DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING ENERGY – EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS Aaron Julius M. Lecciones 2006 1 University of the Philippines College of Architecture “Developing a Framework for Applying Energy- Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments” Submitted by: Aaron Julius M. Lecciones March 27, 2006 Approved by: Names of Project Adviser, Jury Members and Research Committee Members Signature Date Adviser: Prof. Jose F. Ignacio Research Committee Members: Prof. Ruby Teresa M. de Leon Prof. Emilio U. Ozaeta Prof. Grace C. Ramos Jury Panel Members: Head of Panel: Prof. Alex P. Evangelista Members: Prof. Prosperidad C. Luis Prof. Ruel B. Ramirez Prof. Jesus C. Bulaong Prof. Paulo G. Alcazaren College Dean: Prof. Prosperidad C. Luis
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Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments
The Philippines has long been suffering escalating costs of imported crude oil. This foreign crude oil is imported into the Philippines to power industries, commerce, agriculture, transport and residences allover the country. Since the country has yet to achieve energy independence, there is no option but to continue this expensive dependence on foreign oil. The government has forecasted that from 2004 till 2014, spanning a decade, the country is likely to almost double its requirements for energy. This increase is led by the residential sector which requires about 3-4 percent more energy per year till 2014. Currently, the residential sector comprises 38 percent of the total energy demand. This is the largest contribution by any sector. The other sectors include agricultural, industry, commerce, and transport. There is a need to control the use of energy by the residential sector.
The residential sector is made up of each individual household in urban and rural areas throughout the country. Energy consumption is by far greater in urban areas than rural areas. This is not only due to the fact of higher population density but also a higher income per capita in urban centers. Household energy use in urban centers is mainly from electricity. This is the main source of power for lighting, recreation cooling, cooking and refrigeration. Among all levels of the residential sector, the middle income group is the largest and contributes the most to energy demand. Among all households in this group, the highest energy consuming appliance in use is the air conditioner. The future demand of air conditioning in urban areas of the country is an average annual increase of 20 percent. Thus, space cooling is certainly an area which requires intervention at the household level. If this is achieved, there will be a positive effect on the consumption of energy in each household. Ultimately, this will lead to a decrease in energy demand by the residential sector.
The thesis entitled “Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments” aims to achieve just that – a house which does not require artificial space cooling. This is done by making sure that the building envelope of a house meets certain performance requirements which should ensure that there would be no need for space cooling. The unit of measurement used in this thesis for acquiring building envelope performance is the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The concept of thermal comfort is used from the book Passive Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities by G.V. Manahan. The methodology used is the comparison of a “Business –as-Usual” or BAU house and an Efficient State House. The energy consumption of air conditioning for a BAU case is taken from the analysis of a typical middle-income household’s energy use through an energy audit. The different materials used for the building envelope of the BAU case are compared to the materials that exhibit a more efficient OTTV level. Also included in the comparative analysis are differences in roof slope, sizes of fenestrations and solar orientation. From this different scenarios are produced and tabulated to come up with prescriptions that guide a designer in choosing the right materials for windows, walls, and roofs for a specific design to be energy-efficient.
A handbook for non-technical users was developed in order for the laymen to apply these guidelines. This handbook was used in conjunction with the development of the design application of two prototype houses. The two prototype houses were designed using the prescriptions – the first being based on parameters of the house design of a typical middle income household, while the second being a more extreme condition to test the guidelines in such a scenario.
It is hoped that with such guidelines, future housing developments would become more environmentally sensitive through
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DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING ENERGY – EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS
Aaron Julius M. Lecciones 2006
1
University of the Philippines
College of Architecture
“Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope
of Housing Developments”
Submitted by: Aaron Julius M. Lecciones
March 27, 2006
Approved by: Names of Project Adviser,
Jury Members and Research Committee Members
Signature Date
Adviser: Prof. Jose F. Ignacio
Research Committee Members: Prof. Ruby Teresa M. de Leon
Prof. Emilio U. Ozaeta Prof. Grace C. Ramos Jury Panel Members:
Head of Panel: Prof. Alex P. Evangelista
Members: Prof. Prosperidad C. Luis
Prof. Ruel B. Ramirez Prof. Jesus C. Bulaong
Prof. Paulo G. Alcazaren College Dean:
Prof. Prosperidad C. Luis
DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING ENERGY – EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Philippines has long been suffering escalating costs of imported crude oil. This foreign crude oil is imported into the Philippines to power industries, commerce, agriculture, transport and residences allover the country. Since the country has yet to achieve energy independence, there is no option but to continue this expensive dependence on foreign oil. The government has forecasted that from 2004 till 2014, spanning a decade, the country is likely to almost double its requirements for energy. This increase is led by the residential sector which requires about 3-4 percent more energy per year till 2014. Currently, the residential sector comprises 38 percent of the total energy demand. This is the largest contribution by any sector. The other sectors include agricultural, industry, commerce, and transport. There is a need to control the use of energy by the residential sector. The residential sector is made up of each individual household in urban and rural areas throughout the country. Energy consumption is by far greater in urban areas than rural areas. This is not only due to the fact of higher population density but also a higher income per capita in urban centers. Household energy use in urban centers is mainly from electricity. This is the main source of power for lighting, recreation cooling, cooking and refrigeration. Among all levels of the residential sector, the middle income group is the largest and contributes the most to energy demand. Among all households in this group, the highest energy consuming appliance in use is the air conditioner. The future demand of air conditioning in urban areas of the country is an average annual increase of 20 percent. Thus, space cooling is certainly an area which requires intervention at the household level. If this is achieved, there will be a positive effect on the consumption of energy in each household. Ultimately, this will lead to a decrease in energy demand by the residential sector. The thesis entitled “Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments” aims to achieve just that – a house which does not require artificial space cooling. This is done by making sure that the building envelope of a house meets certain performance requirements which should ensure that there would be no need for space cooling. The unit of measurement used in this thesis for acquiring building envelope performance is the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The concept of thermal comfort is used from the book Passive Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities by G.V. Manahan. The methodology used is the comparison of a “Business –as-Usual” or BAU house and an Efficient State House. The energy consumption of air conditioning for a BAU case is taken from the analysis of a typical middle-income household’s energy use through an energy audit. The different materials used for the building envelope of the BAU case are compared to the materials that exhibit a more efficient OTTV level. Also included in the comparative analysis are differences in roof slope, sizes of fenestrations and solar orientation. From this different scenarios are produced and tabulated to come up with prescriptions that guide a designer in
DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING ENERGY – EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS
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choosing the right materials for windows, walls, and roofs for a specific design to be energy-efficient. A handbook for non-technical users was developed in order for the laymen to apply these guidelines. This handbook was used in conjunction with the development of the design application of two prototype houses. The two prototype houses were designed using the prescriptions – the first being based on parameters of the house design of a typical middle income household, while the second being a more extreme condition to test the guidelines in such a scenario. It is hoped that with such guidelines, future housing developments would become more environmentally sensitive through energy-efficiency and design with thermal comfort in mind.
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Acknowledgments This thesis project would not have been possible without the help of so many family members, friends, classmates, teachers, experts and many individuals who gave their time to assist and guide me throughout my study. First and foremost, I would like to thank God for all the blessing he has given me in my life and especially during this thesis project. I would like to thank my mom Amy, who has always encouraged me when everybody seemed averse to my ideas. I thank you so much for listening to me even if I know that half of the time you didn’t understand what I was talking about. I would like to thank my sisters, Larissa, Aisa and Sara, for always encouraging me and giving me advice. I would like to thank my dad Julius, for believing that I can do it. I would also like to thank my grandmother Rose, she always gave me all her support and love. Also all my cousins for cheering me up when times were rough! I would like to also thank my thesis adviser Prof. Ignacio – I gave him a hard time and we had a lot of bumps and also smooth rides throughout the year. Thank you for trusting me and helping me with getting things into laymen’s perspective. There’s also Prof. Grace Ramos, who is my faculty adviser, without her strict guidance I would have missed my deadlines. I missed one and after that I never did, thanks to her! I also thank the other faculty adviser Prof. Ruby de Leon and Prof. Ozaeta. Many experts have helped me with my study - known professionals in their fields. I thank them so much for having shared with me their great knowledge and wisdom on the different topics touched in my thesis. These include in no particular order: Mr. Carmelito A. Tatlonghari, Eng. Artessa Saldivar-Sali, Mr. Wally del Mundo, Arch. Iskandar Shafie of Terelay, Arch, Eng. Noel Verdote of DOE , Ms. Helen Arias of DOE, Arch. Geronimo Manahan, Mr. Jesus Anunciacion of DOE, Arch. Delfa Uy, and Mr. Erwin Serafica of the Energy Efficiency Department of the NEC. There are also individuals who I want to thank for extending a helping hand during my study. These include, in no particular order: Ms. Karen Grande, Ms. Rose Sumulong, Ms. Hazel Vicencio, Mrs. Vicky Capito, and Ms. Elizabeth Navalta –all from DOE; Mrs. Leonisa C. De La Llana, Mrs. Jessica V. Santos, Mrs. Ruth David, Ms. Nikki Lirios, Ms. Jenn – all from Meralco, Mr. Mark Gomez, Mrs. Tony Yulo, Mr. Nubla of Mirant, , Mr. Ferdie Aguila of Aguila Glass, Ms. Ferrier of HUDCC, Ms. Grace Edralin, Ms. Celine Sychangco, Mr. Ellery Luague, Ms. Shirley Cuevas, Ms. Cynthia Layusa, Ms. Zenaida Ugat, Ms. Cheryl Prudente, and all the people at NHA, HUDCC, DOE, and Meralco! I would like to thank my fellow batch mates for their support. I love you all! I hope that I have not left out anybody and if I did - my sincerest apologies. Thank you again for all the support and help!
