HAL Id: halshs-01762291 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01762291 Submitted on 9 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Developing a Participatory Approach to Accessible Design María Inés Laitano To cite this version: María Inés Laitano. Developing a Participatory Approach to Accessible Design. International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development, 2017, 9 (4), pp.1 - 11. 10.4018/IJSKD.2017100101. halshs-01762291
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Developing a Participatory Approach to Accessible Design
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HAL Id: halshs-01762291https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01762291
Submitted on 9 Apr 2018
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.
Developing a Participatory Approach to AccessibleDesign
María Inés Laitano
To cite this version:María Inés Laitano. Developing a Participatory Approach to Accessible Design. International Journalof Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development, 2017, 9 (4), pp.1 - 11. �10.4018/IJSKD.2017100101�.�halshs-01762291�
The International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development is indexed or listed in the following: Bacon’s Media Directory; Cabell’s Directories; DBLP; GetCited; Google Scholar; INSPEC; JournalTOCs; MediaFinder; SCOPUS; The Index of Information Systems Journals; The Standard Periodical Directory; Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory
Special Issue of Embracing Diversity with Help of Technology and Participatory Design
Guest Editorial Prefacev Barbara Rita Barricelli, Department of Computer Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Ines Di Loreto, Tech-CICO, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
María Inés Laitano, LabSic, Université Paris 13, Villetaneuse, France
12 ApplicationstoImproveQualityofLife;
Arminda Guerra Lopes, Instituto Politecnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal & Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
Volume 9 • Issue 4 • October-December-2017 • ISSN: 1941-6253 • eISSN: 1941-6261An official publication of the Information Resources Management Association
Developing a Participatory Approach to Accessible DesignMaría Inés Laitano, LabSic, Université Paris 13, Villetaneuse, France
ABSTRACT
Thisarticledescribeshowaccessibility to ICTs isunderstoodasconformity tostandards,whichusuallyendsindesignsthatdonotconsiderthesingularitiesofpeople.Thisarticledelvesintoaparticipatoryapproachtoaccessibledesign,asanalternativetodesignguidedsimplybystandards.Itfirstdefinesarelevantnetworkofstakeholdersforaccessibleparticipatorydesign,basedontheexpertisethateachofthemcanprovide.Itthendiscussestheissueofconsensusamongstakeholders,necessarytomakedesigndecisionswhenthereareconflictingviews.Finally,itaddressesthequestionofnon-technologicaloutcomesandmethodologicalconcernsofParticipatoryDesignthatshouldinspiretheaccessibledesignagenda.
Attendantsofpeoplewithdisabilities(family,colleagues,teachers,caregiversandothers)arealsokeyinformantsinaccessibleparticipatorydesign.Asoutlinedinthe“Supportandrelationships”chapter of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (World HealthOrganization,2001),peoplewithdisabilitiesreceivepracticalphysicalandemotionalsupportfromtheirattendantsaswellassupportinvariousaspectsoftheirdailyactivities.Becauseofthis,theirattendantshaveadeepknowledgeaboutthedisabledexperience,abouttheirneeds,theirhabitsandtheirpreferences.Attendantsarenotonly informantsbutcanalsoplaytheroleofmediators.Asmediatorstheycan,forexample,takepartasinterpretersofdeafpeoplewhosenativelanguageisthesignlanguage.
Figure 1. Stakeholders and their expertise for accessible participatory design (Source: Laitano, 2017)
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TheobjectofinterestisaconceptthatderivesfromtheActivityTheoryappliedtotheHumanComputer Interaction. The interaction between people and technological artifacts occurs in thebroadercontextofahumanactivity(Rabardel,1995).Peopledoesnotinteractwithtechnologicalartifactsbutwithanobjectoftheworldthroughtechnology.Thetechnologicalartifactonlymediatestherelationshipbetweenthehumanandthisobjectoftheworldthatinterestshim(Bødker,2011).Forexample,whensomeonelooksupanaccessiblesightseeingtourontheWeb,hisattentionisnotplacedontheformatofthecontentbutonthetoursightsanditsaccessibilityfeatures.So,iftoursightsarenotaccessibleorifnothingissaidaboutaccessibilityfeatures,eveniftheinterfaceandthecontentareaccessible,thetechnologicalartifactdoesnotfulfillitsmission,theexperienceasawholeisinaccessible.
