.
04/21/23 10:14
19.1Media and Presidential Campaigns
Identifying Candidates:
The Presidential Nominating Process:
Campaign Advertising:
Financing TV Advertising:
Political Parties:
telegenic, political unknowns can gain exposure, encourages celebrities to enter politics
focuses on winners and losers more than issues, media identifies a front runner
use spot advertising, may also use negative images of the opposing candidate
not cheap, extensive fundraising involved, one 30 second commercial may cost thousands of $$$
TV weakens the role of political parties, TV lets candidates appeal directly to voters, provides most political news
Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.
04/21/23 10:14
19.1Congress and the Media
Confirmation Hearings:
Oversight Activities:
Personal Business:
C-SPAN:
Congressional Recording Studio:
controversial hearings attract wide media coverage, media may uncover damaging info
lawmakers may uncover a major scandal during oversight, some become some of the biggest media stories
media looks for scandal in the personal lives of congress
closed circuit television coverage of the floor proceedings of congress
lawmakers prepare radio and tv messages for voters in their districts
Read the article on charter schools amendment in Georgia
1. What are the issues surrounding the proposed amendment for charter schools in Georgia?
04/21/23 10:14
For Against
Online activity
The Presidential election is very important, but what is going on in the Congress. Go to
http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/ratings/house and http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/ratings/senate 1. Write down the projected numbers for each body of Congress.
2. How will the makeup of Congress affect the next President?
3. What are some reasons why Congress’s majority would be different from party of the Pres. Winner?
04/21/23 10:14
Video notes Summarize information seen in each of the following
segments. The first segment is on the “Bubble”
– Candidates travel around with the press and everything seems to be about the candidate and it is hard to know what is going on in other places
Life on Campaign Trail Advantages of Incumbent Distrust of the Press Challenges of the 24 hr news New Angles Image Management Photography Blogs 04/21/23 10:14
Read these 3 articles:Voters Ready(1A), Rivals stress(5A), and Listing 10 reasons(6A)
How long are the polls open? Who is running for US Congress Representative?
Where are the candidates in these last days? What are they trying to do?
What are charter schools? What are some reasons against the charter
schools? 04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.
04/21/23 10:14
19.1
The Court and the MediaRemoteness of Judges: Technical Issues:
Setting the Public AgendaAwareness of Issues: Attitudes and Values:
since appointed, don’t need publicity; must remain unbiased avoid publicity
handles complex issues, many which only interest a small number of people,
networks prioritize their news coverage according to what stories they believe will draw the largest number of viewers
media plays large role in political socialization – may be positive or negative
Quick Review Answers
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. E 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B 04/21/23 10:14
Regulating Broadcast and Print Media
19-2
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
1. What is the blue wall? 2. How many electoral votes do these states have(approximately)?
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Evaluate the role the government plays in regulating the mass media.
04/21/23 10:14
fairness doctrinerequiring broadcasters to provide opportunities for the expression of opposing views on issues of public importance
libelfalse written or published statements intended to damage a person's reputation
19.2
Essential Question: Evaluate the role the government plays in regulating the mass media.
04/21/23 10:14
prior restraintgovernment censorship of information before it is published or broadcast
shield lawlaw that gives reporters some means of protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state courts
Essential Question: Evaluate the role the government plays in regulating the mass media.
04/21/23 10:14
Protecting the MediaFree Press Guaranteed Libel
The Right to Gather InformationThe Right of Access Protection of Sources:
editors and reporters have freedom to decide what goes in or stays out of their publications
almost impossible for a public official to win a libel suit, no law against criticizing a public official
press feels they should unlimited access to government information, courts have ruled against unlimited access
reporters often need to protect their informants, shield laws offer reporters protection
Essential Question: Evaluate the role the government plays in regulating the mass media.
04/21/23 10:14
Regulating Broadcast Media FCC
Content
Ownership
Telecommunications Act of 1996
government agency with authority to regulate interstate and international communications by radio, tv, phone, telegraph, cable and satellite
FCC cannot censor broadcast, can influence content by fining stations that violate rules and threatening not to renew licenses
FCC created rules to prevent the concentration of media ownership into the hands of a few; with the advent of advanced technology, broadcast owners want less restrictions
ended or relaxed many FCC regulations on media ownership, FCC required to review media ownership rules every 2 years
Essential Question: Evaluate the role the government plays in regulating the mass media.
04/21/23 10:14
Media and National Security
conflict between the need for government to keeps secrets to protect national security and citizens’ need for information exist in a free society creates delicate balance.
Quick Review Answers
1. B 2. D 3. E 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D 04/21/23 10:14
The Internet and Democracy
19-3
Unit VIICivic Responsibility
04/21/23 10:14
04/21/23 10:14
Essential Question: Analyze the impact of the internet on government in the United States.
04/21/23 10:14
action alertmessage from an interest group to its members, calling upon them to respond immediately by telephone, fax, or e-mail to a specific lawmaker, group of lawmakers, or other official
electronic mailing listautomated e-mail notification that provides subscribers with current information on a topic
Essential Question: Analyze the impact of the internet on government in the United States.
04/21/23 10:14
electronic petitionmessage that asks the recipient to "sign" his or her name electronically to a request that will be sent to an official
partisanadhering to or supporting a particular party, faction, cause, or person
Essential Question: Analyze the impact of the internet on government in the United States.
04/21/23 10:14
Key Features of the InternetWidespread: Interactivity: Global Scope:
Web traffic has grown by 100 percent a year; more than 75% of Americans use the web at home
traditional media is unidirectional (one-way); internet allows people to network with each other
wide range of content, opinions, diversity; few rules, hard to govern activities
Essential Question: Analyze the impact of the internet on government in the United States.
04/21/23 10:14
Gathering InformationPolitical Web Sites: Tracking Legislation:
Electronic Mailing Lists: E-Government:
all major newspapers and magazines have websites; sites sponsored by government agencies, interest groups, political parties, many are biased
THOMAS (thomas.loc.gov) allows public to search congressional bills; updated by the library of congress
can subscribe to automated email notifications; keep informed on issues with updates
governments at all levels are providing services and information over the internet; federal government website firstgov.gov
Essential Question: Analyze the impact of the internet on government in the United States.
04/21/23 10:14
Impact on Citizen ParticipationCommunicating with Officials
Action Alerts and Petitions:
Grassroots Websites:
Volunteering:
Electronic Voting:
email most widely used tool for interacting with government officials
messages sent to group’s members by phone, fax or email; messages asking for electronic signature
individual citizens setting up their own websites in support of candidates
donating time and effort to an election campaign or political cause; cybervolunteering
states are conducting studies; Department of Defense conducted pilot program for residents overseas
Essential Question: Analyze the impact of the internet on government in the United States.
04/21/23 10:14
Challenges for Public PolicyOffensive Content: Taxing E-Commerce:1st amendment guarantees freedom of expression on the internet causing difficulties in protecting children against offensive material
sales taxes are assessed on a state level making it difficult for e-retailers to assess taxes; some states require sales tax on e-commerce where other do not
Quick Review Answers
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. E 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D 04/21/23 10:14
Warmup
What are the qualities of an ideal President of the United States?
04/21/23 10:14
Media center reminders
Only 2 to 3 students to a table Go to desk and get black Dell laptopBe patient because of logging inDo not get up or move around the media
centerIf you talk, then talk quietly (not to other
tables)
04/21/23 10:14