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Table of Contents
i. Title Page …….. 1
ii. Executive Summary …….. 2-3
iii. Acknowledgements …….. 4
iv. Table of Contents …….. 5-6
I. Project Background …….. 7-27
a. The Research Problem and Its Setting
i. Rationale …….. 7
ii. Statement of the Problem …….. 8
iii. The Setting of the Problem
1. Delimitation of the Problem …….. 10
2. Definition of Terms …….. 12
3. Assumptions …….. 13
4. Significance of Study …….. 14
5. Theoretical Framework …….. 16
b. Hypothesis …….. 19
c. Methodology …….. 19
d. Review of Literature …….. 23
II. Present Conditions Analysis …….. 28-61
a. Present Conditions and Baseline Studies
i. Demographic Data …….. 28
ii. Industry Profile …….. 43
iii. Baseline Studies …….. 46
III. Data Analysis …….. 62-76
a. Energy Situation Analysis …….. 62
b. Business As Usual Consumption Density Analysis …….. 67
c. Viability Studies …….. 73
IV. The Indicative and Investigative Survey …….. 77-140
a. The Framework …….. 77
i. Business as Usual Case …….. 79
ii. Efficient-State Replacement Sets …….. 82
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b. The Results …….. 92-121
c. Analysis of Results …….. 122-130
d. Architectural Program for the Design Application …….. 131-140
i. Missions, Visions, Goals, PR’s …….. 133
ii. Summary of Analysis of Results …….. 137-140
V. The Translation Guidelines …….. 141-147
a. Required State Program …….. 141
b. Concept Breakdown …….. 142
c. Guidelines for Building Envelope …….. 143
VI. Design Application of Guidelines …….. 148-188
a. Introduction …….. 148
b. Space Program …….. 149
c. The Prototype Houses …….. 159
i. Prototype Houses basic Design …….. 159
ii. Prototype House A …….. 163
iii. Prototype House B …….. 172
d. Project Estimate …….. 182
e. Project Schedule …….. 187
VII. Handbook for Designers and Other Users …….. 189-210
a. Introduction …….. 189
b. Concept …….. 193
c. Guidelines …….. 195
d. Building Envelope Prescriptions …….. 197
e. Replacement Sets …….. 200
VIII. List of Units of Measurement …….. 211
IX. List of Acronyms …….. 212
X. Conversion Rates …….. 213-214
XI. List of Tables and Figures …….. 215-218
XII. Appendices …….. 219
XIII. Bibliography …….. 220-224
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PROJECT BACKGROUND
1. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
1.1 Rationale
The Philippines continues to experience an energy crisis as the cost of
crude oil escalates on a regular basis. This crisis is partly due to the present
heavy reliance of fossil fuel-based energy production in the country. The
increasing demand for energy and the continued reliance on fossil fuel-
based sources is leaving the country in an unsustainable situation. The
government cannot continue to support the country’s long-term energy
needs without compromising resources for other aspects of development.
The current trend in energy consumption cannot be sustained without
potentially causing damage to the environment as well as the economy.
Currently fifty-five percent of our energy needs are supplied by fossil
fuels, thirty-seven percent of which is crude oil (PEPU, 2005). It is
estimated that by 2014 the country will need to import an additional 141
million barrels of fuel oil equivalent (MMBFOE) in the form of crude oil
in order to meet the growing demand for energy (PEPU,2005).
Energy-efficient technologies have been invented and introduced into the
marketplace in order to help reduce the existing energy demands. This is
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done by making energy consuming devices work with less energy. This is
also achieved when technologies induce the consumption of less energy or
reduce the required consumption of energy.
However, to date, very few designers use energy-efficient technologies in
architectural designs. Additionally, there is a dearth of materials and
references that can be used as a guide for using energy-efficient
technologies in the Philippines. The Department of Energy continues to
promote the use of these technologies but the concepts need to be
understood by designers and translated into ideas that are easy to apply
during the design stage (MEETSP, 1998).
Household energy consumption can be reduced by using environment
friendly and energy-efficient technologies. A framework that will
benchmark energy performance for housing developments will be a
valuable tool in realizing a reduction in the overall energy consumption of
housing developments in the Philippines.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.2.1 Main Problem
By how much can energy-efficient technologies help decrease the
average energy consumption per density of housing developments?
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Can a benchmark leading to a design framework for housing
developments be set based on these reductions?
1.2.2 Sub-Problems
1.2.2.1 Where can energy-efficient technologies be applied in
the energy consumption pattern of households to achieve
the largest impact?
1.2.2.2 How much reduction of energy consumption per density
in housing developments does each type of energy-efficient
technology contribute and what combinations work best in
reducing average energy consumption?
1.2.2.3 Can a housing benchmark be made for energy-efficient
designs based on the reduction measured in energy
consumption when compared to a “Business as Usual”
setting?
1.2.2.4 What are the cost benefits versus the initial cost in the
long-term of attaining the benchmark in housing
developments?
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1.2.2.5 What other related benefits does energy-efficient
technologies generate aside from reducing average energy
consumption per density?
1.2.2.6 Can we formulate a template for designers through a
benchmark and quantify the reduction of average energy
consumption per density for each technology introduced to
various house types?
1.3 The Setting of the Problem
1.3.1 Delimitation of the Problem
Site Selection
In determining the site, the following factors were considered: (1)
levels of present and future urbanization, (2) condition or nature of
housing developments of the area, (3) nature of households in the area,
(4) population growth rate of the area, (5) receptivity of government or
private institutions to the study, (6) availability of energy-efficient
technologies in the area. In view of the factors stated above, one area
was identified to be favorable in Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna.
Characteristic of Housing Development
The study will only be concerned with middle income group housing.
Energy-efficient technologies, active or passive, require significant
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monetary investment. The lower income groups will not be able to
sustain adoption of these energy-efficient technologies without
external funding support. For this reason the middle income group
housing is the target of the study.
