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Development of Headforms andan Anthropometric Sizing Analysis
System (3D-ASAS)for Head-Related Product DesignsWonsup Lee1, 2,
Baekhee Lee2, Sungho Kim2, Hayoung Jung2, Ilguen Bok3, Chulwoo
Kim3, Ochae Kwon3, Teukgyu Choi4, and Heecheon You21Faculty of
Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology,
Delft, The Netherlands2Department of Industrial and Management
Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang,
South Korea3Design Team, Mobile Communication Division, Samsung
Electronics, Seoul, South Korea4Humanopia, Co. Ltd., Pohang, South
Korea
Ranked No. 1 in 2012-2014at the Times 100 under 50Young
University Rankings
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ContentsIntroductionBackgroundObjectives of the StudyAnalysis of
CAESAR 3D Scan DataDevelopment of 3D-ASASDevelopment of
headformsDiscussion
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Usefulness of 3D Body Scans for Product DesignSupport various
and detailed measurementsSupport complex dimensions (e.g.,
curvature, shape, area, volume) which are directly applicable to
product designs
Design of earset based on size and shape of representative ear
found from 300 earsApplication of 3D scan images to the product
designs (Lee et al., 2015)Design of dust-proof mask based on key 3D
curvatures of the face (N = 336)Virtual fit analysis for an optimal
design of pilots oxygen mask by applying all 336 3D facial
shapes
#CAESAR DatabaseCivilian American European Surface Anthropometry
Resource (CAESAR)Survey year: 1998 ~ 2001Sample size2,400 North
Americans (USA, Canadian)2,000 Europeans (Dutch,
Italian)EthnicityCaucasian (82%; N = 3,500)African American (6%; N
= 300)others (Asian, Hispanic, and ethnic minorities; 12%; N =
600)Age: 18 ~ 65Database3D scan images (3 postures)80 landmarks40
traditional measurements60 3D measurementsdemographic
informationhttp://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/cooperative/caesumm.htm
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Needs of Post-Processing of CAESAR Image
Poor quality or unnatural shape in CAESAR 3D headsLarge
uncaptured area on the left side of headLots of holesUnnaturally
volumized hair Post-processing is required for better use to the
product design
#Needs of Sizing System and RHMs Analysis SystemSizing system
and representative human models (RHMs) are more useful than raw 3D
scan database for product designersHowever, statistical analyses of
sizing system and RHMs are quite complex to be performed by product
designers
Product designerProduct designerVs.
sizing system
RHMs
hundreds of raw 3D scan images A computerized program is
required for easy and convenient analyses of sizing system and RHMs
for PD practitioners
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ObjectivesIdentification of design dimensions and head
anthropometric dimensions for head-related product
designsPost-processing of CAESAR 3D head images for the measurement
of head dimensionsDevelopment of a computerized system (3D-ASAS)
which supports the product design in terms of anthropometric
analysis, sizing system generation, and RHMs analysisUtilization of
3D-ASAS to develop digital and physical headforms applicable to the
product designDevelopment of Headforms andan Anthropometric Sizing
Analysis System (3D-ASAS)for Head-Related Product Designs
#ApproachIdentification of product design dimensions and related
head anthropometric dimensionsPost-processing of CAESAR 3D
headsS1S2S4Development of 3D-ASASLandmarking and anthropometric
measurement of CAESAR headsS3S5Development of headforms
#S1. Identification of Head Anthropometric DimensionsIdentified
122 head dimensions by referring to 18 previous studiesLength
dimensions: 53Depth dimensions: 29Width dimensions:
18Circumference/arc dimensions: 22Illustration of head and facial
dimensions
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Type of ProductshelmetgoogleglassesHMDheadphone:headband
typeheadphone:neckband typeneckband
Determined 7 head-related products through discussion of a panel
of ergonomists and expert product designers
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Design Dimensions and Related Head Dimensions: HelmetDesign
dimensions (16)Head dimensions (18)
outer width
top-of-head totop-of-earlengthouterlengthinner width
heightforehead to top-of-head length
ear widthforehead toear lengthear length
side-to-back arc
inner lengthinner circumference
front-to-backinner arctop-of-head to bottom-of-ear length
side-to-top arcside-to-front arcred: key dimensions
head breadthhead circumferenceglabella-vertex-occiput archead
length
bitragion-vertex arcglabella to vertex lengthtragion to vertex
lengthsuperior auricle to vertex lengthInferior auricle to vertex
length
ear breadthglabella to tragion lengthear length
bitragion-glabella arc
inion to vertex lengthbitragion-inion arc
Identified design dimensions and related head dimensions for
each product
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Key Design & Anthropometric DimensionsNo.Product typeKey
