DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION THROUGH THE BIOGAS PLANT.

Development of Bio-gas Production Through The Bio-gas Plant. Page 1

Civil Engineering

DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION THROUGH

THE BIOGAS PLANT

BY

TAPON CHAKRABARTI

MD.REJAUL KARIM TANVIR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STAMFORD UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH


Introduction

Biogas is a renewable energy source with several applications e.g. car fuel heating cooking,

electricity production etc. Biogas consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide but without

this there are some other gases such as Hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia etc. Soon

there will be 8 billion people living on our globe. This is an incredible number thinking that

only one hundred years ago there were not even 2 billion! Mankind has grown tremendously

and so have some problems. By producing biogas we could fight two major problems of

mankind.

The first is the growing amount of waste we produce – including also organic waste. When

organic waste rots, it sets free CO2 and methane. Both gases are known to be greenhouse

gases, which means, they make our earth warmer.

And second, our modern society depends on the energy of fossil fuels such as oil, gas or

coal. These fuels are limited and might be used up soon. Using them always means burning

them, which again leads to a higher amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Biogas is made of organic waste or agricultural crops especially grown for that purpose.

Thus it reduces the amount of waste in our landfills. Biogas is also a powerful fuel, which

can help to satisfy our energy needs in a sustainable and CO2 neutral way.

Biogas can be made of almost any kind of organic material.

-Organic wastes of cities, sewage sludge

- Industrial waste water

- Waste water of cities

- Organic wastes of farming (straw, leaves, manure…)

Types of the compounds present in the waste

Mainly degradable solid wastes are made of three individual components. They are as follows

Carbohydrates

Fats

Portions

Through hydrolysis process in the anaerobic condition they converted in to the following

parts

Sugar

Fatty acids

Amino Acids

Through acidogenesis processes they converted into


Carbon acids

Alcohols

Hydrogen

Carbon di oxide

Ammonia

Through acitogenesis process in the anaerobic condition the above solution converted

themselves in to the followings with the help of the enzymes emitted by the bacteria’s

Acetic acid

Carbon di oxide

Hydrogen

Through methanogenesis process in the same condition the above solutions converted

themselves in to

Methane

Ammonia

Carbon di oxide

The total process can be described by the following figure effectively.

So from the above figure it is easily understandable that the effectivity of the

Degrading process as well as production of biogas mainly depends on the

Hydrolysis

Acidogenesis

Acitogenesis

Methanogenesis Processes .By minimizing the time duration of the above processes the

effectivity of the treatment plant can be improved.

Fig: The total procedure of biologically degrading of solid waste


Microorganism’s processes

1. Microorganism’s processes

The processes of production of bio gas can be improved by some several processes & of them

microorganisms process is very important .In nature many microorganisms are able to

produce the biogas from the solid wastes but they produce living in a special condition, such

as anaerobic, aerobic etc. Thermophilic bacteria are more sensitive to temperature fluctuation

of (+/-) 1degree centigrade & required longer time to adopt to a new temperature, in order to

reach the maximum methane production .Mesophilic bacteria are less sensitive .Temperature

fluctuations of (+/-) 3 degree centigrade are tolerated without significant reductions in

methane production

Here given a chart of thermal stages of bacteria & typical retention time for the individual

stages:

Thermal stage Process

temperature(degree

centigrade)

Minimum

Retention

time(day)

Psychrophilic 20 70-80

Mesophilic 32-42 30-40

Thermophilic 43-55 15-20

2. Bacterial production & maintenance

Bacterial growth in batch culture can be modeled with four different phases: lag

phase (A), log phase or exponential phase (B), stationary phase (C), and death

phase (D). In the book "black" the bacterial growth phase classified 7 stages like - (A) lag

Bacteria Algae Fungi Other

Microorganisms

Increase the above Microorganism’s

Activity by maintaining the

Temperature=37c and

pH=7

Fig: Details of microorganism’s process


phase (B) early log phase (C) log/exponential phase (D) early stationery phase (E)

stationary phase (F) early death phase (G) death phase.

3. Bacterial growth curve\Kinetic Curve

1. During lag phase, bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions. It is the period

where the individual bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide. During the lag

phase of the bacterial growth cycle, synthesis of RNA, enzymes and other molecules

occurs.