Characteristics of Beneficiaries
The identified target beneficiaries will be designers, house buyers,
architects, developers, planners, and other related professionals in the
government, non-government, semi-government, and private
institutions.
Data Coverage
Data coverage will be limited to information on energy consumption
patterns for housing and housing developments; energy reduction
measurement of energy-efficient technology which include: basic
passive design technologies, basic lighting fixture technologies, and
basic housing construction material substitutions. In calculating for
overall thermal transfer value of the residential structure, only the
walls and windows, not the roofing, shall be considered. In calculating
for thermal comfort, climatological norms will be averaged into
months within a year.
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1.3.2 Definition of Terms
1.3.2.1 Energy – Capacity to do work, that is, the condition of a
physical situation from one state to another. Common units
are Kilowatt hours (KWh) and Megawatt hours (MWh).
(Asis, 2002)
1.3.2.2 Energy-efficient/Energy efficiency – Doing more with
equal or less energy input. (UNIDO, 2005)
1.3.2.3 Average energy consumption per density – energy
divided by time over a certain area. For example kilowatt-
hour/meter squared. (Energy Star, 2005)
1.3.2.4 Benchmark – A standard by which the current situation
can be measured or judged (Dictionary, 2005). Also, a
standard by which comparison and assessments can be
made.
1.3.2.5 Life cycle – The specific duration of which a device is
measured for a certain variable. For example, the life cycle
of an incandescent bulb over a six month period measuring
its performance energy-wise.
1.3.2.6 Energy-efficient technologies – technologies that
contain either energy-efficient standby power devices,
energy saving mechanisms or reduced energy consumption.
1.3.2.7 Energy Performance (of buildings) – a measurement of
the ability of a structure to use energy wisely through a
comparison of energy need and actual energy consumption.
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1.3.2.8 Kilowatt-hour – unit of measurement for energy. May
be expressed as 1 KWh equals 3,412.14 BTUs or 895.845
kilocalories or 3.6 megajoules or 1.34102 horse
powerhours. (PEPU, 2005)
1.3.2.9 Exterior Closure or Building Envelope – The outer
shape of a building. The maximum extent of the envelope
of any building type that may be defined by zoning laws.
The exterior framework or walls and roof of a building.
(Ching, 1997; Burden, 2003)
1.3.3 Assumptions
The study assumes that energy-efficient technologies have certain
physical and quantifiable limits to their published outputs.
Furthermore, all technologies are affected by the climate conditions in
which they are made to operate. It is also assumed that housing design
interventions will be limited to basic housing construction material
technologies, which include walls and fenestrations, and basic lighting
fixture technologies.
Additionally, energy demand will increase globally with the bulk in
developing countries (UNIDO, 2005). It is assumed that residential or
housing developments contribute a large amount to the total energy
consumption and to the total growth in greenhouse gas emissions.
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Evidently, energy consumption of housing developments will continue
to grow as housing developments increase.
Specifically, it is assumed that the case study housing development
will be powered on-grid electrically. Also, this assumes that any
calculations made for reduction of carbon dioxide emissions be based
on the current energy production trend of the grid connection.
1.3.4 Significance of the Study
The study deals with how energy consumption can be reduced by
employing technologies that affect the energy efficiency of the
structure. This study will benefit various entities and advocacies:
home owners, building professionals, government, non-government,
semi-government, private institutions, and also the protection of the
environment.
To Home Owners
The home owner benefits by being able to base decisions on building
an energy-efficient home on the template. The home owners also can
adopt performance contracting based on this template that is being
practiced in other countries. This will lead to future economic savings
for the home owner and also contribution to protecting the
environment.
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To Architects, Designers and Related Professions
A framework can help simplify the application of energy-efficient
technologies in housing developments, therefore, encouraging the use
of these technologies and giving the user an accurate account of
benefits from installing technologies individually or in sets.
Architects, developers, designers, policy-makers, and other related
professions can benefit from a template which delineates performance
or cost-benefits of specific energy-efficient technologies as applied to
housing developments.
The template and its benchmark will become the target for the designer
in making an energy-efficient housing development by applying
energy-efficient technology. Housing developments may now use this
framework for achieving energy efficiency goals and will help
contribute to reducing reliance on imported fossil-fuel based energy
production in the country.
To Government, Non-government, Semi-government and Private
Institutions
This framework and its template can be used by government, non-
government, semi-government and private institutions. The
framework can be a component of the environmental impact
assessment study – specifically for housing developments. The
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framework can also be used by the Department of Energy in its Energy
Use Standards for Buildings Electricity Efficiency and Conservation
Program.
To the Environment
The study will encourage the research into other applications of
energy-efficient technologies aside from housing developments. The
long-term perceived benefits may stimulate industry and business into
energy-efficient housing.
Most importantly, the benefits of the study are long-term solutions for
the energy crisis and the protection of the environment. The
conservation of energy will help reduce the importation of fuel
requirements of the country and help in the reduction of greenhouse
gases by reducing the need for more power from fossil-fuel based
power plants.
1.3.5 Theoretical Framework
The study will work within the framework presented in Fig. 1.3.5.1.
