Development and Challenge Development and Challenge of Vanadium flow Battery Technology of Vanadium flow Battery Technology of Vanadium flow Battery Technology of Vanadium flow Battery Technology Prof. Prof. Huamin Huamin Zhang Zhang Prof. Prof. Huamin Huamin Zhang Zhang Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) VP and CTO VP and CTO Rongke Rongke Power Co Ltd Power Co Ltd (KRP KRP) VP . and CTO . VP . and CTO . Rongke Rongke Power Co., Ltd. Power Co., Ltd.(KRP KRP) Vanadium Flow Battery Vanadium Flow Battery Sep. 27 th ,2013 Beijing
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Development and Challenge Development and Challenge of Vanadium flow Battery Technologyof Vanadium flow Battery Technologyof Vanadium flow Battery Technologyof Vanadium flow Battery Technology
Prof.Prof. HuaminHuamin ZhangZhangProf. Prof. HuaminHuamin ZhangZhangDalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP)Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP)
VP and CTOVP and CTO RongkeRongke Power Co LtdPower Co Ltd ((KRPKRP))VP. and CTO. VP. and CTO. RongkeRongke Power Co., Ltd.Power Co., Ltd.((KRPKRP))
Vanadium Flow BatteryVanadium Flow Battery
Sep. 27th,2013 Beijing
Energy storage division
Dalian National Lab for Clean energyDalian National Lab for Clean energy
Division Head: Division Head: Prof. Prof. HuaminHuamin ZhangZhangDivision of Energy storageDivision of Energy storageDivision of Energy storageDivision of Energy storageAround 30 staffsAround 30 staffs
20 graduate students20 graduate studentsgg
High energy density High energy density Li batteryLi battery
High energy density High energy density Li batteryLi battery
Materials and technologiesMaterials and technologiesFor flow batteriesFor flow batteries
Materials and technologiesMaterials and technologiesFor flow batteriesFor flow batteries
Sub 01
Department
Sub 01
DepartmentSub 01
D t t
Sub 01
D t t
Li-Air Li-S
DepartmentDepartment
Materials (Catalyst membranes)Materials (Catalyst membranes) M t i lM t i l M t i lM t i lMaterials (Catalyst, membranes)Materials (Catalyst, membranes)MEAMEATest and standardizationTest and standardization
RongkeRongke Power is a leading VFB manufacturer :Power is a leading VFB manufacturer : I ti t i l & t d l t d d tiI ti t i l & t d l t d d ti Innovative materials & components development and productionInnovative materials & components development and production Integrated energy storage solutions from engineering to finished turnIntegrated energy storage solutions from engineering to finished turn--key systems.key systems.
Company own 16 000 mCompany own 16 000 m22 manufacturing andmanufacturing and Company own 16,000 mCompany own 16,000 m22 manufacturing and manufacturing and
R&D facilitiesR&D facilities
Stacks and System Assembly Facilities 150 employees150 employees
capacity of 30MW/Y , Electrolyte annual capacity of 30MW/Y , Electrolyte annual
capacity of 300MWh/ Y capacity of 300MWh/ Y Materials Manufacturing Facilities
Certified ISO9000/14000 and Certified ISO9000/14000 and GB/T28001GB/T28001
R&D C t f Fl B tt E StR&D C t f Fl B tt E St
Technology Innovation Centre
R&D Center for Flow Battery Energy Storage R&D Center for Flow Battery Energy Storage
authorized by National Energy Administrationauthorized by National Energy Administration
Why energy storage?
Wind energyWind energySolar energySolar energy NonNon--controllablecontrollableToo “random” to be Too “random” to be
connected to the grid connected to the grid for widely usefor widely use
gygygygy NonNon--controllablecontrollable
for widely use.for widely use.
