DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF THE CLE ELUM SUPPLEMENTATION RESEARCH FACILITY TO ENHANCE SPRING CHINOOK SALMON Oncorhynchus tshawytscha IN THE YAKIMA RIVER, WASHINGTON
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DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF THE CLE ELUM SUPPLEMENTATION RESEARCH FACILITY
TO ENHANCE SPRING CHINOOK SALMON Oncorhynchus tshawytscha IN THE YAKIMA
RIVER, WASHINGTON
1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
1st Brood
Integrated HxW spawning in the wild
Integrated F1 progeny return
Integrated F2 progeny return
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Some more background on the Cle Elum spring chinook program in the upper Yakima. Note gravel-to-gravel concept where central facility used to rear fish, but fish released from 3 acclimation sites. 1st brood collected in 1997. 1st age-4 returns spawning in wild returned in 2001. 1st generation returns from integrated (HoR and NoR) spawners in 2005, 2nd generation returns began in 2009. Only NoR fish used for brood. The Naches River is being used as a control stream. Both the upper Yakima and Naches systems experience very similar environmental conditions, e.g., droughts and floods rarely if ever occur in one stream without impacting the other as well. Also, historical data suggest there are virtually no upper Yakima fish which stray into the Naches system. Thus, differences in these two populations over time can be attributed to supplementation.
Roza Dam Fish Monitoring Facilities
Adult Monitoring Facility
Roza Irrigation Canal Juvenile Sampling Facility
Presenter
Presentation Notes
A large portion of the Upper Yakima’s water is diverted to the Roza canal for irrigation and power generation. Generally, and especially in drought years, water is spilled only in amounts necessary to meet minimum instream flow requirements. Roller gates were great for conserving as much water as possible while meeting these requirements – but not so great for juvenile fish passage.
MISSION OF FACILITY • Collect Broodstock • Enumerate Spawning Escapement • Monitor Characteristics of Escapement
(age, length, weight, DNA,) • Enumerate Hatchery Returns (by
Treatment, Acclimation Site and Brood Year)
BROODSTOCK COLLECTION GENETIC GUIDELINES
• COLLECTION THROUGHOUT ADULT RUN TIMING
• RANDOM COLLECTION OF ADULTS • TAKE NO MORE THAN 50% OF ADULTS
INTO HATCHERY (HALF THE ADULTS SPAWN IN THE WILD)
• Integrated Hatchery Concept - PNI
Spring Chinook Run Timing at Roza, 2001
0
100
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23-A
pr
07-M
ay
21-M
ay
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30-Ju
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Fish
Cou
nts
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CESRF Wild WildBrd
Historical Hatchery Problem: Unknown gene flow between two environments
Hatchery spawn Wild spawn
?
?
Unknown gene flow
Presenter
Presentation Notes
One of the most significant problems associated with hatcheries is the unknown genetic effects of interbreeding between hatchery and natural-origin fish, particularly in the natural environment. For a particular species, we essentially have 2 groups of fish that spawn in 2 very different environments: the hatchery environment and the wild environment. Fish spawning in a hatchery produce progeny that return to the hatchery and are then used for broodstock. Likewise, fish spawning naturally in the wild produce offspring that return to spawn naturally. However, hatchery spawners also produce offspring that spawn in the wild, and natural-origin fish may be used for broodstock. In the past, levels of gene flow between the two environments were largely unknown, and the genetic impacts of hatchery fish on wild populations could not be predicted. In short, salmon biologists and hatchery managers historically had no formal plan for managing the genetic make-up of hatchery broodstocks or the genetic make-up of natural populations in watersheds where hatchery fish return.
Integrated Hatchery Programs
Wild
Hatchery
Wild fish in broodstock
Hatchery fish on spawning grounds
Presenter
Presentation Notes
To correctly manage the gene flow in an integrated program, we must balance hatchery fish spawning with wild fish (right side arrow), with wild fish brought into the hatchery (left-side arrow).
Upper Yakima River Basin
Keechelus Lake
Kachess Lake
Cle Elum Lake
Roza Dam
Manastash Cr.
North
Clark Flat
Jack Creek1
Easton Site
Cle Elum
Cherry Cr.
Naneum Cr.