The intervention can be categorized into two types – passive and
active. Where active are mechanical systems and passive are building
or construction materials. These two interventions comprise the
energy efficient technologies for housing developments. The
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framework will address issues regarding energy efficiency in housing
developments through the use of prescription based guidelines. The
intervention of the study will be evident to private developers, housing
developments, architects and other related professions, as well as
government agencies. The benefits are reduced energy demand and
equivalently, reduced energy importation requirements; and reduced
greenhouse gas emissions and equivalently, reduced environmental
impact.
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Theoretical Framework Diagram (Fig. 1.3.5.1)
Framework For Applying Energy-efficient Technologies In Housing Developments
Energy-efficient Technologies
Building Industry
Power Plant PNOC/NAPOCOR
Distribution MERALCO
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
Architects Engineers Other Professionals
Middle-Income HOUSEHOLD
PRIVATE DEVELOPER
GOV’T AGENCY
HLURB, DENR
Activities
Consumption
Passive Technology Intervention
Active Technology Intervention
Energy Consumption COST
“Business as Usual”
Reduced Energy Consumption COST
Energy-efficient Scenario
Environmental Impact Energy Demand
Reduced Environmental Impact and Energy Demand
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2. HYPOTHESIS
A template can be formulated using data on reduction of average energy
consumption per density of a housing development when the application of
energy-efficient technologies is introduced, thus, leading to long-term economic
savings and reduced environmental impact.
3. METHODOLOGY
The methodology in the survey will be theoretically grounded on the post-
positivism research approach. The study will use a case-study and logical
argumentation as research strategies. Tactics for the study include observation,
field visits, interviews, collection of data from secondary sources, mapping and
use of computer programs. The study is limited to a duration of one academic
semester from June to September of the year two-thousand and five.
3.1 Systems of Inquiry
The study will employ the post positivism research approach. This
approach will enable the study to be grounded on the scientific and
objective conclusions of its calculation and analysis of data. This
approach will also require the analysis of the unit variable – which is the
energy consumption per density and its relationship to design interventions
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through energy-efficient technologies. Furthermore, by using this research
approach the research study will preserve its context and allow future re-
analysis of the data and its conclusions using qualitative methods (AOM,
2005).
3.2 Research Design or Strategy
The research design will use a combination of logical argumentation and
case studies. The approach of the study is bottom-up, starting from the
level of energy consumption patterns of the individual household in a
housing development, energy efficiency will then be calculated for the
whole residence. The benchmark will be based on the measurements and
calculations of energy efficiency of a “Business as Usual” setting
compared with a set-up using the selected energy-efficient technologies.
Assessment of the impact on the environment due to the reduction of
energy consumptions and thus the reduction in carbon dioxide emission
will be based on the emissions coefficients of the fuels by which the
energy is obtained (GCGHGI, 2002).
3.3 Tactics
The following instruments and tactics will be used in the study:
observation, surveys, interviews, collection of data from secondary
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sources, and use of computer programs. The Methodology Flowchart (Fig.
3.3.1) shows how the study will tackle the problem.
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Data Collection/Research
Selection of energy-efficient technologies
Application of selected technologies in the housing
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4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Energy Situation, Residential and Household
In the Philippine Energy Plan Update for year 2005, energy independence is listed
as one of the five reform packages under the Philippine Plan Framework. The
update reflects this through its title: “Towards Energy Independence & Power
Market Reforms.” Under the same framework – Energy Independence is cited
under the Energy Sector Agenda as a goal to achieve the country’s energy and
environmental goals. Furthermore, it identifies Energy Use Standards for
Buildings as a means to reach the goals under the Electricity Efficiency and
Conservation Program.
An ongoing study by the National Statistics Office entitled the “Household
Energy Consumption Survey” which was started in July 2003, aims to determine
the energy consumption patterns of the residential sector.
The Census of Population and Housing of 2001 by the National Statistics Office
provides statistical information on the number of households and household types
in the different regions in the Philippines.
The Philippine Statistical Yearbook of 2002 by the National Statistics
Coordination Board provides details on the population regarding housing type per
income, household income expenditure by income decile, and other household
demographics.
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Studies and Technologies related to Energy Efficiency
In the book by Arch. Geronimo Manahan, Passive Cooling Technologies for
Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities, extensive information on the wise-use of
energy in architecture is written and detailed. The book has technical descriptions
of the many processes underlying the field of passive cooling technologies such as
solar control in buildings, inducing air movement, and the sol-air approach. These
descriptions include mathematical equations and models of thermal heat transfer,
conductivity, heat load calculations and procedures for calculating intensity of
solar radiation to name but a few.
The Act on Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Electricity Production of Denmark (Act
No. 376, June 2, 1999) has written down a list of carbon dioxide emission factors
for different fuels.
A report by the National Home Builders Association of Maryland, USA entitled
“A Net-Zero Fossil Fuel Use Home Case Study” employs new and existing
technologies in the building shell as well as technologies for heating and cooling
to reduce energy consumption. The case-study also shows how a building can
produce self-sufficient energy at times of peak consumption.
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building
Rating System for Homes (LEED-H), based in the United States, is “a voluntary,
consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable
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buildings”. The LEED-H provides a complete framework for assessing building
performance, including energy efficiency, to meet sustainability goals for
residential buildings. This provides for a possible framework of a similar nature
in the Philippines.
