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1
Feeding the breeding herd:Developing gilts, gestating sows
• Feeding levels will likely need to be increased by 5 to 10% for wastage for sows that are floor‐fed compared to ESF‐fed.– ~0.5 lb per day
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Energy Requirements
Adjusting for body condition – Competitive Systems
• Sows should be grouped by parity and body condition.
• Feeding levels may need to be increased slightly to account for variation in feed intake that occurs in competitive feeding situations.
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Energy Requirements
Extra feed before and after mixing
• Providing high levels of feed just prior to and for the first couple days after mixing may be necessary to have sow’s nearly full fed to reduce fighting. – Extra feed will increase feed wastage and cost.
59Photo: Lee Whittington, Prairie Swine Centre (Canada)
Diet and Feed Characteristics
Decreasing the energy density by adding fiber
• Suggested to provide gut fill and make the sows feel more comfortable.
• Most research has demonstrated reduced stereotypic behaviors in gestating sows fed high dietary fiber; however, not all research has observed this response.
• Increasing fecal excretion and difficulties in manure handling systems also must be considered
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Diet and Feed Characteristics
Calibrating feeding levels
• The quantity delivered must be adjusted as the bulk density of the diet changes to provide the proper amount of feed to the sow.
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Common Nutritional Problem:Limiting Lactation Feed Intake
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Lactation FeedingGoals:
Maximize feed intake•Prepare sow for rebreeding
- Litter size and prompt return to estrus
•Maximize milk production
Match nutrient levels to feed intake and level of productivity
Maintain reasonable feed cost per weaned pig
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Lactation Feed Intake Problem:
•Too many people voluntarily or involuntarily limit sow feed intake
Goal:•Get sows to eat as much as possible!
Reasons why:•Energy intake (and amino acids) will drive milk production
•Energy intake affects reproductive hormones
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Effect of feed intake during lactation on milk yield and sow weight loss
Adapted from Whittemore, 1984
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Impact of Lactation Weight Loss
Thaker et al., 2005
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How to determine feed intake
3,000 sow farm
450 farrowing crates
3,615 litters in 6 month period
Weaning weight = 46 kg at 19 days
381 tons of lactation feed used in 6 months
Meticulous lactation sow feed intake records
How to calculate lactation feed intake?
Total feedCrates x days
2)
Total feedLitters x lactation length
3)
Count feed records for individual sows1)
How to calculate lactation feed intake?
Total feedCrates x days
2)
Total feedLitters x lact length
3)
Count feed records for individual sows1) = 6.5 kg/day
381 tons x 1000 kg450 crates x 182 d
= = 4.7 kg/day
381 tons x 1000 kg3,615 x 19 d
= = 5.5 kg/d
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Factors affecting sow lactation feed intake
Ambient Environment
Facilities Equipment
Sow Factors
Gestation Feed Intake
Feeding Management
Air Velocity
Ambient Temperature
Evaporative Cooling
Humidity
Ventilation Rates
Feeder Design
Floor Surface
Crate Design
Lactation Length
Litter Size
Genetics
Parity
Disease
Feeding Frequency
Amount/feeding
Feed Monitoring
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Factors influencing lactation feed intake
Gestation feed intake
Feeding management
• Frequency
• Level
Barn temperature
Water availability
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Water Availability
Nipple drinker should allow a flow of 2 liters per minute
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10 19 22 30
Effects of ambient temperature on energy intake of lactating sows
Zone of thermal comfort
Ambient Temperature, Celsius
Vol
unta
ry e
nerg
y in
take Critical Temperature
LCT UCT19 22 C66 72 F
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Temperature & lactation performance
Quiniou and Noblet, 1999
Effect of Drip Cooling
Drip Control
Feed/day, kg5.8 4.8
Sow Wt Loss, kg3.8 17.5
Litter Weaning Wt, kg56 51
Nichols et al. 1983
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Hand-feeding vs. self-feeder
• Treatments– Hand-fed (57 sows)
• Fed to appetite 2x/d– An amount slightly exceeding
disappearance in previous meals
– Self-feeder (57 sows)• Feed manually added to
hopper 1 to 2 times/d• Nipple in feeder
Automated ProductionSystems
J. Anim. Sci. 85:853
Feed disappearance
P < 0.01
+ 8%
J. Anim. Sci. 85:853
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Piglet weaning wt
+ 8%
P < 0.01
J. Anim. Sci. 85:853
Hand-feeding vs. self-feeder
• Treatments (96 PIC C23 gilts)– Hand-fed
• Fed to appetite 4x/d
– Self-feeder• Sow operated a dispensing
mechanism with a hopper
J. Anim. Sci 82(Suppl 2):6580
Feed Disappearance
P < 0.05
+ 7%
J. Anim. Sci 82(Suppl 2):65
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Backfat Loss
P < 0.05
- 42%
J. Anim. Sci 82(Suppl 2):65
Hand vs. Self-Feeding Summary
Study % increase in feed
disappearanceP value
Michigan State 8 < 0.01
Univ. Illinois 7 < 0.05
Netherlands –Hoofs et al. 1993
10 ?
Time of Day & Feed Consumed
Time % of total daily feed
consumed
Midnight to 6:00 am 24
6:00 am to noon 38
Noon to 6:00 pm 20
6:00 pm to midnight 18
2007 ASAS Midwest abstract #32189 lactating sows
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Corn Particle Size for Sows
Linear P = 0.04
J. Anim. Sci: 73:421
Corn Particle Size for Sows
J. Anim. Sci: 73:421
Linear P = 0.05
Courtesy Dr. Joe Connor
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6.8 kg4.8 kg5.2 kg
Avg
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Feed Wastage
• Poor feeder design
• Worn-out feeders
• Poorly adjusted
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Lactation diet basics
More energy than corn‐soy diet
At least 60 g/d of SID lysine intake•Typically 0.95 to 1.15% SID lysine
0.75 to 1.0% total Ca (without phytase)
> 0.4% avail P
10 lb/ton of salt
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Nutrition for the breeding herd: Focus on the basics
1) Gilts
135 kg at 210 d
2nd estrus
2) Gestation
Average 4.5 to 5.0 lb/d
Don’t over‐formulated
3) Lactation Ad libitum intake Higher amino acids andenergy with increased litter size
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Meeting Nutritional Needs of Breeding Boars
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• Kemp, 1989 - Lysine intake 18g/d vs.31g/d no difference in sperm production