DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO TURBINES AS …

E-proceedings of the 38th IAHR World CongressSeptember 1-6, 2019, Panama City, Panama

doi:10.3850/38WC092019-1426

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DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO TURBINES AS RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES

TERESA REYNA(1), BELEN IRAZUSTA(2), SANTIAGO REYNA(3) MARIA LABAQUE(4), &, CESAR RIHA(5)

(1,3,4) Especializacion en Hidraulica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

(2) Especializacion en Hidraulica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET,

Argentina, [email protected] (3) Maestria en Recursos Hidricos. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina,

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Energy is a priority to guarantee economic development and a good standard of living; however, current production and consumption models have become unsustainable. Hydropower is a renewable energy, that helps the problems that are caused by climate change, with a mature technology (turbines are based on designs nearly a century old) and of high global efficiencies. The novelty in hydroelectricity has now a lot to do with its scale. The development of small-scale hydroelectric power plants is growing up in Argentina. Since 2012, in the School of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of the University of Córdoba (Argentina) we have been developing projects designing micro-turbines so that they could be manufactured in local workshops. These designs should guarantee low costs (even sacrificing efficiency) in order to allow decentralized energy supply in communities that cannot be linked to the national interconnected system. The machines developed were four: Michell Banki (working power: 18 kW), an axial turbine (working power: 2 kW), Turgo (theoretical power: 2.55 kW) and Pelton (working power: 1 kW). In this work, the design and numerical modeling used to make the turbines more efficient with the limitations of simplicity imposed on the schemes and the results are shown.

Keywords: Micro-hydro, turbomachinery, climate change, renewable, energy.

1 INTRODUCTION Currently, renewable energies complement non-renewable energies, which have been predominant in the

energy market for many years in the production of electricity. However, society is increasingly aware of the importance of generating a change in the energy matrix, been worried about the depletion of non-renewable resources and the impact of their use on the environment due to climate change. Thus, the development of renewable energies is the foreseeable consequence of a look at the energy issue from the perspective of sustainability. (Reyna and others, 2012). Current national policies and international agreements and treaties include as a priority objective a sustainable development that does not compromise the natural resources of future generations. Within this paradigm, researchers and those responsible for energy and the environment play a fundamental role in generating its dissemination and bringing technology closer to the population.

In Argentina, there is a high potential for the development of renewable energy sources. However, its uses are still incipient and not widespread mainly due to the unfamiliarity of its technologies. In our country, the offer of electricity is increasing less than the peak electricity demand. Moreover, a sector of the population is in isolated sectors, without access to the electricity grid. This sector of society is composed especially of the socially vulnerable population. That is why the development and study of certain energies is of interest: mini and micro hydroelectricity, wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy; and hydrogen, as an energy vector.

Hydropower is a renewable energy developed with mature technologies (turbines are based on designs developed closed to a century ago) and with high global efficiencies (important distinction with respect to other renewable energies). However, with such highly developed technologies, different alternatives have been developed in recent years depending on where they are applied, at what scale and how they avoid the environmental impacts of large dams. One of these cases is the mini hydroelectricity, where simplicity in construction and maintenance is sought, reducing costs.

Since 2012, the School of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of the University of Córdoba (Argentina) has been developing projects for the design of hydraulic micro-turbines with simple technologies, which can be manufactured in local workshops and low costs (even sacrificing efficiency) in order to allow the supply of decentralized electricity in small communities that cannot be linked to the national interconnected system.


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The developed machines were four: The machines developed were four: Michell Banki (working power: 18 kW), an axial turbine (working power: 2 kW), Turgo (theoretical power: 2.55 kW) and Pelton (working power: 1 kW). In this work, the design and numerical modeling used to make the turbines more efficient with the limitations of simplicity imposed on the schemes and the results are shown. The project was financed by the Secretariat of Science and Technology of the National University of Córdoba (SECyT) and with the participation of the Cristo Obrero Technical Institute of Carlos Paz.