The Energy Audit of the Hizon Residential Building by the Energy Efficiency
Division gives an example of an energy audit of a residential structure. The study
presents an energy consumption profile for the residence and lists down all
electricity consuming appliances in the house. The study also states the estimated
savings in pesos per year for every technological intervention introduced as part of
the recommendation. Additionally, information on capital cost and simple
payback in years is included in the study.
The report DSM in the Pacific – An Analysis Manual, prepared by SCRI for the
South Pacific Forum Secretariat Energy Division delineates DSM options for
pacific-rim countries. There is also an extensive list of DSM technologies and
their detailed specifications.
The report “Volume II, Appendix J, DSM Assessment Results” is a compilation of
energy-efficient technologies that were assessed according to the different regions
in the Philippines. These include the technologies available and currently in use
by each region and their corresponding benefit to the users.
DSM related studies in the Philippines
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The report entitled “The Market for Energy-efficient Technologies and Services in
the Philippines” by the Export Council for Energy Efficiency, studies the potential
of demand side management programs in the country. The report presents data on
the current market drivers for energy efficiency, the current climate for the
introduction of energy-efficient technologies and services, and most importantly
the potential savings of the country through energy efficiency. This data includes
information on the current use and distribution of energy-efficient technologies in
the country. Also, laws and regulations related to energy efficiency in residential
sectors are also discussed.
The report “Energy Efficiency Indicators and Potential Savings in APEC
Economies” by the Asia Pacific Energy Research Center, Institute of Energy
Economics, Japan provides an extensive look into the technical and statistical
detail of the energy efficiency aspect of the APEC economies. A report on the
Philippines states the current status of energy efficiency programs in the country,
describes the programs objectives, and states the major impediments to energy
conservation in the country.
The Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology Transfer, A Hawaii-Philippines
Case Study aims to present a future scenario which the Philippines can take in
energy deregulation specifically in energy efficiency by using the State of Hawaii
policies as a reference. The book has extensive information on DSM technologies
that deal with lightings, architectural building form, laws pertaining to the
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building code and energy code, appliance standards and practice, environment and
greenhouse gas emissions, and performance contracting.
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2. PRESENT CONDITIONS ANALYSIS
2. PRESENT CONDITIONS AND BASELINE STUDIES
2.1 Demographic Data
2.1.1 Energy Demographics
2.1.1.1 Final energy consumption in the country rose 3.2 percent from
189.7 MMBFOE in 2002 to 195.9 MMBFOE in 2003. Energy
demand will grow at 4.7 percent annually for the next decade
and will amount to 335 MMBFOE in 2014. (DOEPEP, 2005)
2.1.1.2 Electricity consumption in the country for 2003 totaled 42,642
GWh or a 10.4 percent growth from the previous year’s 38,625
GWh. (DOEPEP, 2005)
2.1.1.3 The primary energy supply of the country grew by 2.2 percent
from 255.4 MMBFOE in 2002 to 260.9 MMBFOE in 2003.
(DOEPEP, 2005)
2.1.1.4 Currently 36.5 percent of the country’s oil is imported and
another 6.4 percent of coal is imported. Imported energy is
forecasted to grow 3.9 percent over the next ten years.
Imported energy supply will account for 42.9 percent of the
total energy supply in 2005 with a corresponding volume of
122.5 MMBFOE. (DOEPEP, 2005)
2.1.1.5 Energy use by the residential sector amounted to 74.7
MMBFOE in 2003 compared to 71.5 MMBFOE of the
previous year. This amounted to 38.1 percent of the total
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energy consumption of the country. Electricity consumption by
the residential sector in 2005 will amount to 10.06 MMBFOE
or 4.65 percent of the total energy mix. Savings from energy
efficiency and conservation will have amounted to 10.84
MMBFOE in 2005 or 5 percent of the total energy mix. An
aggregated energy savings of 240.8 MMBFOE is estimated for
the next ten years. (DOEPEP, 2005)
2.1.1.6 Electric energy consumption by the residential sector in 2001
was at 10,098 million kilowatt-hours. (NSCB, 2002)
2.1.1.7 Energy consumption in 2004 has resulted in 73.7 MMMT in
carbon dioxide emissions. The carbon dioxide emission level is
expected to grow at an average annual rate of 6.1 percent from
77 MMMT in 2005 to 131.1 MMMT by 2014. (DOEPEP,
2005)
2.1.2 Household Energy Consumption
2.1.2.1 The estimated no. of households in the National Capital Region
numbers 2,132,989. The average monthly household income is
P12, 384.67 and the average household size is 5.03. The
estimated population is 9,932,560. The average household size
was at 4.63 persons. (NSOCHP-M, 2001)
2.1.2.2 Electricity is the main source of power for lighting, recreation,
space cooling, cooking and refrigeration, ranking first at 83.9
percent household usage. Urban households that use electricity
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account for 91.8 percent of the total urban households or
5,866,000 households out of 6,391,000 households. Household
electricity consumption in 1995 was at 8,134 GWh or an
increase of 18.8 percent from 1989. Of this, 1,404 GWh was
urban electricity consumption or an increase of 27.8 percent.
