55 CHAPTER III DEVELOPMENT OF LIS EDUCATION IN INDIA Libraries are important social agencies in the growth and development of modern society. The importance of their role is being increasingly realized. In order to fulfill the expectation, libraries must be developed along proper lines. The Library training can play an important role in this direction. In fact the state of libraries in a country reflects to some extent the quality of training available and extended with adequate training infrastructure and teaching aids and methods. An attempt is made here to comprehend in brief the development of library science education in India since the beginning. Thus, a great responsibility rests on library schools. An attempt is made to study library education in India in 1960’s relating to Post-Graduate courses. The 1960’s should be considered a period of great expansion of library education in India because, out of 28 university library schools, 18 came into being during this decade. The research in LIS in the past was considered primarily to provide a theoretical foundation to professional practice. The roots of research in LIS profession appears to be not very deep. Research in library science during the twentieth century in the areas of LIS can be traced to the library school of the University of Chicago, in mid 1920s. The visionary efforts of the Chicago School bore abundant fruit and offered leadership to the world in library science research. The pace of library research is picking up everywhere today due to social pressure, as well as, inspiration. In justifying the Ph.D. programme in our profession, it has been urged that if librarianship aspires to become a profession, it should depend upon research to develop its knowledge base and its theoretical framework.
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55
CHAPTER III
DEVELOPMENT OF LIS EDUCATION IN INDIA
Libraries are important social agencies in the growth and development
of modern society. The importance of their role is being increasingly realized.
In order to fulfill the expectation, libraries must be developed along proper
lines. The Library training can play an important role in this direction. In fact
the state of libraries in a country reflects to some extent the quality of training
available and extended with adequate training infrastructure and teaching aids
and methods. An attempt is made here to comprehend in brief the development
of library science education in India since the beginning. Thus, a great
responsibility rests on library schools. An attempt is made to study library
education in India in 1960’s relating to Post-Graduate courses. The 1960’s
should be considered a period of great expansion of library education in India
because, out of 28 university library schools, 18 came into being during this
decade.
The research in LIS in the past was considered primarily to provide a
theoretical foundation to professional practice. The roots of research in LIS
profession appears to be not very deep. Research in library science during the
twentieth century in the areas of LIS can be traced to the library school of the
University of Chicago, in mid 1920s. The visionary efforts of the Chicago
School bore abundant fruit and offered leadership to the world in library
science research. The pace of library research is picking up everywhere today
due to social pressure, as well as, inspiration. In justifying the Ph.D.
programme in our profession, it has been urged that if librarianship aspires to
become a profession, it should depend upon research to develop its knowledge
base and its theoretical framework.
56
3.1 Establishment of LIS schools during early period
First Library school at Baroda (1911)
W.A. Borden started the first formal Library training course in the
country in 1911. An American librarian, who had in 1910 was invited by
Maharaja Sayyaji Rao Gayakwad, the ruler of the Erstwhile Baroda State, who
was great library enthusiast, to organize a system of public libraries in the state.
Borden had been a student of Melvil Dewey and C.A. Cutter and the Maharaja
appointed him as the Director of the State Library Department. In his proposal
to start the training programme, Borden proposed, “to select a class from the
most intelligent of present libraries”52 and with their assistance ultimately
found a school that could graduate expert assistants for the main library and
different branch libraries of the State.
The first one year course which was conducted in the central library,
Baroda consisted of eleven students of ‘high ability’, of which 8 were men and
three women. In 1913 Baroda started a 5 month summer course as well which
was attended by 18 city librarians. An attempt in 1912 to start a two-year post
graduate diploma course at the Baroda College does not however seem to have
received any success. The training course in Baroda continued till 1924.
Second Library School at Punjab University (now in Pakistan)(1915):
The second training course was started in 1915 at the Punjab University,
Lahore (now in Pakistan) by A.D. Dickinson. Another American Librarian and
a student of Melvil Dewey. Dickinson was appointed by the Punjab University
to re-organize and administer the university library and to conduct a course of
training considering the modern library methods. To start with, the educational
qualifications of the students admitted varied widely; from non matriculates to
those holding a bachelor degree or an honours in oriental languages. Beginning
in 1928, only graduates were admitted to the course and from 1931 the study of
either German or French was made obligatory. This certificate course in
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Library Science at the Punjab University continued till the independence of the
country in 1947. Quite a large number of students got library training here and
some of them got higher and responsible positions in the country.