2 DEVELOPMENT 2.1 Type of microturbines / Characterization

There are different types of hydroelectric turbines, which differ according to the way in which they perform the conversion of kinetic and potential energy of water into mechanical energy. Each type of turbine is developed for a range of flows and heads, among which it works efficiently. The choice of a type of turbines will depend on the estimated fall and flow characteristics of the site and the power needed, this is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Range of application of different turbines. (Source: Fernández Mosconi et al., 2003).

In this work, different hydroelectric micro-turbines suitable for diverse environmental conditions are shown. The conditions for their installation is an important determining factor in the efficiency of each of the machines. Thus, we worked with different turbines: Michelll Banki, Helix (Kaplan type), Turgo and Pelton.

2.2 Michell Banki turbine The first turbine developed at the UNC is the Michell Banki, widely used in micro-centrals. This turbine is a

"double" cross flow and it belongs to the action group of machines. Figure 1 shows the wide range of flows and loads that this turbine admits. It is a very attractive turbine for micro-use due to its simple design and easy construction.

Regarding its main characteristics, it can be mentioned: wide range of speed, suitable for continuous flows and small waterfalls, without much varying its efficiency; acceptable level of performance for small turbines; regulation of flow and power with adjustable blades; simple construction. An attractive feature of this machine is the flattened shape of its performance curve. That is why the transverse flow turbine is especially appropriate for rivers with small discharges, which generally have very little water for several months.

2.2.1 Description The turbine consists of two main elements: an injector and a rotor. The rotor consists of two parallel discs

to which the curved blades are attached. The injector, of rectangular cross section, is attached to a pipe from where the water gets inside the system, through a rectangular-circular transition. The injector will direct the water towards the rotor, covering a number of vanes determined according to the angle of impact desired, seeking the best use of energy. Water energy is transferred to the rotor in two stages (double effect machine).

A utilization Factor (e) is defined, where c2 is the absolute water velocity at the exit of the machine, given by the following relation:

𝑒 =Energy used

Energy available=

𝐸

𝐸 +𝑐2

2

2 𝑔

[1]

To know the optimum performance conditions, the maximum utilization factor must be calculated according

to the ratio of the velocities 𝑢

𝑐1 (tangential speed of the wheel and absolute speed of the jet). By operating, it is

obtained:


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𝑢

𝑐1

= 1/2 [2]

Since the Pelton turbine is the conventional action machine (on which these performance studies are developed), various considerations must be made to adapt it to the Michell Banki turbine. The speed triangle of this machine is the one shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Speed triangles for the two stages of the Michell Banki turbine rotor. (Source: Asuaje, et al., 2011).

As the water does not enter completely parallel to the longitudinal plane that contains the axis as it happens in a Pelton turbine, varying the angles of fluid entry, and observing the velocity triangles, the condition of optimum performance for the Michell Banki turbine is:

𝑢1 =𝑐𝑢1

2 [3]

2.2.2 Rotor design The design of the Michell Banki turbine was based on the bibliography and was developed experimentally,

considering the following conditions:

𝑄 = 0,12𝑚3

𝑠; 𝐻𝑛 = 25 𝑚 [4]

Depending on the absolute water input speed and a relationship established between the different angles formed when entering the rotor, the different components of the input speed are calculated.

2.2.2.1 Rotor diameter selection The Michell-Banki turbine operates under similar conditions when the Q / Hn value is constant as the

efficiency is not so variable within wide ranges of values of Q and Hn. Taking this into account, the diameter of the rotor is calculated according to the ratio Q / Hn, obtaining an outer diameter of the rotor of 200 mm. The internal diameter and the speed of rotation are:

𝐷𝑖 = 0,66 ∗ 𝐷 = 132 𝑚𝑚; 𝑢1 =𝜋 ∗ 𝑁

60∗ 𝐷 → 𝑁 = 982 𝑟𝑝𝑚 [5]

2.2.2.2 Number of rotor blades and rotor width The selection of the number of blades is made based on the diameter and operating conditions of the

turbine, that is, head and discharge. According to various investigations there is an optimal number of blades, thus, a number of Z = 22 blades is adopted. The angle of the arch and the thickness of the blades are given depending on the diameter of the rotor, in this case 2 ½ mm in diameter and 5.16 mm in thickness.