Developers –who can be named more generally as ICT professionals because they includedesigners,QAprofessionalsandothers–areexpertsinthedesignofinterfacecomponentsandcontentinthestrictsense.Theyuse–andareexpertsintheuseof–authoringtoolssuchasdevelopmentenvironments,contentmanagementsystems,blogapplications,etc.andevaluationtoolstocheckthecontentsyntaxandaccessibility.
Therearealsothosestakeholderswhoarereferredtointhecontentbutwhoarenotowners,theirroleisratherthatofexternalsuppliersofcontent.Localhoteliersandgastronomesareexternalsuppliers in thecaseofa tourismdesign solution.Externalprovidershaveknowledgeabout thespecificservicestheyprovide(specificobjectsofinterest)andareresponsiblefortheiraccessibility.Alsoontheproductionsidetherearesponsors,stakeholderswhounderstandthefinancialaspectoftheprojectandnormallycontroltheproject’sagenda.Sponsorsmayormaynotcoincidewithowners.Inthecaseofatourismdesignsolution,themunicipalgovernmentorthetourismministrycanbethesponsorsoftheproject.
All production stakeholders have –or should have– knowledge about the standards that anaccessibledesignsolutionwillhavetorespect.AsproposedbyKellyetal.(2009),theextenttowhichartifactsareaccessiblewillbeinfluencedbyhowalltheproductionstakeholdersrespondtotheseexternaldriversforaccessibilitywhicharethestandards.Developersknowtechnicalstandardsondigitalaccessibility,standardsthatestablishhowtoshowaudiovisualcontent,amongothers.Ownersandexternalprovidersknowthelegislationonaccessibilityanddisabilitythatappliestotheirownserviceordomainofexpertise.
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upwithverydifferentoutcomesevenifthetechnologicalartifactthatisbeingbuiltisexactlythesame(Brownetal.,2011).Moreover,thissuggeststhattheideaofrecruitingrepresentativestakeholders(Newell,Gregor,Morgan,Pullin,&Macaulay,2011)isquiteawhileidealistic.FindingthepointofconsensusisthereforeatopicofinterestintheParticipatoryDesignliterature.Someauthorsproposeaparticipatoryresult“asonethatshowsevidenceofdemocraticidealsbyincreasingtheagencyofitsusersandgivingthemavoiceinmatterstheydidnothavebefore.”(Bratteteig&Wagner,2016).Participatorydesigninsistsonthetoleranceofdifferentperspectives,onthepassionatecommitmentthat brings together the stakeholders, on transform conflict between enemies into constructivecontroversiesamongadversarieswhohaveopposinginterestsbutarecapableoflegitimizingvisionsdifferentfromtheirown(Björgvinsson,Ehn,&Hillgren,2010).
• Betweendifferentcollectivesofusers:People in thedeafcommunityprefer that the sizeofthesignlanguageinterpreterinavideobeverylargewhilepeoplewhodonotunderstandsignlanguagewilltendtopreferasmallsize.
Ifthedisadvantagesofthestandards-guideddesignexposedatthebeginningofthispaperareconsidered,apathofpossibleagreementforanaccessibleparticipatorydesignwouldbetoprioritizethe voices that come from the experience of stakeholders over the voices that are based on theaccessibilitystandards.Inthisway,singularitiesofthepeopledirectlyinvolvedwillbeprioritizedoverthenorm,whichisultimatelyestablishedbypeopleunconnectedtotheproject.Likewise,apathofpossibleagreementistotakeadvantageofthecreativepotentialthathasbringingdifferentpointsofviewtogetherandtryingtocreateasharedunderstandingamongallstakeholders(Fischer,2000)toimaginesolutionsthatsolveapparentlyoppositeneeds.ThislastideaapproachesthatofBødkerandZander(2015)forwhomitisaboutidentifyingwin-winsituations.Thatis,insteadofsimplyrespectingthevoiceofthemajority,redoublethecreativeefforttoarriveatsolutionsthatrespondtoheterogeneousneeds.