2. The log phase (sometimes called the logarithmic phase or the exponential phase) is a

period characterized by cell doubling. The number of new bacteria appearing per unit

time is proportional to the present population. If growth is not limited, doubling will

continue at a constant rate so both the number of cells and the rate of population increase

doubles with each consecutive time period.

3. The stationary phase is often due to a growth-limiting factor such as the depletion of

an essential nutrient, and/or the formation of an inhibitory product such as an organic

acid. Stationary phase results from a situation in which growth rate and death rate are

equal. At death phase, bacteria run out of nutrients and die.

Fig: Bacterial growth curve\Kinetic Curve

So from the above discussion of the bacterial growth curve, it is clear that the growth rate of

bacteria will be maximum in the log phage (b). It’s very important to maintain a high growth

rate in the plant which will help to maximize the production of gas by degrading the waste.

To maintain this rate there are some important steps which should be taken .Those are as

follows:

Maintain the optimum temperature (37 degree centigrade)

Maintain the pH of the solution(pH=7)

Maintain the nutrition efficiency.

Termites

Termites have the unusual digestive ability to turn plant fiber (cellulose) in to chemical

building blocks. Termites are considered the smallest and most efficient decomposing bio


reactors of wood on earth. It’s possible for them to break down lignocellulose material in to

monosaccharaides with 90% efficiency.

Lower termite c. gestroi contain all enzymatic activity such as –

C m case

Glucosidases

Eneluglucanases

Xylanses

Manananses

Pectinases

Amaylases

The production chamber will be directly linked with the tank of area of termites.

Chemical process

To develop the processes of degrading of solid waste, some chemicals can be used .In

presence of this chemical; the time required in the degrading process can be reduced in a

notable manner.

Car boxy methyl cellulose [(cmc) ]:

Molar mass=variable

Molar formula=variable

It helps by DE crystallizing of cellulose and makes it ideal for endoglucanase action.

Increase amylase

enzyme activity

Increase lipase

enzyme activity

Increase protease

enzyme activity

𝐻(𝐶6𝐻10𝑂5)𝑋𝑂𝐻

Providing

Dextran

Formula=

Atomic weight=

variable

Providing

Alkali+ (𝑁𝐻4)𝐻2𝑃𝑂4𝐴+

𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑜4 At the rate of 1-6%

of the total

concentration

Providing

Isopropanol,

Benzene, Methanol

and metal

ions=𝑀𝑔2+,𝐶𝑎2+,

𝑍𝑛2+, 𝑀𝑛2+

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 =Fructose2, 6 bisphosphatase𝐹𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑒1, 6 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡=340.116𝑔𝑚/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎=𝐶6𝐻14𝑂12𝑃2

To increase the biologically degrading activity of enzyme

Fig: Details of chemical process


Methane production by the encapsulated bacteria during 6 days in batch reactors was

analyzed a synthetic medium containing acetate, butyrate, propionate, methanol and

glucose as carbon sources (at ph. 7) was used.

The result show that methane production from encapsulated digesting bacteria using

natural and synthetic membranes was successful, but the capsules from Dura pore

membrane filter exhibited a heir stability in the disaster then the alginate passed

capsule, and that it is feasible to develop the encapsulation technology for biogas

production.

Plant construction process

To get efficiency, it’s important to construct the plant with much consciousness .The plant is

made with some several parts .those are here given below-

Food waste inlet & termite’s chamber

Slicing area

Digester

Out let Chamber

1. Food waste inlet & termite’s chamber

The pipe from toilet pan & the food waste line will directly joint with the Food waste inlet &

termites chamber. The effluent line will be adjusted with the slicing area. The dimensions of

the surface of the wastes will be greater than depth for high class result (not mandatory),

which will help to get a great contact between wastes & termite’s. The linked pipe will must

have to be angled so that the wastes can pass easily through the pipe.

2. Slicing area

The raw wastes will be directly entered into the slicing area from the Food waste inlet &

termite’s chamber. A slicing machine will be used here .It will be used as a cutter machine.

The solid wastes will be in the form of paste in this chamber with the help of the cutter

machine. This chamber must be settled down according to the figure

3. Digester

It’s the main chamber in the total plant. The shape of the digester will be according to the

figure. The cap of the tank will be as like as dome. That is to say the digester will be fixed

domed. To maintain the dimension of the digester is very important, because it’s the tank

which will produce gas. It will be circular shaped & the dimension will be –

Height should be greater than 1meter &

The radius will be greater than 1 meter.

