“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet” Illinois Center for Transportation University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Development of Baseline Rolling Resistance for Tires Jaime Hernandez, PhD, A.M.ASCE Imad L. Al-Qadi, PhD, PE, Dist.M.ASCE Hasan Ozer, PhD, A.M.ASCE Illinois Center for Transportation University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Development of Baseline Rolling Resistance
for Tires
Jaime Hernandez, PhD, A.M.ASCE
Imad L. Al-Qadi, PhD, PE, Dist.M.ASCE
Hasan Ozer, PhD, A.M.ASCE
Illinois Center for Transportation
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Outline
Introduction
Finite element model
Numerical analysis matrix
Rolling resistance approaches
Effect of operating conditions on
rolling resistance
Regression analysis
Tire’s internal energy per components
Summary
2
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Vehicle Operating Costs1
License and insurance
Tire wear
Capital cost
Oil consumption
Repair and maintenance
Fuel consumption
1. Chatti and Zaabar (2012) 3
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Fuel Consumption
HDM-4 fuel consumption model
𝑰𝑭𝑪 = 𝒇 𝑷𝒕𝒓, 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒔 + 𝑷𝒆𝒏𝒈
𝑷𝒕𝒓 = 𝒇(𝑭𝒂, 𝑭𝒈, 𝑭𝒄, 𝑭𝒓, 𝑭𝒊)
Tire
Deformation
Pavement Surface Geometry
(slope, texture, evenness)
Pavement
Structure
𝑭𝒂: Aerodynamic forces
𝑭𝒈: Gradient forces
𝑭𝒄: Curvature forces
𝑭𝒓: Rolling resistance
𝑭𝒊: Inertial forces
Rolling Resistance (RR): energy dissipated
by tire per unit distance traveled
4
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Rolling Resistance (𝑹𝑹)
Depending on conditions, 7-30% of fuel
consumption is caused by rolling
resistance
Longitudinal reaction force: mechanical
manifestation of 𝑹𝑹
Experimental and numerical
approaches have been used to study
rolling resistance■ Most numerical approaches have some
degree of simplification
5
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Objective
Study the effect of operating
conditions (i.e. load, tire-inflation
pressure, speed, and temperature)
on rolling resistance caused by
tire’s deformation using finite
element method
6
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Finite Element Model
Accurate geometry
Incompressible Visco-hyperelastic
rubber and linear elastic
reinforcement
Combination of Cartesian,
cylindrical, and rebar elements
Sliding-velocity-dependent friction
7
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Numerical Analysis Matrix
Covers normal operating conditions
of truck tires
Load
(kN)
Pressure
(kPa)
Speed
(km/h)
Temperature
(°C)
26.6 552 8 25
35.5 690 65 45
44.4 758 115 65
8
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Rolling Resistance Approaches
𝑹𝑹𝒆: Rolling resistance from energy dissipation
𝑹𝑹𝒇: Rolling resistance from reaction force
𝑪𝒓𝒓 =𝑹𝑹𝒇
𝑷= 𝒉
𝜹𝒃
𝑨𝒄
𝒉: energy lost/total energy input
𝑪𝒓𝒓: Coefficient of rolling resistance
9
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Operating Conditions and 𝑹𝑹
𝑹𝑹 decreases with 𝑺 (between 8 and
30%)
Effect of 𝑷 is
almost linear
𝑻 changes
slopes and
decreased
influence of
load
10
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
“Where Excellence and Transportation Meet”
Illinois Center for TransportationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign