Development administration

DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

SOURCESThe Concept of Development Administration by

George F. Gant

Managing Development in the Third World by Coralie Bryant and Louise G. White

Meaning and views of Development by Alan Thomas

The Path to Human Development: Capitalism or Socialism? by Prof. Michael A. Lebowitz

The Concept of Development Administration by George F. Gant

Development Administration by R K Sapru

Challenges in Public Administration from Developing Nations by O. P. Dwivedi

The Meaning of DevelopmentDevelopment implies increase in living standards, improved

health and well-being for all and the achievement of whatever is regarded as general good for society at large.

Development is used in three main senses a vision or measure of a desirable society, a historical process of social change and deliberate effort for improvement by development agencies.

In Public Administration development is primarily concerned with the structures of public organizations, fundamental rights of the citizen, human resource development, service delivery, and the collective interest of the people.

The Meaning of Development

Objectives of Development

1. Eradication of Poverty2. Capacity Building3. Equity4. Empowerment5. Sustainability

Capitalism & Development

Capitalism can be characterized as a system of production of goods and services for market exchange in order to make profit.

Development was viewed through industrialization which is the process by which production in the industrial sector become increasingly important compared with agricultural production.

Development in capitalism in immanent means it is intrinsically dynamic, tends to build its own momentum and develops from within.

Socialism & Development Socialism is a system in which production

and distribution of goods are controlled by government rather than private enterprise.

It views development as increase in human potential and capabilities.

Focus is on human potential rather than upon the production of things.

Rostow’s Five Stages of Development1. Traditional Society 2. Preconditions for Take off3. Take Off4. Drive to Maturity5. High Mass Consumption

Limitations of the model

The Role of People in DevelopmentPeople are target of development process, their well

being is the purpose

People are not only target of development but also instrument of it

Development must be attractive, powerfully attractive to the participants and desired by them

In almost all countries the target of development is people by assuring a level of sustenance acceptable to them and to increase the choices they have for living their own lives up to their optimum expression

The Role of Institutions Institutions are the forms in which people organize their affairs

in relationship with each otherAn institution can be called as a system of action that

comprehend the structures and mechanisms which provide the capacity and support for action in the form of agencies or organizations, for example, bureaus or departments are institutions of this kind, as are schools, prisons, hospitals, banks

Accepted patterns of economic and social behavior are also embraced by the term institution

The availability and full utilization of highly trained and motivated staff is the crucial factor of success in a new institution

Institutionalization is the process by which systems of action acquire capability and competence, public acceptance, operating resources and the stability of a standard way of doing things

Reform movements are an important and continuing influence in institution building and institutionalization process

Components of an Institution1. A clear definition of purpose, policy,

program, activity and method

2. Financial resources for continuing operations

3. Agency administration in terms of division of labor, work structure, system of decision making etc

Relationship of InstitutionsInstitutions, agencies and systems have an

essential and a complementary relationship with other institutions in a larger system which embraces them all

An institution is invariably responsible for providing a product or a service upon which other institutions are dependent

Complete institutional success depends up on an environment of well coordinated and thus effective relationship among sister institutions, complementing each other to their mutual advantage as they progress towards a common program purpose

Introduction to Development Administration

Development administration emerged in the beginning of the 1960’s The emerging problem is how to combine skills which exist in developing countries.The need for development administration has been well recognized as a mean of implementing policies and plans directed towards nation-building and socio-economic progress.

Gant in 1966 saw development administration as:“… that aspect of public administration in

which the focus of attention is on organizing and administering public agencies in such a way as to stimulate and facilitate defined programs of social and economic progress…it has the purpose of making change attractive and possible…to the population generally”

Meaning of Development Administration The primary objective of development

administration is to strengthen the administrative machinery which would bring about socio-politico-economic development. Thus:

“Development administration is the process of carrying out development programs and projects in the direction of nation-building and socio-economic progress through a developed administrative organization.”

Elements of Development Administration

Planned And Coordinated Efforts Development administration refers to organized

efforts to carry out activitiesGoal-oriented Administration It is goal-oriented administration with emphasis

on achieving social and economic goals.Management Capacities Creating and enhancing management capacities

as a means for achieving development goals.

Elements of Development Administration (cont.)Progressivism in political systems, it would mean greater

participation of the people in the development process

Participation Participation in the formulation,

implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programs and projects

Creativity and Innovativeness Development administration lays stress upon

the adoption of new structure, procedure, policies, plans and programs

Elements of Development Administration (cont.)Responsiveness and Accountability Development administration system requires

highly motivated personnel at all levelsPeople-centered administration It is essentially a people-centred

administration Keeping in Touch with Social RealitiesDevelopment administration is requires to

keep in touch with the realities, including grassroots situation, local problems etc.

Problems in Development Administration Lack of experienced administrators as well as highly developed technocrats in specialized fields, lack of modern management techniques ,poor methods adopted in policy making, planning and budgeting, procedural delays, lack of sufficient discipline and commitment to plans and program implementation

Role of State in Development Administration

(Before World War I Till 1980)

The present nature of development differs greatly from that seen early in 19th century or in the 1980’s.

In the 19th century and up to World War I, national development meant Economic Development

This period is also marked by the philosophy of individualism and Laissez-faire became the guiding principle of industries.

Economic activities were mainly performed by individuals in a system of free competition and role of state was restricted to the bare minimum.

The features of development before World War I were:

Technological revolutionCapitalism under a system of free enterprisePolitical democracy under a system of

representative governmentBureaucratic form of organizationNationalismMaterialistic and mechanistic culture with strong

individualistic, universalistic and mechanistic orientation.

The emphasis on nationalism, economic development, and capitalism resulted in mass scale poverty, economic instability and unemployment.

After 1914 and before World War II significant events took place like:

World war I (1914-1919)The Russian revolution (1917)The high rates of inflation (1919-1921)The stock market crash of October 1929The Great Depression 1930sThe increase in monopolistic tendenciesAnd the rise of USSR.

These and other social and cultural changes combined shook the foundation of 19the century individualism because of the minimalistic role of government the economic system failed to regulate itself.

After World War II the independence of former colonies has been one of the most important events to mark.

Most developing countries in Asia, the Middle East and Africa came out of the colonial period, with a strong belief in state dominated economic development.

By the 1960’s, states had become involved in virtually every aspect of the economy.

Development goals in the later part of the 1970s (1976-1980) and the policies to be pursued to achieve those goals have been reflected in the national development plans of developing countries. In their plans, the focus of policy was on such basis:

the expansion and diversification of the production of goods and services,

an increase in employmentimprovement in income distributionelimination of extreme povertyincrease in self reliance in carrying out development

tasks the mobilization of natural, human and financial

resources in the common cause of national building.

The current crisis of development and administration is precisely a consequence of the inability of the West to incorporate the substance of other non-Western developmental experiences into the prevailing conceptual mould.

In place of requiring developing nations to implement blueprints any time when a new paradigm gets manufactured, the time has come to focus and concentrate on results instead of creating grand visions.