Andhra Desa Library Association course (1920):
ADL Association course was started in 1920 and was the first library
training course started by a library association at Vijayawada.52 The course
was of one month duration and specific qualifications were prescribed for
admission. The course was more oriented to the education of social workers
than to that of librarians. In 1934 the syllabus of the course was modified to
include more subjects on library work.
Mysore State (Karnataka State) 1920:
During the year 1920, a training course for librarians and library
workers was started in Karnataka. The training was conducted in Bangalore
under the programme of ‘Library Development’ initiated by
Sir.M.Visveswaraya, the then Dewan of Mysore.
Quite a number of personal working in various libraries during those
days, got admitted for this training programme. The main objective was to
provide orientation and training to discharge the routine functions in the
libraries, including systematic arrangement of books, presentation and
circulation methods.
MALA - Madras library Association:
The Madras Library Association, which came into existence in 1928,
mainly through the effort of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, conducted an annual
summer course in Librarianship in 1929 and 1930. In 1931 this programme
was taken over by Madras University and was conducted as a certificate course
for three months duration.
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Imperial Library Course of Calcutta (1935):
In 1935 Khan Bahadur Asadullah Khan an alumnus of the Punjab
Library School started a regular full time Diploma course in librarianship at the
imperial library, now called the National Library of India, Calcutta, where he
was librarian for nearly two decades. This course was planned after the Punjab
University course. There was a close co-operation between these two courses.
Punjab University offered course every alternative year, when the Imperial
Library course was not in session from 1944 to 1946. However, the course
was offered every year and finally discontinued in 1947.
Bengal Library Association Course (1935):
In the 1930’s the library movement in West Bengal received its
stimulation from the Bengal Library Association and the Association arranged
for a library training camp at Bansberia under the auspices of the Hoogly
District Library Association. The Bengal Library Association started a regular
certificate course in librarianship in 1937 which continued for a long period.
3.2 Courses at University level
a) Andhra University-(1935)
Andhra University started a Diploma course in 1935, and next one was
started by Madras University. However, shortly thereafter the course
remained suspended between 1937 and 1947.
b) Madras University (1937)
In 1937 the Madras University started a full time post graduate course of
one year duration leading to the award of diploma in library science. This was
the first diploma course at the post graduate level in the country and has served
as a model for the development of training programmes during the pre-
independence, as well as, the post independence era.
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In 1960 this particular diploma course was replaced by the course
leading to the award of the B.Lib.Sc degree. Dr. Ranganathan conducted this
training programme at Madras till his retirement in 1944.
In 1956, Ranganathan donated his life’s earnings amounting to
Rs.1.00.000/- to the Madras University for the establishment of Sarada
Ranganathan Chair in Library Science.65 ,46.
c. Banaras Hindu University (1942):
Banaras Hindu University started diploma course at the post graduate
level in the year 1942 with complete syllabus designed from the point of
handling responsibilities in library management as well as, systematic
preservation of documents and rendering of professional services.46
d. Bombay University- (1944):
Bombay University started diploma courses in 1944. One of these
courses was for the candidates who have passed matriculation and another for
the students who have completed graduation. A post graduation diploma and
another undergraduate diploma. The response for these courses was said to be
highly positive and quite a number of library workers and fresh students got
their education from Bombay University during 1940s.
e) Calcutta University (1945):
Calcutta University in West Bengal started diploma course in Library
science in the year 1945. Thus, before independence there were five
universities which had provision for the diploma course in library science in
their academic programmes. The diploma course started by the university in
1945 attracted people from other disciplines and emphasized more on the
training aspects of document preservation and library management.
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Delhi University – 1947:
The first Department of library science to start one-year post-graduate
diploma in library science, a few weeks before the dawn of Independence on
August 15, 1947 was at the University of Delhi. This Department was started
as a result of the efforts of Late. Dr.S.R. Ranganathan and Late professor S.D.
Gupta, Sir. Manrice Gwyer, the then Vice – Chancellor of the University had
deep faith in the usefulness of libraries and library education, provided
necessary infrastructure to start of library science at the University of Delhi.