An important factor to consider is the calculation of the rotor width. This is calculated based on the selected diameter, which defines the different speed components, and the flow rate. The elevation B = 0.18 m is thus calculated.


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2.2.3 Injector design The diversity of designs for the geometry of the injector causes that different admission angles are adopted.

Through the various investigations that have been conducted on this machine, angles of admission fluctuate in the range from 30º to 120º, although much of the existing literature seems to agree that the angle of admission θa optimal for this type of turbine is of around 90º.

Figure 3. Injector characteristic section

The dimensions shown in Figure 3 are calculated experimentally, related to the dimensions adopted for the rotor, especially the number of blades.

2.2.4 Modeling For the modeling of this machine, Ansys CFX program was used, which uses Computational Fluid

Dynamics (CFD) to represent the behavior of fluids. Results were obtained on pressure variations and speeds that were then used to compare with the test bench.

Figure 4. Representation of the fluid volume and the boundary conditions of the Michell-Banki turbine.

2.2.5 Laboratory installation A test bench is the set of equipment, regulation and control devices and measuring instruments that allows

to evaluate a hydraulic process. In this case the test bench is built to visualize the operation of the hydraulic turbine. This test bench consists in: the hydraulic system (pump, tank and closed pipe circuit) and the transformation system from hydraulic to mechanical energy (Michell-Banki turbine).

The turbine was built in workshops in the City of Córdoba and was installed in the Hydraulic Laboratory of the UNC. This is shown in the following figures:

Figure 5. Rotor and turbine finished in operation

2.3 Axial turbine The micro-turbine propeller is a machine classified as a reaction turbine of axial flow. Its main advantages

are its simple design, easy construction and low maintenance, which makes it attractive in small hydroelectric uses considering the economic equilibrium. Thus, these turbines are used where there are small heads and medium discharges.


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Axial water turbines, such as Kaplan with mobile vanes, or propellers with fixed blades, result in high specific speeds. Propeller turbines eliminate the radial action, that is, the centripetal action in the impeller, which significantly reduces the use of the static load, being of high importance the change of the relative speed. Thus, the propeller turbines differ from the Kaplan turbines due to the absence of a peripheral spiral chamber and the set of mobile directing blades placed in the stator making the water a radial-axial path towards the rotor.

The turbine consists in three main elements: a distributor or conduit through which the fluid enters, a rotor or propeller and a vent pipe. The distributor will be responsible for directing the flow in an appropriate way on the rotor blades in order to achieve the most efficient energy transfer. The rotor, composed of a cube in which perimeter the blades are embedded, is responsible for the energy transfer between the fluid and the machine. The rotor blades have a wing airfoil profile and helical shape. The exhaust pipe is usually vertical, with divergent circular section, and serves the purpose of recovering the energy that cannot be transformed in the rotor.

2.3.1 Design To determine the diameter of the impeller, the empirical design of Kaplan turbines is used, which will then

be adapted. The diameter of the rotor and the speed of rotation are given as a function of the desired power and the design load. After defining the diameter of the rotor, the rest of the dimensions of the rotor are obtained.

The machine developed has a flow rate of 0.1 m3/s and a net elevation of 5 m. With these values, considering a yield of approximately 60%, a working power of approximately 3 kW is obtained.

…Figure 6. Helix turbine in SolidWorks

2.3.2 3D Modeling and printing After the hydraulic design, the design was carried out in SolidWorks 3D software. This program allows the

modelling of different parts and extract from them both technical drawings and other information necessary for production. It is a program that works based on the new modeling techniques with CAD systems. In addition, it allows to simulate the flow with the Flow Simulation tool, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Within the career of Civil Engineering in the National University of Córdoba, Chair of Hydraulic Works, we sought to transfer the project to classrooms by developing the simulation of the machine in this software, seeking to describe the behavior of the fluid as it traverses the turbine. The aim is to apply the theoretical concepts studied in the subject, especially the components of the flow velocity. In the following figures one can see the 3D representation of the turbine, as well as some of the simulations made and the decomposition of the velocity vectors, very useful for the correct understanding of the students.