(HECS, 1995)
2.1.2.3 Household energy consumption by end-use shows that eighty
percent of households use electricity to light homes and power
appliances for recreation. Around Fifty percent of households
use electricity for space cooling. Urban Households use
electricity most for lighting at 93.1 percent of households. A
majority also use electricity for space cooling at 69.6 percent of
households, and ironing at 65 percent. Forty-six percent use
electricity for refrigeration, sixteen percent for cooking and
food preparation, and a mere two-point-three percent for
heating water for bathing. (HECS, 1995)
2.1.2.4 Households earning P25,000 and above constitute 466,000
households, of these, eighty-nine point five percent use
electricity.
2.1.2.5 Average home spends up to 25 percent of its monthly electric
bill on lighting and may save up to 15 percent by using energy-
efficient lighting products and practices. (HECS, 1995)
2.1.2.6 Table 2.1.2.6.1 – Number of Households (’000) Using
Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class,
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Urban 1995 shows the usage of incandescent and fluorescent
lamps according to monthly income class. (HECS, 1995)
Table 2.1.2.6.1 – Number of Households (’000) Using Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class, Urban 1995
Monthly Income Class and Area
Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent Lamp
Urban P10,000 -14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000
4280 681 406 240
4809 795 425 249
2.1.2.7 Table 2.1.2.7.1 – Average Urban Household Appliance
Electricity Consumption, 1995, KWh shows the typical
appliances used in an urban household and their corresponding
average electricity consumption in kilowatt-hour.
Table 2.1.2.7.1 – Average Urban Household Appliance Electricity
Consumption, 1995, KWh Appliance Used Urban
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Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent Lamp CFL Rice Cooker Electric Stove Electric Oven Water Heater Radio/Tape Recorder Stereo Karaoke B/W TV Colored TV VHS / BETAMAX Ordinary Refrigerator Frost-free Refrigerator Freezer Air Conditioner Electric Fan Iron Washing Machine Water Pump
Table 2.3.1.1.2 – Impact on Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005
April ‘05
Estimated June 2005 Total Increase
Percentage Increase
Bill Amount With NPC increase Increase due to
W/o Vat W/ VAT NPC Increase
VAT
171.01
318.98
569.07
1,454.77
2,284.03
3,174.98
4,253.36
5,103.01
5,957.66
6,817.31
7,676.95
8,536.60
177.33
330.50
589.31
1,505.38
2,359.95
3,276.21
4,379.90
5,254.86
6,134.81
7,019.77
7,904.72
8,789.68
191.02
356.07
635.00
1,622.26
2,543.21
3,530.67
4,720.19
5,663.13
6,611.06
7,564.00
8,516.93
9,469.86
6.33
11.52
20.25
50.62
75.92
101.23
126.54
151.85
177.15
202.46
227.77
253.08
13.69
25.58
45.68
116.87
183.26
254.46
340.29
408.27
476.25
544.23
612.21
680.19
20.01
37.09
65.93
167.49
259.18
355.69
466.83
560.12
653.40
746.69
839.98
933.26
11.70%
11.63%
11.59%
10.51%
11.35%
11.20%
10.98%
10.98%
10.97%
10.95%
10.94%
10.93%
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Table 2.3.1.1.3 –Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005
Rate per KWh
(April)
Estimated June 2005 Total Increase
Percentage Increase
Bill Amount With NPC increase Increase due to
W/o Vat W/ VAT NPC Increase
VAT
3.4201
4.5569
5.6907
7.2738
7.6134
3.5467
4.7214
5.8931
7.5269
7.8665
3.8204
5.0868
6.3500
8.1113
8.4774
0.1265
0.1645
0.2025
0.2531
0.2531
0.2737
0.3654
0.4568
0.5844
0.6109
0.4002
0.5299
0.6593
0.8374
0.8639
3.70
3.61
3.56
3.48
3.32
50
70
100
200
300
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7.9374
8.5067
8.5050
8.5109
8.5216
8.5299
8.5366
8.1905
8.7598
8.7581
8.7640
8.7747
8.7830
8.7897
8.8267
9.4404
9.4385
9.444
9.4550
9.4633
9.4699
0.2531
0.2531
0.2531
0.2531
0.2531
0.2531
0.2531
0.6362
0.6806
0.6805
0.6804
0.6803
0.6802
0.6802
0.8892
0.9337
0.9335
0.9334
0.9334
0.9333
0.9333
3.19
2.98
2.98
2.97
2.97
2.97
2.96
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2.3.1.2 According to the unbundling requirement by the ERC through
Republic Act 9136 or the Electric Power Industry Reform Act
(EPIRA) are the following:
2.3.1.2.1 The system loss charge due to technical and non-
technical reasons cannot exceed 9.5 percent of total
charge.
2.3.1.2.2 Under Section 73 of the EPIRA, the ERC established
the Lifeline Discount or Lifeline subsidy for customers
consuming below 100KWh per month. Discounts will
be given through the following: 50 percent discount for
customers consuming less than 50 KWh, 35 percent
discount for customers consuming between 51 and 71
KWh, and 25 percent discount for customers consuming
between 71 and 100 KWh. The discount will be
sourced from the additional P0.0761 paid per KWh of
customers consuming more than 100 KWh.
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The number of residential customers under the Lifeline
subsidy totaled to 1.32 million or 40.32 percent of
MERALCO’s total residential customers. (PDP, 2005)
2.3.1.2.3 Interclass subsidy will provide P0.7130 per KWh
subsidy for all residential customers. This subsidy will
come from commercial and industrial customers.