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INSPIRING THe ACCeSSIBLe DeSIGN AGeNDA
ThebalancebetweenthetechnologicalconcernandthemethodologicalconcernisanotherpointofdiscussioninthefieldofParticipatoryDesign.ParticipatoryDesignmainlyfocusesitseffortsonidentifying“novelwaysofdeployingexistingtechnologiesinwaysthatareusefultousers”(Dunckley,Camara, Abdelnour-Nocera, & Waema, 2009) and in designing “improvements over existingtechnologiesastheyaremoresensitivetotheneedsanddesiresofspecificusergroups”(Vinesetal.,2013).Thesereusesandadaptationsofexistingtechnologiesputthefocusondesignprocessesandmethods,andareusuallyaccompaniedbyalackofinterestinthetechnologicalresearchconcern.Korsgaard,KlokmoseandBødker(2016)considerthatthecauseofthistechnologicalconservatismisthestabilityofmainstreamtechnologiesanddrawattentiontotheriskforParticipatoryDesign.TheperpetuationofoperatingsystemslikeWindows,Mac,iOSorAndroid,andapplicationsthathasmaturedfordecades(MicrosoftWord,Excel,etc.)hasledtoastandardizationofboththedesignofuserinterfacesandthetrainingofresearchersandpractitionersinthefieldofsoftwaredesign.“Iftechnologiesarechosenbasedontheresearchers’(andusers’)taken-for-grantedness,familiarityand/orconvenience,andlaterresultinrecommendationsfor,or,afinishedsystem,itmustbeimplicitlyassumedthatourcurrenttechnologiesareadequateforlocalpractices.”(Korsgaard,KlokmoseandBødker,2016,p.73).
Theopposite seems tohappen in the fieldofAccessibility.The scientific communityhasapredilectionforthetechnologicalresearchconcern,asillustratedbytheprominentsubjectsintheAccessibilityandComputingliterature(Figure2):whileonlytwothemesmakereferencetodesignprocessesandmethods–usercentereddesign,HCIdesignandevaluationmethods–,severaltopicsare related to technologies –assistive technologies, interaction devices, interaction paradigms,soundbasedI/O,touchscreens,etc.Followingthesamereasoningasbefore,theinclinationforthetechnologicalconcernmaybeaconsequenceofacertainplatforminstability,oftheexistenceofmanyandheterogeneoustoolkitsandplatforms.Assistivetechnologiesvarycompletelyfromonedisabilitysituationtotheotheraswellaswithinthesamedisabilitysituation.Forinstance,assistivetechnologyforvisuallyimpairmentincludescreenreaders,screenmagnifiers,Brailleembossers,voicerecognition,navigationassistance,wearabletechnology,amongmanyothers.Butaddressingonlythetechnologicalaspectalsoinvolvesarisk,alreadymentionedabove:assumingthatatechnologycanbeauniversalsolution,whichcansatisfyanysubjectwithacertaindisability.
Integrating the methodological concerns of Participatory Design into the accessible designagendacouldthenleadtoabetterbalancebetweenmethodologicalandtechnologicalaspects,toasocio-technicalapproachofaccessibledesignandtoarealsocio-technicaloutcome.Integratingthemethodologicalconcernsmeansstartingfromthelocalknowledgeofpeoplewithdisabilitiesandotherstakeholdersforquestioningtheconditionsunderwhichtechnologiesaredesignedandintroduced.