.. ..Figure 7. Trajectories of the Flow and velocity fields.

Finally, the central parts of the turbine, rotor and stator were materialized by means of 3D impressions in the Di Bio Laboratory of the National University of Córdoba. By complementing the simulations and the printed components, the students approach to the turbomachines is improved and their understanding of the physical process that occurs in them.


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Figure 8. Rotor and stator materialized in 3D printers

2.3.3 Construction Finally, it was decided to make an agreement with the “Cristo Obrero” Technical Institute of Carlos Paz

(secondary school) for the construction of the machine. The drawings were sent to the Institute and some adaptations were developed to enable the construction of the machine economically and with the tools available at the school. In the following figures the process of construction of the machine can be seen.

Figure 9. Rotor and stator

Figure 10. Process of construction of the different parts of the turbine

2.4 Turgo turbine Turgo turbine is a turbine of free jet and an action one (reaction degree = 0). That is, the entire potential

energy will be converted into kinetic energy before entering the impeller. Its field of application is between the Francis and Pelton turbines (Figure 1) and its main components are the impeller and the injector, very similar to the Pelton turbine except for the shape of its blades (half of the Pelton blades).

The injector of the turbine is of the Pelton type (consists essentially of a nozzle and a needle valve) that projects a jet of water inclined with respect to the axis of the impeller. The Turgo turbine impeller also resembles the Pelton turbine. The jet impinges on the blades (generally at an angle of 20 ° to the diametral plane of the impeller), entering on one side of the diametrical disc and exiting on the other (this angle allows the exit of the water as efficiently as possible). Unlike the Pelton, the design of a Turgo turbine allows the jet of water to impact several blades simultaneously.

It has several advantages over the Francis and Pelton turbine in certain applications. The impeller is cheaper to manufacture than that of a Pelton and is easily maintained. Besides, it doesn´t need a hermetic casing like the Francis and does not have risks of cavitation. It has a higher specific speed and can handle a greater flow for the same diameter as a Pelton turbine, which leads to a lower cost in the generator and in the installation. Although it is normal for Turgo turbine performance to be a little lower than for Pelton turbines, the literature points out that Turgo turbine performance is less sensitive to flow variations (flatter efficiency curve). In this way, the construction of the Turgo turbines is simple and robust, which means that it requires minimal maintenance. In addition, these turbines are reliable and operate efficiently in a wide range of flow rates. Thus, Turgo turbines are widely used in micro plants.

2.4.1 Design For the initial design of the turbine the following parameters were taken:


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𝑄 = 0,01 𝑚3 𝑠⁄ ; 𝑔 = 9,806 𝑚 𝑠2⁄ ; 𝐻 = 26𝑚; 𝜌 = 1.000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3⁄ They are used to calculate its power and a working power, which is taken considering a low performance,

of 60%, to assume said power as the minimum that would enter the network: 𝑃𝑢 = 𝜂 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝐻 ∗ 𝑄 = 1,53 𝑘𝑊

Taking into account the optimal operating conditions, recently mentioned, we proceed to the design of the turbine. Starting from the absolute speed of water inlet in the injector that looks for the relation of the angles β1 and α1, an angle α1 of 16,102º is adopted, whereby an angle β1 of 30º is obtained.

To relate the triangle of input speeds with the output one, it is first considered that the speed of rotation of the blades, the tangential speed U, is constant (it depends on the number of revolutions and the diameter, both constants between the input and the exit of the water). At the same time, knowing that the flow between the entrance and the exit is the same, the relative speed of the water, which is the one that gives the flow between the entrance and the exit, must be the same. Finally, the rest of the components of the triangle of speeds is calculated with the Euler equation considering that the optimum vane exit angle is 𝛽2 = 10°.

