Development Key Issue #2: Where are more and less developed countries distributed?

DevelopmentDevelopmentKey Issue #2: Where are more and less

developed countries distributed?

More Developed RegionsMore Developed Regions

Anglo-AmericaWestern EuropeEastern Europe

JapanSouth Pacific

Anglo AmericaAnglo America

Anglo-AmericaAnglo-America

Canada and the United StatesHDI = .9490% use English as their first language90% are ChristianWell endowed with minerals and natural

resourcesRemains the leading consumersLeading provider of high-tech services and

services that promote use of leisure time

American Leisure IndustriesAmerican Leisure Industries

Western EuropeWestern Europe

Western EuropeWestern Europe

HDI = .93The diversity of language and religion has

been a source of conflict for many yearsCompetition caused WWI and WWIICompetition has dissolved since WWIIThe EU makes Western Europe the world’s

largest and richest marketNIRs are at or below zero, so population

growth is only because of immigration

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

HDI = .80Eastern Europe is the only region that has

declined since 1990Legacy of Communist ruleIt is classified as developed because of its

tradition of development

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

JapanJapan

HDI = .94Unfavorable ratio of population to

resourcesHigh physiological densityFew raw materialsHow did it develop?

◦At first – abundant supply of labor willing to work for cheap

◦Once it had a foothold in the global economy, Japan began to make more high value goods

◦Concentrating resources and rigorous educational systems and training programs to create skilled labor

South PacificSouth Pacific

South PacificSouth Pacific

HDI = .87The South Pacific has a high HDI, but is

less central to the global economy because of its small population and peripheral location

The HDIs of Australia and New Zealand are comparable to other PEDs

Shared cultural characteristics with BritainExporters of food and resources to Britain,

and they are gaining increased ties with Japan and other Asian countries

Less Developed RegionsLess Developed Regions

Latin AmericaEast Asia

Middle EastSoutheast Asia

South AsiaSub-Saharan Africa

Latin AmericaLatin America

Latin AmericaLatin America

HDI = .80Most speak Spanish or Portuguese and are

Roman CatholicThey are more likely to live in urban areas

than people in other developing regionsOverall development is hindered by

inequitable income distributionOften, a handful of wealthy families

control much of the land and rent to individual farmers

Latin American governments encourage redistribution of lands, but do not want to alienate the large property owners

East AsiaEast Asia

HDI = .76The economy of East Asia, and the world,

is being driven by ChinaChina – the world’s second largest

economy, accounts for 1/3 of the world’s total economic growth

China’s GDP per capita has risen faster than any other country

China cont…China cont…

1949 – Communist beat the Nationalist, who flee to Taiwan

Communist changes – government control of land, assigning tasks, and distribution of food

Recent years – control has been loosenedOne Child Policy – China has a lower NIR, and

is able to focus on raising the standard of living

21st Century – manufacturing has increased dramatically

With rising wealth, the largest population is now the largest market for consumer goods

The Middle EastThe Middle East

Middle EastMiddle East

HDI = .68Most is desert – products must be

importedMajor economic asset – the world’s largest

percentage of oil reservesEnjoys a trade surplusMany governments have access to plenty

of money

Despite Having Money, Why Despite Having Money, Why the Low HDI in the Middle the Low HDI in the Middle East?East?

Three main reasons:1. Lack of political freedom2. Low education and literacy rates3. Lack of opportunities for women

The gap between petroleum rich countries and those without causes tension

Challenge = to promote development without abandoning traditional cultural elements of Islam, the religion of more than 95% of the population

Tension in the Middle EastTension in the Middle East

Iran – dominated by Shiite Muslims, has encouraged revolutions elsewhere in the region

Most Middle Eastern states refuse to recognize Israel

Terrorism – very few endorse these actsAlternatives are sought to U.S. influenced

culture and development

President Mahmoud President Mahmoud AhmadindjadAhmadindjad

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

HDI = .58Indonesia – SE Asia’s most populous

country, contains 13,667 islands◦2/3 of the population lives on Java

Other populous countries – Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines

Why SE Asia Has Limited Why SE Asia Has Limited DevelopmentDevelopment

A half century of nearly continuous warfare

Mountain ranges, active volcanoes, and frequent typhoons

Development has been rapid in – Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines due to cheap labor

Economic growth has slowed – funds for development have been invested unwisely or even stolen by corrupt officials

Southeast Asian countries have been forced to reform to attract foreign investors

South AsiaSouth Asia

South AsiaSouth Asia

HDI = .58India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,

Nepal, and BhutanHas the world’s second highest population

and the second lowest per capita incomeA beneficiary of the Green RevolutionClimate – monsoons are important!

India cont….India cont….

India has become the world’s fourth largest economy

The rate of growth is second only to ChinaIndia is now a major manufacturerA major service provider (call centers)

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

HDI = .51Sub = under (submarine)Sub–Saharan Africa is Africa South of the

SaharaPopulation density is the lowestContains many resourcesWealth is comparable to other PINGs

Why isn’t Sub-Saharan Africa Why isn’t Sub-Saharan Africa developed?developed?

The world’s highest percentage of people living in poverty and suffering from poor health and low levels of education

Economic conditions have deteriorated in recent years

Legacy of the colonial eraMany landlocked statesPolitical IssuesBoundaries drawn without regard to ethnic

groups…..the led to conflictFundamental problem for many states =

the capacity of the land to feed its inhabitants