Finally,thetechnologicalartifactisnottheonlyoutcomeinaparticipatorydesignproject.Newknowledgeandcompetencies,newcollaborationsandnetworksareotherpossibleoutcomesofthecollaborative work among stakeholders (Bratteteig & Wagner, 2016). The knowledge about thedisabilityexperienceisusuallyveryasymmetricinanaccessibledesignproject,verylimitedinthecaseoftheproductionstakeholders.Producersareprobablytheoneswhotakethemostintermsofnewknowledgeandcompetencies.Fortheirpart,peoplewithdisabilitiesencounterdailysomanybarriersinICTsthattheyareparticularlymotivatedtoexchangeindesignprocesses.Theyacceptthechallengebecausetheproblemsaddressedarepersonallymeaningfulproblems(Fischer,2002)forthem.Mutuallearning,exchangeandjointworktoproducesomethingnewgeneratetrustandbondsbetweenstakeholdersthatendureovertime.Accessibledesignresearchshouldvaluethisknowledgeasscientificknowledge,shouldtransmittheskillsacquiredandcantakeadvantageofcollaborationsandnetworksinfutureprojects.
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CoNCLUSIoN
Thispaperdelves into a participatory approach to accessibledesign, as an alternative todesignguidedsimplybystandards.Itanalyzesthreeessentialissuesofparticipatorydesigninrelationtoaccessibility:sharingexpertise,sharingpowerandinspiringchangeintheaccessibledesignagenda.Inthefirstplace,itdefinesarelevantnetworkofstakeholdersforaccessibleparticipatorydesignbasedontheexpertisethateachofthemcanprovide.OntheproductionsidearetheICTsprofessionals,theowners,thesponsorsandtheexternalsuppliersofthedesignsolution.Ontheusesidearethepeoplewithdisabilitiesandtheirattendants.Inameta-positionbetweenproductionandusearetheresearchers.Thearticle thenraises the issueofconsensusamongstakeholdersandproposes twopossiblescenariosforresolvingcontroversies.Thefirstistoprioritizethevoicesthatcomefromtheexperienceofstakeholdersoverthevoicesthatarebasedontheaccessibilitystandards.Thesecondscenarioconsistsintransformingcontroversiesintocreativepotential,inredoublingthecreativeefforttoarriveatsolutionsthatrespondtoheterogeneousneeds.Finally,theauthorexposestwoqualitiesofParticipatoryDesignofwhichtheaccessibledesignagendacouldbeinspired:toprobemoredeeplyintothemethodologicalconcernsandtotakeadvantageofthenon-technologicaloutcomesoftheprocess,suchasnewknowledge,newcompetenciesandnewstakeholders’networks.
Bringingtogethertherightstakeholders,prioritizingtheirknowledgeoveraccessibilitystandards,attending to themethodologyand to thenon-technologicaloutcomesof theprocessaresomeofthechallengesforaccessibledesign.MorereflectionsandmoredesignsinthissenseremaintobecarriedouttotakeadvantageofthecommunicativeandemancipatorypotentialofICTsforpeoplewithdisabilities.
Figure 2. Prominent subjects in the Accessibility and Computing literature (Source: Special Interest Group on Accessibility and Computing https://dl.acm.org/sig.cfm?id=SP1530)
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ACKNowLeDGMeNT
Theauthor’sresearchwasfundedbytheUniversitéParis13(France)andtheConsejoNacionaldeInvestigaciones Científicas yTécnicas (Argentina). The design projects that inspired this articlewerefundedbyMinisteriodeCiencia,TecnologíaeInnovaciónproductiva,UniversidadNacionaldeRosario,UniversidadAbiertaInteramericana,EntedeTurismoRosario,SecretaríadeTurismodelaMunicipalidaddeRosario,andsupportedbymanystakeholdersfromServiciodeLecturaAccesibledelaBibliotecaMunicipalArgentina“JuanÁlvarez”,AsociaciónRosarinadeDeportesparaCiegos,CentrodeRehabilitaciónparaPersonasconDiscapacidadVisual“LuisBraille”Nº2014,EscuelaEspecialparaIntegraciónenSecundariaNº2139,EscueladeEnseñanzaMediaNº338andInstitutoSuperiordelProfesoradoNº16“BernardoHoussey”.
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3 It is also to inscribe participatory design as a practice of complex thinking and as a second-orderepistemology.Theconceptofthemeta-pointofviewofMorin(2005)isrelevanttodeepenthisaspect.
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María Inés Laitano is associate professor in Information and Communication Sciences at Université Paris 13, researcher at LabSic and head of the Master 1 Multimedia and Internet Interface Design.