Figure 11. Triangle of input and output speeds

2.4.1.1 Injector design The dimensions of the injector are a function of the desired initial velocity, which is calculated with the

orifice formula (previously calculated), and of the number of jets proposed (z = 1 in this case). Thus, the diameter of the desired jet is cleared (d, that is affected with the assumed contraction coefficient, Cc = 0.8):

𝑄

𝑧= 𝑉1 ∗ 𝐴 → 𝑑0 = √

4 ∗ 𝑄

𝜋 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ 𝐾𝑐 ∗ √2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝐻= 25𝑚𝑚; 𝑑 =

1

𝐶𝑐

∗ 𝑑0 = 31𝑚𝑚

The injector of a Turgo is normally the same as the Pelton turbine, that is, it consists of a needle valve to regulate the flow automatically with a servo motor mechanism. In this case, being a very small installation that seeks to be economical, it was decided to simplify the injector using a butterfly valve for flow regulation. This implies that the most important design parameter of the injector is the one mentioned recently, its diameter.

2.4.1.2 Rotor design The most important component of the turbine is the rotor that is formed by blades that change their shape

and define the type of turbine. In the case of the Turgo turbine, this means a disc on which the spoiler-type blades are attached on which the jet coming from the injector acts (Figure 12). The size and number of blades depend on the characteristics of the installation and the specific speed ns, they will be defined in the design of the turbine. The lower the flow rate and the higher the elevation of the fall, the smaller the diameter of the jet (being the dimensions of the blades directly linked to it).

The inner part of the blade is defined empirically, while the stresses that will be generated on the spoons will define the outer shape and the thickness of the blade. The number of necessary blades is also calculated, which in this case is 15 but an even number (16) is chosen since the machine is very small and should be bolted to the impeller disk in pairs.

2.4.2 SolidWorks design and 3D plotting In the same way as the axial turbine, the design was made in SolidWorks 3D software. These designs were

also used for the 3D printing of the machine. In this case, the laboratory of the UNC made some adaptations to the blades and proceeded to print them. It should be noted that these modifications were simply structural, without hydraulic repercussions. The following figures show the 3D representation of the Turgo turbine with the impressions made.


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Figure 12. Blades and injector of the Turgo turbine. Final box containing the rotor and injector.

Figure 13. 3D plotter of the rotor of the Turgo turbine.

Figure 12 shows the whole box designed to place the turbine. It consists of the injector, attached to the box, through whose orifice the flow of water that will push the rotor blades will be directed. These blades are attached with bolts to the disk of the rotor, which in turn is joined to the shaft of the turbine. The electric generator that will convert the mechanical energy of rotation into electricity will be connected to the upper part of the shaft. The turbine box will be made of acrylic, to allow the visualization of the flow and bearings with their respective seals will be placed to fix the shaft of the turbine.

2.4.3 Construction of the turbine box. Finally, it was decided to build the previously designed box to be able to move the turbine to the classrooms

so that the students could have access to a test bench of the turbine. Thus, once again, appealing to the “Cristo Obrero” Technical Institute, a table with wheels is manufactured to transport the machine, where it will be placed along with a pump and a tank to operate the system. This can be seen in the following figures.

Figure 14. Box of test bench

Using computational techniques and new technologies, the teaching of the operation of the turbine will be complemented with a test bench and the analysis of the speed triangles, important design parameters of the turbines, which can be obtained from SolidWorks, as it is observed in Figure 15.


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Figure 15. Change of velocity vectors in SolidWorks representation of Turgo Turbine.

2.5 Pelton turbine Pelton turbine is characterized as an action turbine, applicable in hydroelectric uses where the load is

normally more important than the flow. As mentioned before, the main components of the turbine are the impeller, in the form of a double spoon, and the injector, where the potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy that will impact and rotate the spoons.

2.5.1 Pelton turbine design Like the Turgo turbine, the dimensions of the buckets are proportional to the diameter of the injector jet.

