Development

Development

Chapter 10

How do you Define and Measure Development?

Key Question:

• Awesome

Development “The process of improving the

material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.”

• Every country lies at some point along the development continuum.– MDC Developed Countries

– LDC Developing Countries • list

Measuring DevelopmentGross National Product (GNP)

• Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year. Includes things produced inside and outside a country’s territory.

• Includes things that are produced inside and outside a country’s territory.

Measuring DevelopmentGross Domestic Product (GDP)• Measure of the total

value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year.

• Only includes goods and services produced within a country

Measuring DevelopmentGross National Income (GNI)

• Measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country.

• ** Most common measurement used today.

• Measured per capita:– US $41,950– Japan $31,410– Nigeria $1040

Issues with Measuring Economic Development

• All measurements count the:– Formal Economy – the legal economy

that governments tax and monitor.

• All measurements do not count the:– Informal Economy – the illegal or

uncounted economy that governments do not tax or keep track of.

Other Ways of Measuring Development

• Occupational Structure of the Labor Force• Productivity per Worker• Transportation and Communications

Facilities per Person• Dependency Ratio

Differences in Communications Connectivity

Around the World

Dependency Ratio by Country, 2005A measure of the number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 that depends on each working-age adult.

What does Development Mean?

• Development implies “progress”

– Progress in what?• Literacy, communications, etc.

– Do all cultures view development the same way?

– Do all cultures “value” the same kinds of development?

Development ModelsModernization ModelWalt Rostow’s model assumes all countries follow a

similar path to development or modernization, advancing through five stages of development, climbing a ladder of development.

1. traditional (subsistence farming)2. preconditions of takeoff 3. takeoff (rapid economic growth)4. drive to maturity (workers are more

skilled/educated)5. high mass consumption (secondary

industry) Some would now add a sixth stage: “Post-Industrial”

Rostow’s Ladder of Development

Is the idea of economic development inherently Western? If the West (North America and Europe) were not encouraging the “developing world” to “develop,” how would people in the regions of the “developing world” think about their own economies?

How does Geography affect Development?

Key Question:

Dependency TheoryThe political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas.

-- Economic structures make poorer countries dependent on wealthier countries. - - Little hope for economic prosperity in

poorer countries. - Views the world as countries that work

as interlocking parts

Neocolonialism• The periphery takes a dependent role

in the world economy• It is underdeveloped because of

uneven trade• Structuralists find this difficult to

change

Dollarization – Abandoning the local currency of a country and adopting the dollar as the local currency.

El Salvador went through dollarization in 2001

* Cannot simply study what is produced.

* Need to examine how and where it is produced and where the production is on the commodity chain.

* Examine commodity chains and look for the kinds of economic processes operating at each link in the chain.

Geography and Context

Commodity Chain

How processes operated at each step in the commodity chain that produced the dolomite stone for this fireplace?

Series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.

Wallerstein’s Three Tier Structure

Core Processes that incorporate

higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology

* Generate more wealth in the world economy

Semi-periphery Places where core and

periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery.

* Serves as a buffer between core and periphery

Periphery Processes that incorporate

lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology

* Generate less wealth in the world economy

Compare and contrast Rostow’s ladder of development with Wallerstein’s three-tier structure of the world economy.

What are the Barriers to and the Costs of

Economic Development?

Key Question:

Millennium Development goals

• Key issues that need to be resolved in order for economic development to be achieved– Poverty, gender equality, etc.– List on page 328

Barriers to Economic Development

• Low Levels of Social Welfare– Trafficking

• Foreign Debt– Structural adjustment loans

• Political Instability• Widespread Disease

– Malaria

Foreign Debt Obligations Total interest payments compared to the export of goods and services.

Foreign Debt and Economic Collapse in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2001

Foreign Debt Obligations

Widespread Disease• Malaria kills 150,000 children in the global

periphery each month.

Tamolo, IndiaThis baby sleeps under a mosquito net distributed to villagers by UNICEF workers.

Global Distribution of Malaria Transmission Risk

Costs of Economic Development

• Industrialization– Export Processing Zones (EPZs) – Offer

favorable tax regulations to foreign firms• maquiladoras,

– special economic zones (SEZs) – less environmental regulations and taxes

• Agriculture– Desertification – destroying livestock

• Tourism

Export Processing Zones

Areas Threatened by Desertification

Think of a trip you have made to a poorer area of the country or a poorer region of the world. Describe how your experience in the place as a tourist was fundamentally different from the everyday lives of the people who live in the place.

Why do Countries experience Uneven

Development within the State?

Key Question:

Uneven Development• Peripheral countries

– Marked by severe disparities Cities and Rural Areas

– Hurricane Katrina vs. WWII Europe

How Government Policies Affect Development

• Governments – get involved in world markets

• WTO, ILO, etc. Decide how producers exchange on the global market

– price commodities (gas)– shape laws to affect production (Quota

Market)• T-shirt: Texas China

– focus foreign investment in certain places

Islands of Development

• Created by Governments and Corporations can

• Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.

• Capital city First created by colonists in periphery

• Some have moved

Government-created Island of Development

Malaysian government built a new, ultramodern capital at Putrjaya to symbolize the country’s rapid economic growth.

Corporate-created Island of Development

The global oil industry has created the entire city of Port Gentile, Gabon to extract Gabon’s oil resources.

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)entities that operate independent of state and local governments, typically, NGOs are non-profit organizations. Each NGO has its own focus/set of goals.

Microcredit program:loans given to poor people, particularly women, to encourage development of small businesses.

List

How do actors in nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) mobilize political change?

An Indonesian woman (on left) who migrated to Saudi Arabia as a guest worker talks with an Indonesian activist (on right) who works to defend migrant workers’ rights.

Take an item of clothing out of your closet, and using the Internet, try to trace the commodity chain of production. What steps did the item go through before reaching you? Consider whether core or peripheral processes were operating at each step and consider the roles governments and international political regimes played along each step.