Aff t d b thAff t d b thGridGrid Affected by weatherAffected by weatherGridGrid
Smart gridSmart gridTide energyTide energyTide energyTide energy
4
Market in ChinaSolar and wind power application target of ChinaSolar and wind power application target of China《Renewable Energy Revival Plan of china》
Target: By 2020,Target: By 2020, 15 %15 % of all consumption energy is to come from REof all consumption energy is to come from REg y ,g y , p gyp gy
Installation Capability Installation Capability Wind Wind Solar Solar
20092009 yr (GW)yr (GW) 2020 0 750 752009 2009 yr (GW)yr (GW) 2020 0.750.752010 2010 yr (GW)yr (GW) 3030 112020 yr (GW)2020 yr (GW) 150150 2020
150 20
2020 yr (GW)2020 yr (GW) 150150 2020
WindWindGW GW
SolarSolar20150
100
150
15
WindWind SolarSolar
505
10
0 75 120 30
02009 2010 2020 Yr
02009 2010 2020 Yr
0.75
Characteristics of Different Energy Storage TechniquesCharacteristics of Different Energy Storage Techniques
ours
ours
UPSUPSPower QualityPower Quality
Grid SupportGrid SupportLoad shiftingLoad shifting Bridging PowerBridging Power
Energy ManagementEnergy ManagementBulk Power MgtBulk Power Mgt
Fl B iFl B iower
ower
Ho
Ho
MetalMetal--Air Air BatteriesBatteriesNaSNaS BatteriesBatteries
Advanced LeadAdvanced Lead
Pumped Pumped HydroHydro
Compressed AirCompressed Air
Flow BatteriesFlow Batteries
High EnergyHigh EnergyRat
ed P
oR
ated
Po
Min
utes
Min
utes
Lead Acid BatteriesLi-Ion Batteries
Advanced Lead Advanced Lead Acid batteryAcid battery
Compressed Air Compressed Air Energy StorageEnergy Storage
g gyg gySuper capacitorsSuper capacitors
me
at R
me
at R
MMnd
snd
s
Ni-Cd Batteries
Ni-MH Batteries
harg
e ha
rge
TiTiSe
con
Seco
n High Power Fly Wheels
High Power Super Caps SEMSDis
chD
isch
RastlerRastler, D. Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits; , D. Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits; System Power RatingsSystem Power Ratings
Our work focus on Our work focus on Vanadium Flow Battery Vanadium Flow Battery Energy Storage TechniqueEnergy Storage TechniqueEPRI: Palo Alto, CA, 949 2010; p 1020676.EPRI: Palo Alto, CA, 949 2010; p 1020676.
66
Requirements for largeRequirements for large--scale scale energy storage technologyenergy storage technologyenergy storage technologyenergy storage technology
SafetySafety SafetySafety
Higher PerformancePerformance--toto--price ratio of life cycleprice ratio of life cycle
Lower Environmental load of life cycleLower Environmental load of life cycle
For largeFor large--scale energy storage, the harm and loss scale energy storage, the harm and loss
l i f f id i bl i f f id i bresulting from safety accidents are serious because resulting from safety accidents are serious because
of its large power and capacity. Thus, the primary of its large power and capacity. Thus, the primary g p p y , p yg p p y , p y
requirement for large scale energy storage is safety.requirement for large scale energy storage is safety.
Formulation of the research program on energy Formulation of the research program on energy storage from the US energy department in 2011storage from the US energy department in 2011g gy pg gy p
Japan is building a largeJapan is building a large--scale (15MW/60MWh) scale (15MW/60MWh) VFB energy storage system in HokkaidoVFB energy storage system in Hokkaidoe e gy sto age syste o a doe e gy sto age syste o a do
Output Smoothing,Output Smoothing, frequency modulation, and frequency modulation, and Power Prediction Power Prediction generation for renewable energy generation for renewable energy
Principle of the flow batteryPrinciple of the flow batteryFlow battery electrochemically store/release electricity
by the valence change of the species in the electrolyte that circulate through the anode and the cathode, which are separated by an ion exchange membrane.
Principle diagram of flow batteryPrinciple diagram of flow battery
Cr/Fe Flow Battery Cr/Fe Flow Battery
S i h d l tiS i h d l ti11
Serious hydrogen evolution,Serious hydrogen evolution,capacity loss, low energy capacity loss, low energy efficiencyefficiency
The main target is to improve the power density and decrease the The main target is to improve the power density and decrease the
StacksStacks
cost of VFB by exploring high performance materials and cost of VFB by exploring high performance materials and optimizing stack structure (membranes with high selectivity, optimizing stack structure (membranes with high selectivity, stability and conductivity, electrode with high conductivity and stability and conductivity, electrode with high conductivity and activity, electrolytes with high stability and solubility).activity, electrolytes with high stability and solubility).
Challenges of VFB key materialsChallenges of VFB key materialsfor improving performance and cost downfor improving performance and cost downfor improving performance and cost downfor improving performance and cost down
The performance of the materials used determines the performance of the VFBThe performance of the materials used determines the performance of the VFB
VOSOVOSO44 ElectrolyteElectrolyte Ion membraneIon membrane Electrode/Bipolar plateElectrode/Bipolar plate
Challenges of VFB for commercializationChallenges of VFB for commercializationpoor electrolyte stability and less solubility leadpoor electrolyte stability and less solubility lead
to low energy density.to low energy density. Low selectivity to the vanadium ions ofLow selectivity to the vanadium ions of memberanmemberan Low selectivity to the vanadium ions of Low selectivity to the vanadium ions of memberanmemberan
lead to the Unbalance of vanadium ions and lead to the Unbalance of vanadium ions and Water, and the capacity degradation after long Water, and the capacity degradation after long operation time.operation time.pp
Low rated operation current density lead to higherLow rated operation current density lead to highert i l tt i l tmaterial cost.material cost.