Thus, to define the complete design of the turbine, the following must be determined: the number of spoons and the orientation and shape of the spoons.

As for the optimal design of this machine, it will be ensured that the spoons go tangent to the relative trajectory of the water jet (to avoid shocks). This makes the design delicate. The method of trajectories was chosen.

The design conditions imposed were, a desired power of 1 kW, a hydraulic fall of 38 m and an estimated

overall efficiency of 85%. The necessary flow rate was calculated: 0.0032 𝑚3

𝑠⁄ .The diameter of the injector is designed in the same way as the Turgo turbine and the blades characteristics

will be defined based on it. The values obtained from the design are detailed below. First, the diameter of the injector, and then the diameter of the impeller:

𝑑0´ = √

4 ∙ 𝑄

𝜋 ∙ 𝐶1

= 0,0124𝑚 → 𝑑´ =1

𝐶𝑐

∙ 𝑑0 = 1,25 ∙ 𝑑0 = 0,015𝑚

D = 0,153m Next, the shape of the spoons is studied, resulting in 15 spoons as necessary to generate the desired

power.

Figure 16. Shape of the Pelton´s turbine blades.

2.5.2 Modeling After the geometric design of the turbine, the same design as the previous turbines, in SolidWorks. In this

case, we tried to simulate the flow with this program, but due to the difficulties of representing the edge conditions, the submerged turbine was considered.

In the following figures, the turbine represented with SolidWorks software and the flow of water through it can be seen. The design of the spoon, the 15 spoons of the rotor disc, the injector-runner assembly that make up the main components of the Pelton turbine and the trajectories of the flow with the variations of speed inside the turbine can all be appreciated.


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Figure 17. Spoon and rotor of the Pelton´s turbine. Particles trajectories and velocity vectors.

2.5.3 Materialization Finally, counting on the design of the machine in SolidWorks, the impeller was printed. Again, it is sought

to have the turbines in a tangible way so that the students achieve a better understanding of the operation of the machines. In Figure 18, the printed impeller is observed.

Figure 18. Spoon and rotor of the Pelton turbine materialized by 3D plotters.

3 CONCLUSIONS In view of the generalized increase in the demand for electricity to ensure the development of communities,

researchers are forced to improve existing technologies and advance new ones in order to provide the necessary electrical supply. In Argentina, these technologies are becoming more familiar, although their costs are still high. Also, the use of these new technologies is incipient.

Considering renewable energies, hydroelectricity generation uses mature technologies with high global efficiencies. However, the area of micro-hydroelectric generation is under development. Since 2012, in the School of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of the University of Córdoba, this group has been working in the dissemination and development of these technologies.

Four turbines were made, seeking to adapt them to the different conditions for installation that can be found in the Province of Córdoba. First, a Michell Banki turbine was produced, then a propeller turbine, followed by a Turgo turbine and finally a Pelton turbine. Each of them adapts to different flow and head conditions that will depend on the installation site.

The study process in this work consisted of the analysis of each of the machines, empirical design, modeling and materialization. Thus, after becoming familiar with the subject, it was proceeded to the geometric design of the different parameters of the machines then, its modeling using SolidWorks software and finally its construction, either in local workshops or in 3D printers that allow to have contact with the machines.

The Michell Banki turbine was made in first place, being the most used in micro-hydroelectric power plants. It was built and installed in the Hydraulic Laboratory of the National University of Córdoba. The fact of having a test bench and being able to see the machine working is of high academic interest.

Then, the propeller turbine was designed, simulated in SolidWorks and built, but in this case in a secondary school, where the students are familiarized with machinery in general. In addition, with this machine the use of 3D printing was applied as a means for its materialization. In this manner, the students of the subject Hydraulic Works of the National University of Córdoba will get closer to this machines. In turn, with the computational design of the machine, the different parts and the operation of the turbine are clearly observed.