designdimensionRelated key anthropometric dimension1Helmetinner
lengthhead lengthinner widthhead breadth2glasseswidthbiocular
breadthframe lengthotobasion superius to ectocanthus
length3goggleglass arcbizygofrontale arcframe lengthotobasion
superius to ectocanthus length4HMDforehead arcbizygofrontale
arczygomatic arcbizygomatic-subnasale arc5headphone: headband
typeheadband lengthbitragion-vertex arcinner widthbitragion
breadth6headphone: neckband typeneckband arcbitragion-inion
arcinner widthbitragion breadth7neckbandcircumferenceneck
circumference
Identified key design dimensions and related key anthropometric
dimensions for each product
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S2. Sample of CAESAR Post-ProcessedNo.CategoryMaleFemale1Used in
this study (N = 2,299)1,08696.8%1,21396.1%
Caucasian86276.8%95675.8% African American1119.9%14711.6%
Asian817.2%927.3% Hispanic322.9%181.4%2Excluded samples363.2%493.9%
Ethnic minorities232.0%413.2% Heads have huge uncaptured
area70.6%10.1% Heads much deformed during scanning20.2%50.4% Heads
with no ethnic information20.2%10.1% Inappropriate data
structure20.2%-- Head with eye
patch--10.1%total1,122100%1,262100%2,384
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Post-Processing of CAESAR HeadsManual post-processing of 2,299
CAESAR headsHole-fillingModification of hair
styleSmoothingElimination of unnatural featuresRotation of
headLandmarkingProcessing time: 260h
#S3. Landmarks Used in This Study
Landmarks identified in CAESAR database(red dot; 9 landmarks on
the head)Landmarks identified in this research(green dot; 19
landmarks on the head)Manual identification of 19 additional
landmarks for the measurement of 30 head dimensions
#Measurements: Caucasian MaleAll head dimensions were
automatically measured using a Matlab program by ethnic
groupNo.Anthropometric
dimensionsNMeanSDMinMaxPercentile1st5th95th99th1head
height854229.712.8193.9274.6200.7208.9250.2259.32head
length862195.49.3169.0219.0174.0180.0210.0214.03head
breadth854151.56.9135.0172.0137.0141.0163.0167.04head
circumference854568.120.8512.0622.0522.0534.0602.0613.05face
length854123.89.0101.7159.7105.4109.9139.1148.96face
width862144.38.8119.0171.7126.8131.1159.5167.57inion to vertex
length857164.310.6132.9195.4141.6147.5182.6188.88glabella to vertex
length86288.17.169.7107.372.476.399.6104.09tragion to vertex
length859141.17.1120.8162.2125.3129.8153.6158.810menton to
subnasale length85470.97.051.8107.256.860.482.790.111ear
length86158.25.940.175.245.648.968.371.412nose
length86253.04.141.164.444.146.559.962.313sellion to ectocanthus
length86018.93.58.829.610.813.124.926.914sellion to tragion
length86193.36.075.4111.280.583.6102.9108.015nose
protrusion86216.12.86.725.99.311.520.723.0
#S4. Development of3D Anthropometric Sizing Analysis System
(3D-ASAS)
#System Interface: Input
S1. Selection of target productS2. Selection of target
population
S3. Selection of number of size categories for sizing system
S4. Selection of key anthropometric dimensions
#System Interface: Output
Sizing system
Accommodation percentage of the generated sizing
systemRepresentative heads according to the sizing systemInterface
for adjustment of the sizing system
#Adjustment of Sizing System (Illustrated)
Accommodation percentage: 96.3%Accommodation percentage:
72%Manually adjusted sizing system for better accommodationInitial
sizing system recommended by 3D-ASAS
RHMsRHMs
#Demonstration of 3D-ASAS
#Development of Headforms
Original CAESAR scan(format: point cloud mesh)Edited
model(format: NURBS)
3D printed modelDigital and 3D-printed physical headforms
developed based on RHMs extracted through 3D-ASAS
#Contribution: Improvement of CAESAR Heads
This study devoted effort to improve quality of CAESAR 3D head
images for its useful application to the head-related product
designsImproved database (N = 2,299) is applicable to further head
and facial anthropometric studiesPost measurementShape
analysisVirtual fitting
#Contribution: 3D-ASAS
3D anthropometric sizing analysis system (3D-ASAS) was developed
for a convenient utilization in the product design processSystem
function and interface were developed based on PD practitioners
needsUser-friendly interfaceDescriptive statistics of
measurementsStatistic-based analysisGeneration of sizing
systemRecommendation of RHMsSave and load results
#ApplicationsImproved CAESAR heads and 3D-ASAS can be applied to
find an optimal shape of product through virtual fit
analysisDigital and physical headforms can be utilized to product
design and usability evaluation phases in PD process
Digital and physical headforms of RHMsIllustration of the
virtual fit analysis for oxygen mask design
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Q & AErgonomic Design Technology Labat Pohang University of
Science and Technologyhttp://edt.postech.ac.kr
Sizing Analysis System
Virtual Fit AnalysisRepresentative Models
Ear Anthropometry
CAESAR Head Data ImprovementHip Protector
Ranked No. 1 in 2012-2014at the Times 100 under 50Young
University Rankings
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