High cost of the ion exchange membrane.High cost of the ion exchange membrane.Limited the VFB practicability seriouslyLimited the VFB practicability seriously
Challenges to VFB industrialization Challenges to VFB industrialization others
stack
BoP & BMS
Cost breakdown with a Cost breakdown with a
system of 1MW/5MWhsystem of 1MW/5MWhelectrolyte yy
Cost Target: Cost Target: 3000RMB/kWh3000RMB/kWhHigh High perfomanceperfomance, low cost materials, low cost materialsnew stack with high power density new stack with high power density
ChallengesChallenges
Lower power densityLower power density g p yg p yRated current density should be improved Rated current density should be improved from 80mA/cm2 to 200mA/cm2 and even from 80mA/cm2 to 200mA/cm2 and even higherhigher
Lower power density, Lower power density,
high material costhigh material cost!! higherhigher
Morphology of Perfluorosulfonic acid membranesC F 2 C F 2 x
C F
O C F 2 C F
C F
z
yC F 2
O (C F 2 ) 2 S O 3 H
CF2 CF2 xCF yCF2
OCF2CF2SO3HC F 3
NafionNafion 115 with long side chain 115 with long side chain SSC with short side chain (SolvaySSC with short side chain (Solvay))
NN fifi 115115 SSCSSC M2M2NNafionafion115115 SSCSSC--M2M2
Morphologies of hydrophilic domain recorded by TEM Morphologies of hydrophilic domain recorded by TEM and SAXSand SAXS..
Membranes with short side chain shows smaller and more Membranes with short side chain shows smaller and more discontinuous clusters, expecting higher selectivitydiscontinuous clusters, expecting higher selectivity
SSCSSC--M2 exhibited M2 exhibited higher higher coulomb coulomb efficiency and efficiency and similarsimilar voltage voltage efficiencyefficiency and and much slower much slower capacity fadcapacity fadinging than that of NF115. than that of NF115. The results indicate that The results indicate that membrane with short side chains membrane with short side chains is proved to be one of the ideal is proved to be one of the ideal options in fabricating highoptions in fabricating high--
f VFB ith l f VFB ith l performance VFBs with low performance VFBs with low capacity capacity reductionreduction..
NonNon--Fluoride IEMs Developed by DICPFluoride IEMs Developed by DICPp yp y
NafionNafion--115115 DICPCE (%) 95 97.6
The cycle life of DICPThe cycle life of DICP--2 2 membranes was investigated. membranes was investigated. The performance kept stableThe performance kept stable
EE (%) 80 84%
Life (cycles) >13000 >10000
The performance kept stable The performance kept stable after running more than 12 after running more than 12 months. The battery has months. The battery has fi i h d th 10 000fi i h d th 10 000Cost ($/m2) 650 100 finished more than 10,000 finished more than 10,000 cycles up to now.cycles up to now.
Porous membranes as VFB separatorsPorous membranes as VFB separatorsPorous membranes as VFB separators Porous membranes as VFB separators Larger molecules unable to passLarger molecules unable to pass
YieldYield 10,000 m10,000 m22/year/yearCarbon/plastic plates showed similar properties with commercial graphiteCarbon/plastic plates showed similar properties with commercial graphite
plates, while the cost almost the 1/10 of the graphite plates. It has been used in stacks for demonstration widely.