The wall must be off 0.30 meter(10 inch)

The sun heater line will enter into the digester. Heated water will be supplied through a well

heat conductive metal coil & which will passes through the waste .It will help to arise the

temperature above the ambient ( 3 centigrade).The last portion (barren) of the waste

will passes through the pipe in the out let chamber .The flow will be automatic, because the

in the digester the wastes will be in pressure for the produced gas.

The digester should be constructed with the following procedure:

1st layer plaster1:39 (cement: sand)


2nd

layer plaster 1:2 (cement: sand)

3rd

layer plaster 1:1 (cement: acrylic emulsion paint)

4th

layer painting only(acrylic emulsion paint)

4. out let chamber

It’s the last portion of the plant .It will be used to with draw the unproductive portion of the

wastes, which will be used as the landfill in the next. It must be constructed according to the

figure.

5. Water- waste Ratio

The outcome of the study revealed that the water-waste ratio was higher than 1 in 56% of the

plants. The ratio varied from 2:1 to 3:1 in these cases. Likewise, 41% of the plants received

equal volume of waste and water. The remaining 3% of the plants received less water than

waste.

Analysis of the solid waste (Date of collection: 31th February)

Average food waste production 2105 gm./day/family

Amount of feces & urine 1100 gm./day/family

Total Waste generation 3205 gm./day/family

Calculation of electricity production:

Year

Amount of Produced gas(m^3)

Amount of Produced electricity(kwh)

1 0 0

2 2.744 3.876705314

3 3.786 5.348836121

4 4.661 6.585030418

5 5.396 7.623433627

6 6.016 8.499365586

7 6.541 9.241082163

8 6.985 9.868362469

9 7.364 10.4038112

10 7.687 10.86014349


Number

of

family

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

6 0

10 0

20 0

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 0.836585

2 8.365854

3 12.54878

4 16.73171

6 25.09756

10 41.82927

20 83.65854

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 1.154268

2 11.54268

3 17.31402

4 23.08537

6 34.62805

10 57.71341

20 115.4268

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 1.421037

2 14.21037

3 21.31555

4 28.42073

6 42.6311

10 71.05183

20 142.1037

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 1.645122

2 16.45122

3 24.67683

4 32.90244

6 49.35366

10 82.2561

20 164.5122

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 1.834146

2 18.34146

3 27.5122

4 36.68293

6 55.02439

10 91.70732

20 183.4146

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 1.994207

2 19.94207

3 29.91311

4 39.88415

6 59.82622

10 99.71037

20 199.4207

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 2.129573

2 21.29573

3 31.70884

4 42.59146

6 63.8872

10 106.4787

20 212.9573

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 2.245122

2 22.45122

3 33.67683

4 44.89939

6 67.35366

10 112.2561

20 224.5122

Number

of family

members

Production

of

gas(m^3)

1 2.343598

2 23.43598

3 35.15396

4 41.38415

6 62.07622

10 117.1799

20 234.3598

Fig: First year Fig: Second year Fig: Third year Fig: Fourth year Fig: Fifth year

Fig: Sixth year Fig: Seventh year Fig: Eighth year Fig: Ninth year Fig: Tenth year

Changing family member production of the gas


Calculation of the Global Warming Potential Generated from Bio-Gas

Y

ea

r

Prod

uced

meth

ane

gas

(m^3

)

Globa

l

Warm

ing

Potent

ial

T.

G.W.P

. due

to

metha

ne

(m^3)

Pro

duc

ed

am

mon

ia

gas

(ft^

3)

Amou

nt of

Nox

(m^3)

Nox

prese

mt in

natur

al Gas

(g/kg

fuel)

Amou

nt of

Nox

(kg)

Amou

nt of

Nox

(m^3)

Glo

bal

War

min

g

Pote

ntial

T.

G.W.

P. due

to

ammo

nia(m

^3)

Produce

d

hydroge

n

sulfide

gas

(m^3)

Glob

al

War

ming

Poten

tial

Total

G.W.

P. due

to

metha

ne

(m^3)

T.