Lumma Cr. Umtanum Cr.
Cle Elum Spring Chinook Supplementation and Research Facility
• maintain or increase: •Harvest •natural production •ecosystem function
• use research to: •improve hatchery practices •address critical uncertainties
Goals
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Conceived in 1980s as mitigation (harvest) program. In 1990s, goal was changed to supplementation to increase harvest and natural production and research to address critical hatchery uncertainties. To secure funding and implementation YN agreed.
Upper Yakima River Basin
Keechelus Lake
Kachess Lake
Cle Elum Lake
Roza Dam
Manastash Cr.
North
Clark Flat
Jack Creek1
Easton Site
Cle Elum
Cherry Cr.
Naneum Cr.
Lumma Cr. Umtanum Cr.
IMPROVE NATURAL PRODUCTION
Maintain Homing & Site Selection * Homing to Acclimation Sites * Redd Characterization and Selection
Reproductive Success * Laboratory * Spawning Channel * Hatchery & Wild Redd Characteristics
Yakima Basin Spring Chinook Total Returns, 1982 – 2011
Yakima Basin Spring Chinook Returns by Stock, 1982 – 2011
Upper Yakima vs Naches Redds, 1981-2011
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009
UpperYak Naches
Upp. Yak. Naches
Pre-Supp. 820 282
Post-Supp. 1,994 443
243% 157%
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Redd survey totals for the upper Yakima R. and Naches R. (1981 to 2010) indicated that the number of spawners increased for both populations during the post-supplementation period (2001-2010) but the average number of redds increased 245% in the upper Yakima vs. 160% for the unsupplemented Naches River. These results suggest that supplementation increased the number of spawners in the upper Yakima beyond the natural increases associated with improved ocean survival.
Upper Yakima vs Naches Natural-Origin Returns, 1982-2011
02,0004,0006,0008,000
10,00012,00014,000
1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010
UpperYak Naches
Upp. Yak. Naches
Pre-Supp. 3,103 1,394
Post-Supp. 3,307 1,282
Post/Pre 1.066 0.920
Presenter
Presentation Notes
There is an apparent decline in natural-origin returns post-supplementation in the control Naches system whereas the supplemented Upper Yakima system is unchanged from the pre-supplementation period. However, the difference in pre- versus post-supplementation natural-origin returns is not significant in either the upper Yakima or the Naches system, probably due to the fact that we only have 6 years of post-supplementation data so far. We estimate that two to three more generations of returns are needed before we can draw any definite conclusions from these data. Still, the preliminary data suggest that natural populations in the Naches system are not replacing themselves, while supplementation may be helping to maintain natural populations in the Upper Yakima.
YKFP Spring Chinook Supplementation
Project
Enhanced the tribal subsistence And ceremonial fisheries
& Initiated the first sport fisheries
In over 50 years
2358
100
2606
2024
2580
528 440
0
1001
678474
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600
0
279
0
935
597
1804
471 540
1205
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2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Yakima Spring ChinookHarvest
Tribal Sport
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Over 1,800 CESRF spring chinook harvested in Yakima River fisheries in both 2001 and 2002.
HOMING FIDELITY
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Integrated/Segregated Hatchery Programs “Payoff” for managing properly integrated/segregated hatchery programs is that hatchery and naturally spawning populations, over time, become better adapted to their environments (“fitter”), survive at higher rates than populations influenced by improper integration and segregation. Means more fish returning to make use of available habitat, maintain healthy natural population, and/or support larger harvest programs. Diagram above -- taken from AHA – This is called the PNI (Proportion of Natural Influence), it shows an integrated population becoming better adapted to natural environment over long-term (light to dark circle), as proportion of hatchery-origin fish on spawning ground (pHOS) decreases and proportion of natural-origin fish in hatchery broodstock (pNOB) increases. This shift tells us that natural selection is having a greater influence in determine the fitness of the population than the hatchery environment. Integrated populations that have a PNI greater than .5 (45 degree line) are considered to be in this range.