Mass production of 22kW Flow Battery Stack Mass production of 22kW Flow Battery Stack
Stack assemble lineStack assemble line
Production capacity 15MW/YearProduction capacity 15MW/Year
352kW VFB module for MW class system 352kW VFB module for MW class system
22kW Stack 22kW Stack 352 kW352 kW VFB system moduleVFB system module
Energy efficiency (EE)Energy efficiency (EE) of stacksof stacks >>80%80%
90%90% Charge 90%Charge 90% discharge conversion timedischarge conversion time <90ms<90ms
A wind/solar/VFB joint power supplying A wind/solar/VFB joint power supplying j p pp y gj p pp y g
system for system for intelligent residence (2009)(2009)
3.5kW PV3.5kW PV
3.5kW Wind Turbine
5kW/50kWh VFB5kW/50kWh VFB
energy storage Delegation of US DOE visit my home energy storage Delegation of US DOE visit my home
A “BIPVA “BIPV--VFB” DemonstrationVFB” Demonstrationii R kR k P C LtdP C Ltd (D 2009)(D 2009)in in RongkeRongke Power Co. Ltd. Power Co. Ltd. (Dec. 2009)(Dec. 2009)
PV: 60 kWPV: 60 kW
VFB: 60 kW / 300 kWhVFB: 60 kW / 300 kWh
SolarSolar--VFBVFB--Diesel Engine Power Supply Diesel Engine Power Supply
System for An Isolated Island System for An Isolated Island
(Sep 2011)
Snake Island
PV controlor Inventor Island load
(Sep. 2011)
PV controlor Inventor Island load
Solar Cell 20kW
Diesel EngineChargerVFB 10kW/200kWh
Distributed Energy StorageDistributed Energy StorageMicroMicro--grid Power Supply Systemgrid Power Supply System
200kW/800kWh 200kW/800kWh
MicroMicro grid Power Supply Systemgrid Power Supply System
VFB for a micro VFB for a micro
grid grid
200kW*4hLi battery
200kW*10ssuper capacitor
200kW*10sFly wheelPV1 PV2 PV3
2.5MW wind turbine 200kW/800KWh VFB
Energy
Load1 load2 load3 load4EV Charging station
gycontroling system
200kW/800kWh VFB for Micro grid200kW/800kWh VFB for Micro grid
Items Parameter
Rated Power 200 kW
Capacity 800 kWh
DC V lt 250 390 VDC Voltage 250-390 V
Rated C t DC 640ACurrent DC 640A
Stack 20kW * 105 serials, 2 parallel, p
Temp. -20 − 40
Size 12.5m×7.2m×2.5m
5MW/10MWh VFB for a 50MW Wind Farm
Wind farm 35kV line
(Since Oct. 2012)(Since Oct. 2012)
Wind farm
Wind farm 35kV line
110/220kV grid
Wind farm transformer
Inventor Inventor DC400-620V DC400-620V
15 sets basic systems
352kW VFB subsystem
Demonstration project of the world’s largest scaleVFB system of 5MW/10MWh in the wind farmVFB system of 5MW/10MWh in the wind farm
卧牛石风电场卧牛石风电场角角一角一角
3939
5MW/10MWh VFB for a 50MW Wind Farm5MW/10MWh VFB for a 50MW Wind Farm
The cost of 1MW/5MWhThe cost of 1MW/5MWh--class VFB system is expected to be class VFB system is expected to be
cost down cost down to to 400 400 $/kWh $/kWh in the year of 2018in the year of 2018--2020 via 2020 via
i ti f t i l d b tt t h l ii ti f t i l d b tt t h l iinnovation of materials and battery technologies.innovation of materials and battery technologies.
High Operation Current Density High Operation Current Density Decrease the inner resistance of VFBDecrease the inner resistance of VFBIncrease the conductivity of membraneIncrease the conductivity of membrane High performanceHigh performance Improve the Improve the electrocatalyticelectrocatalytic activity of electrodeactivity of electrode
By employing the new electrode , bipolar plate and By employing the new electrode , bipolar plate and improved the conductivity of membrane ,, VFB single cell can keep the energy VFB single cell can keep the energy efficiency above 80% under the current density of 200 efficiency above 80% under the current density of 200 mAmA/cm/cm22. .
Development of High Power Density Development of High Power Density VFB StacksVFB StacksVFB StacksVFB Stacks
Materials and structural Materials and structural optimizationoptimization
The operating current density The operating current density i d f 80i d f 80 t 160 A/ 2
Current density CE VE EE
optimizationoptimization increased from 80increased from 80 to 160 mA/cm2
y
(mA/cm2) (%) (%) (%)
80 97 4 90 1 87 880 97.4 90.1 87.8
100 98.2 88.0 86.4
120 98.5 85.9 84.6
140 98.7 83.9 82.8
160 98.9 81.9 81.0
Dramatically lower the stack cost can be obtained byDramatically lower the stack cost can be obtained byDramatically lower the stack cost can be obtained by Dramatically lower the stack cost can be obtained by the doubled increased operating current density.the doubled increased operating current density.
Many thanks to MOST CAS NSF and DICPMany thanks to MOST CAS NSF and DICPMany thanks to MOST , CAS , NSF and DICP Many thanks to MOST , CAS , NSF and DICP
for the financial supportfor the financial support..pppp
The ministry of Science and The ministry of Science and Chinese Academy of Science (ACS)Chinese Academy of Science (ACS)Technology of PRC (MOST) Technology of PRC (MOST) Chinese Academy of Science (ACS)Chinese Academy of Science (ACS)
D li I tit t f Ch i l Ph iD li I tit t f Ch i l Ph iNational Natural Science National Natural Science Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsDalian Institute of Chemical Physics(DICP)(DICP)Foundation of China (NSF)Foundation of China (NSF)