G.W.P.

due to

the

produce

d gas

(m^3)

1 0 21 0 0 0 1 0 0 310 0 0 21 0 0

2 2.55 21 53.68 1.52 0.03 1 3E-05 3E-05 310 0.01 0.14 21 3.02 56.72

3 3.54 21 74.39 1.98 0.04 1 4E-05 5E-05 310 0.02 0.18 21 3.93 78.34

4 4.36 21 91.58 2.43 0.05 1 5E-05 6E-05 310 0.02 0.23 21 4.83 96.44

5 5.04 21 105.85 2.89 0.06 1 6E-05 7E-05 310 0.02 0.27 21 5.74 111.62

6 5.60 21 117.71 3.35 0.07 1 7E-05 8E-05 310 0.02 0.31 21 6.65 124.38

7 6.07 21 127.53 3.80 0.08 1 8E-05 9E-05 310 0.03 0.35 21 7.55 135.12

8 6.46 21 135.69 4.27 0.09 1 9E-05 0.000 310 0.03 0.40 21 8.46 144.18

9 6.79 21 142.46 4.73 0.10 1 0.000 0.000 310 0.03 0.44 21 9.37 151.87

10 7.05 21 148.08 5.18 0.11 1 0.000 0.00 310 0.04 0.48 21 10.27 158.39


An over view of the biogas at a glance

Yea

r

Amount

of

Produce

d

gas(ft^3)

Amou

nt of

Produ

ced

gas(m

^3)

Calorif

ic

value

of

Biogas

(

kWh/

m3)

Total

energy

available

from

biogas (

kWh/m3)

mWh/da

y

Efficien

cy of

biogas

driven

engine-

gen set

Electricit

y

available

from

biogas

(kWh/da

y)

Rate

of

elect

ricity

(kW

h/tk.

)

Estimated

savings

per

annual

(tk/year)

for

two

stoved

family

(tk/mc

f)

savings

(tk) if

used as

gas

main

tena

nce

cost

(tk/y

ear)

1 0 0 6 0 0 30% 0 0 0 5400 0 0

2 96.91763 2.744 6 16.464 0.016464 30% 29.6352 3.33 98.685216 10800 29635.

2

340

3 133.7209 3.786 6 22.716 0.022716 30% 40.8888 3.33 136.1597 16200 61333.

2

340

4 164.6258 4.661 6 27.966 0.027966 30% 50.3388 3.33 167.6282 21600 100678 340

5 190.5858 5.396 6 32.376 0.032376 30% 58.2768 3.33 194.06174 27000 145692 340

6 212.4841 6.016 6 36.096 0.036096 30% 64.9728 3.33 216.35942 32400 194918 340

7 231.0271 6.541 6 39.246 0.039246 30% 70.6428 3.33 235.24052 37800 247250 340

8 246.7091 6.985 6 41.91 0.04191 30% 75.438 3.33 251.20854 43200 301752 340

9 260.0953 7.364 6 44.184 0.044184 30% 79.5312 4.73 376.18258 48600 357890 340

10 271.5036 7.687 6 46.122 0.046122 30% 83.0196 4.73 392.68271 54000 415098 340


Conclusions

The following conclusions are made based on the study conducted in this work:

I. The quantity of methane gas produced by decomposition of food waste & fecal matter

produced by a family of 5persones in the second year is 1709 gm. /year (2.56 m^3/year)

which will increase to 3370 gm. (5.04m^3/year) & it will increase cumulatively.

II. Apart from methane 327 gm. (.49 m^3/year) of hydrogen sulfide gas & 98.079 m

(0.15m^3)/year of ammonia are produced in the tenth year.

III. If 20 families accumulate their wastes in a common digester, 83.65854 m^3/year in the

twenty year & 234.3598 m^3/year of bio gas in the tenth year is available.

IV. The gas produced by the waste of a single family can give firing capacity of a burner for

6.4 hours in the 20 year, which may increase to 12.4 hours in the fifth year & more than

twenty hours in the tenth year .This will help saving fuel cost of the family.

V. The process of conversion of waste into bio gas and use as fuel can significantly reduce

G.W.P from 158.39 to 7.541m^3 and residual digested sludge can be used as an organic

manure.

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DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION THROUGH THE BIOGAS PLANT.

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