The Turgo turbine was complex in its construction due to the scarcity of information available about it. It was designed empirically and drawn with SolidWorks software. In this case, it was advanced in depth for the preparation of a test bench, but using 3D printers for the manufacture of the impeller. This test bench is mobile, and it can be relocated to classrooms to be used for teaching purposes.

Finally, the design of the Pelton turbine was developed, which is very similar to the Turgo turbine, is easily related to its operation by having contact with the spoons of the turbine that were also materialized in 3D printers.

As a conclusion of the general work of the four machines, it is interesting to note that the use of machines made with 3D printers in classrooms attracts the attention of students and makes easier the correct


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understanding of the operation of the machines. At the same time, being the machines manufactured locally, the students become more familiar with these machines.

In addition, by making an agreement with the Cristo Obrero Technical Institute, students have contact with the machines in their high school, which predisposes them to greater interest at the university and professional level.

In conclusion, the implementation of micro turbines for the generation of electricity in isolated communities is of high interest since its construction, implementation and operation is simple and does not generate environmental impacts of consideration. The National University of Córdoba seeks to join this development and continue with its research. Being the dimensioning of the micro turbines a great challenge since there is discrepancy among the authors, we seek to continue working to generalize it as well as work on improving the cost-benefit ratio of the construction of the turbines, guaranteeing the best efficiency in conditions of optimal construction, that is, simple and economical.

REFERENCES Anagnostopoulos, 2012. Optimal design and experimental validation of a Turgo Model Hydro turbine. Asuaje, Miguel, De Andrade Jesús, Christian Curiel y Frank Kenyery. 2011. Numerical Investigation of the

Internal Flow in a Banki Turbine. Caracas, Venezuela. Benito, Diego Vicente. 2010. Diseño de una turbina Kaplan para un caudal de 15 m3/s y salto neto de 10 m:

Universidad de Salamanca. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Zamora. Bustamante Cabrera, 2008. Diseño y construcción de una turbina Pelton para generación eléctrica, capacidad

2KW. Dixon, S. L. 1998. Fluid Mechanics, Termodynamics of Turbomachinery. Liverpool, Inglaterra: ELSEVIER. Ferrada Sepúlveda, 2012. Diseño de rodete de turbina hidráulica tipo Pelton para microgeneración. Góngora, 2012. Micro Turbinas p.ara pequeños aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos.Turbina Michell-Banki.

Práctica Supervisada UNC. Grosso, María Florencia, 2016. Energía Renovable para Comunidades Aisladas. Práctica Supervisada UNC. Labandeira, X., Linares, P. & Würzburg, K. 2012. Energías Renovables y Cambio Climático – Economics for

Energy. WP 06/2012. Mataix, C. 2009. Turbomáquinas Hidráulicas. Turbinas hidráulicas, bombas, ventiladores. Universidad

Pontificia Comillas. 1ª ed., 1ª. 1720 páginas; 24x17 cm. ISBN: 8484682528 ISBN-13: 9788484682523 Mohaded, Martín Gabriel. 2018. Turbina hidráulica para generación de energía. Práctica Supervisada UNC. Petrazzini, 2018. Energía renovable con micro turbina Pelton. Práctica Supervisada UNC. Polo Encinas, M. 1976. Turbomáquinas Hidráulicas. México. LIMUSA. Reyna, T., Lábaque, M., Irazusta, B., Reyna, S., Riha, C. 2017. Microturbinas hidráulicas. Diseño, adaptaciones

para enseñanza de microgeneración. XXVIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Hidráulica Buenos Aires, Argentina. 18 al 21 de septiembre de 2018.

Reyna, T., Reyna, S., Lábaque, M., Riha, Irazusta, B., Fragueiro, A. 2017. Diseño de microturbinas Kaplan y Turgo para sistemas de microgeneración. Desafíos y adaptaciones. XXVI Congreso Nacional del Agua. Córdoba, Argentina.

Vázquez De Leon, José Daniel. 2007. Micro-Hidroeléctrica tipo Michell-Banki, Funcionamiento, Mantenimiento y Componentes. Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.

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