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AVE
PNI
Annual and Average PNI
Reproductive Success Comparative behavioral/reproductive fitness research
Behavior and Breeding Success of Wild and First-Generation Hatchery Male Spring Chinook Salmon Spawning in an Artificial
Stream
S.L. Schroder, C.M. Knudsen, T.N. Pearsons, T.W. Kassler, S.F. Young, E.P. Beall and D.E. Fast
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 139:989-1003
“Pedigree analyses based on DNA showed that hatchery and wild males had comparable breeding success values.”
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha native to the upper Yakima River, Washington, were placed into an artificial stream to evaluate the effect of a single generation of hatchery culture on their spawning behavior and ability to produce offspring. From 2001 to 2005, seven independent test groups containing wild and hatchery fish were placed into the stream. The effects of body weight, spawning ground longevity, attack frequency, social dominance, courting frequency, and mate number on breeding success in hatchery and wild males were evaluated. Differences in male agonism due to male origin were found. Wild males exhibited higher attack rates and greater social dominance than did hatchery males. However, the observed inequalities in agonism and dominance appeared to be largely caused by differences in body weight between the two types of males: wild males were, on average, 9% heavier than hatchery males. Wild and hatchery males did not differ in the frequency of courting behaviors or in the number of mates. Pedigree analyses based on DNA showed that hatchery and wild males had comparable breeding success values. Consequently, a single generation of hatchery exposure appeared to have a low effect on spring Chinook salmon male breeding success in our experimental setting.
Breeding Success of Wild and First-Generation Hatchery Female Spring Chinook Salmon Spawning in an Artificial Stream
S.L. Schroder, C.M. Knudsen, T.N. Pearsons, T.W. Kassler, S.F.
Young, C.A. Busack, and D.E. Fast
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 137:1475-1489
“No differences were detected in the egg deposition rates of wild and hatchery females. Pedigree assignments based on microsatellite DNA, however, showed that the eggs deposited by wild females survived to the fry stage at a 5.6% higher rate than those spawned by hatchery females.”
Presenter
Presentation Notes
No differences were detected in the egg deposition rates of wild and hatchery females. Pedigree assignments based on microsatellite DNA, however, showed that the eggs deposited by wild females survived to the fry stage at a 5.6% higher rate than those spawned by hatchery females. Subtle differences between hatchery and wild females in redd abandonment, egg burial, and redd location choice may have been responsible for the difference observed. Body size did not affect the ability of females to spawn or the survival of their deposited eggs. How long a female lived was positively related to her breeding success but female origin did not affect longevity. The density of females spawning in portions of the stream affected both egg deposition and egg-to-fry survival. No difference, however, was found in the overall distribution patterns of the two types of females.
DOMESTICATION RESEARCH
• Supplementation Line – S • Wild Control Line – WC • Hatchery Control Line – HC Potential to evaluate the level of
domestication that is occurring in the YKFP Supplementation Line (S) and compare to the Hatchery Control Line (HC) of traditional hatcheries as well as an unsupplemented population (W).
DOMESTICATION – HYPOTHETICAL OUTCOMES
TIME
HC
TR
AIT
s wc
Fig 1. Discriminant analysis of principal components (axes 1-2 displayed; 70 PC’s retained) describing genotypes of 213 Chinook salmon at 2,803 mapped loci. Individuals include the wild founders and three generations of integrated (INT) and segregated (SEG) hatchery lines. Points represent individuals, with lines connecting each individual to their respective population mean.
The scree plot shows the eigenvalues of the plotted axes in grey. Charlie Waters1, Marine Brieuc1, Jeff Hard2, Dave Fast3, Ken Warheit4, and Kerry Naish1
1School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington ; 2NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center; 3Yakama Nation; 4Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
JUVENILE TRAITS
• Emergence Timing • Kd at Emergence • Egg-fry Survival • Developmental
Abnormalities • Fry-Smolt Survival • Juvenile morphology • Smolt survival • Natural Smolt Survival
• Smolt-Adult Survival HC Line
• Outmigration Timing • Food Conversion • Length-Weight • Agonistic/Competitive
Behavior • Predator Avoidance • Precocialism
ADULT TRAITS MONITORED
• Adult Recruits • Age Composition • Sex-at-Age • Sex Ratio/Age • Run Timing • Spawn Timing • Fecundity
• Egg Size • Reproductive Effort • Fertility • Morphology • Spawning Behavior • Spawning Success
www.ykfp.org
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