Dr. Ranganathan functioned as full-time honorary professor in the Department
during the period 1947-1955 and professor S.D. Gupta was the Head of the
Department for almost 15 years.52
This was the first Department of library science in the country which
continued as a teaching department like other teaching departments in the
university set up. In addition to the usual one-year post-graduate diploma
course the advance course leading to the award of the master of library science
(M.Lib.Sc.) degree was started in 1948. In addition to these two courses
provision was also made in 1948 for the conduct of research programmes
leading to the award of Ph.D. degree in 1948.
After Ranganathan’s departure in 1955, the department was unable to
offer M.Lib.Sc. course during 1956-58. The M.Lib.Sc., course was however
again reviewed in 1959 and till 1968, this was the only department in the
country conducting the M.Lib.Sc course as a full time course. During the
period of Ranganathan’s stay in the university one student, Dr.D.B. Krishna
Rao completed his work for Ph.D in 1955.17
Institute of Library Science 1958-64:
An important event in library and information science education in the
country, which deserves mention here, was the establishment of the Institute of
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Library Science in 1958 at the University of Delhi, with the assistance from
Government of India, Ministry of Education. The main objectives of the
Institute were:52
I To conduct one-year library science course with particular emphasis to
train librarians for public libraries at the state and district levels.
II To conduct refresher and specialized courses
III To prepare teaching aids and materials suitable for library science
courses in India
IV To conduct research on problems of public libraries.
The Institute had budget provision for full-time staff consisting of 1
Director, 5 Lecturers, 1 Librarians and a Research Assistant. Funds were
provided for the library materials and building.
This Institute functioned for 5 years in collaboration with the
Department of Library Science of the University of Delhi, but in 1964 the
University decided to discontinue this arrangement and the Institute was
abolished. Since the staff of the Institute was transferred to the University
Department of Library Science, this arrangement greatly strengthened the
teaching programme of the University Department and thus, contributed in its
development in a significant manner.
It would be interesting to point out that, after 7 years gap, no new
department was established between 1948 and 1955. During the period 1956
in Indian University environment, to 1959 6 new library science departments
came into existence. The were:
1. Aligarh Muslim University
2. Maharaja Sayyaji Rao University
3. Nagpur University
4. Osmania University
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5. Vikram University
6. Poona University
Diploma in Library Science at Polytechnic:
The Government polytechnics for women started offering diploma in
Library science course. Polytechnics of these cities started courses during late
1960s. The programme was popularly known as post metric diploma courses
of 2 year duration.
Ambala
Bangalore
Chandigarh
Delhi
Jullunder and
Roorkela
3.3 LIS Education in India during 1960’s
Universities previously awarding post-graduate diploma, now started
awarding bachelor of library science (B.Lib.Sc.) degree. Aligarh University
was the first to start B.Lib.Sc. degree course in 1958-59. At the end of 1960’s,
there were 30 schools offering B.Lib.Sc course and three universities had
provision for courses leading to M.Lib.Sc degree. There were two
documentation schools offering course leading to an Associateship.
In 1965, Banaras Hindu University, Varnasi, became second university to
start M.Lib.Sc programme. The Department of Library Science, University of
Bombay also started M.Lib.Sc course in 1967. The Department Library
Science, University of Delhi introduced semester system in the year 1969. This
was one of the first departments in the University to introduce this semester
system of education and examination. It is a welcome experience. The
experience gained at Delhi University became valuable to other library schools.
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University library schools and colleges affiliated to university’s library
science course started in 1960’s. They are enlisted here below.
1. Annamalai University, Cert. In Lib.Sc. 1962-66
2. Burdwan University, B.Lib.Sc 1965
3. Gauhati University, B.Lib.Sc 1966
4. Gujrat University, B.Lib.Sc 1965
5. Jadavpur University, B.Lib.Sc 1965
6. Karnatka University, Dip.Lib.Sc 1962-65
7. Kerala University, B.Lib.Sc 1961
8. Kurukshetra University, B.Lib.Sc 1969
9. Marathawad University, B.Lib.Sc 1967
10. Mysore University, B.Lib.Sc 1965
11. Punjab University, Dip.in Lib.Sc. Post Graduate 1960-68
12. Punjabi University, Cert. In Lib.Sc. 1960, B.Lib.Sc 1961
13. Rajastan University Cert. In Lib.Sc. 1960, B.Lib.Sc 1961
14. SNDT Women’s University B.Lib.Sc. 1964
15. Shivaji University Dip.Lib.Sc. (Post Graduate) 1965-68 B.Lib.Sc 1968.