2.3.1.3 Electricity Sales to Residential Customers by Meralco topped
8, 741.6 million KWhs for the year 2004 up by almost 10
percent from four years earlier and higher by 214.3 million
KWhs from the previous year (MAR, 2004).
2.3.1.4 The brochure “A Guide to Appliance Energy Use” presents
data on the wattage, daily use, and KWh per month of certain
appliances and fixtures. The brochure information is found in
Appendix I.
2.3.2 Energy Conserving Design Guidelines for Buildings, DOE
2.3.2.1 Building Envelope
2.3.2.1.1 The design criterion for the building envelope is known
as the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The
OTTV requirement is ultimately aimed at minimizing
external heat gain and thereby reduce the cooling load
of the air conditioning system.
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The OTTV equations developed for the Philippines are
limited to offices and hotels. However, they are still
indicative of the external heat gain of any building. The
formula for Hotels will be used in this study since it
resembles a residence more than an office. Tables 3.1 to
3.7 as found in Appendix I will be used to calculating the
OTTV. The maximum allowable OTTV value is 48 watts
per square meter. The OTTVh for hotels is as follows:
OTTVh = 5.40 A (1-WWR) Uw + 1.10 (WWR) Ug + SF
(WWR) SC
Where:
A is solar absorptance of the opaque wall,
WWR is the window-to-wall ratio for the orientation under
consideration,
Uw is the U-value of the opaque wall,
Ug is the U-value of the glass,
SF is the Solar Factor, and
SC is the shading coefficient of window glass.
The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) for the total
wall area of the building shall be determined using the
equation below:
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OTTV = A1 (OTTV1) + A2 (OTTV2) + … + Ai (OTTVi)
A1 + A2 + … + Ai
Where:
Ai is the Gross Area of the ith exterior wall in square
meters,
OTTVi is the overall thermal transfer value for the ith wall,
as calculated using OTTVh equation.
2.3.3 Passive Cooling Technologies for Buildings in Hot-Humid
Localities
2.3.3.1 Windows - Double pane windows using either a combination of
heat-reflective, heat absorbing, glare-reducing and transparent
film simulation are effective in hot-humid localities.
2.3.3.2 Table 4 in Appendix I show the Percentage of Solar Radiation
Absorbed by Selected Building Materials and Insulating Values
of Building Materials, respectively.
2.3.3.3 Sol-air
2.3.3.3.1 According to Borra, et al, Sol-air temperature is the
temperature that would give the same temperature
distribution and rate of heat entry into a surface in the
absence of solar radiation. The following formula is
used to calculate Sol-air:
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SOLAIR = to + It/ho - R/ho
Where:
to - is outside temperature
It - is 1.15(Solar Factor) in w/m2
/ho - is Absorption Coefficient
R/ho - is 0 for vertical surfaces and 2.524oC for
horizontal surfaces
2.3.3.4 Bioclimatic Chart
2.3.3.4.1 Shows temperature as a function of humidity. Values
will be based on the climatological norms of Metro
Manila and Laguna, comfort zones will be based on the
Bioclimatic Chart on page 20 of the book “Passive
Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-Humid
Localities” by G.V. Manahan. The Bioclimatic Chart is
at Appendix I, “Bioclimatic Chart.”
2.3.4 Current Methodologies, Standards and Formulas
2.3.4.1 From the report entitled “Energy Efficiency Indicators and
Potential Energy Savings in APEC Economies” by the Asia
Pacific Energy Research Centre for the year 2002, on the
section Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Measures
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are found formulas commonly used for energy efficiency
projects as indicators of economic feasibility. These formulas
include the net present value (NPV) and the simple payback
period (SPP).
Net present value represents the sum of all discounted annual
benefits less costs over the life cycle of the project
implementing energy saving measure. The formula is given as:
NPV = Ni=1 (Bi – Ci) / (1 + d)i
Where:
Bi is the project benefit in year “i” mainly the price of the saved
energy,
Ci is capital, operation and maintenance costs in year “i”,
“d” is a sector-specific discount rate, reflecting the cost of capital,
and
N is the lifetime of the project.
A positive NPV indicates that the project is economically viable. It
is assumed that there will be no maintenance costs and that the
lifetime of the project is set at 5 years.
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The simple payback period is defined as the number of years
required to cover initial investment costs (Io) by average
discounted revenues (Rav) generated in the project:
SPP = Io / Rav
According to the report, values commonly vary from two to five
years.
2.3.4.2 In the approved simplified indicative baseline methodology of
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
for small scale clean development mechanism (CDM) projects,
measurement for demand-side energy efficiency programmes
for specific technologies are presented. The methodology
states that if the energy displaced is electricity, the energy
baseline can be calculated as follows:
EB = Σi (ni . pi . oi)/(1 - l)
Where:
EB is the annual energy baseline in KWh per year,
Σi is the sum over the group of “i” devices replaced (e.g. 40 W
incandescent bulb, 5hp motor) for which the replacement is
operating during the year,
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ni is the number of devices of the group “i” devices replaced (e.g.
40 W incandescent bulb, 5hp motor) for which the replacement is
operating during the year,
pi is the power of the devices of the group “i” devices replaced (e.g.
40 W, 5hp). In the case of new installations, “power” is the
weighted average of the devices on the market,
oi is the average annual operating hours of the devices of the group
“i” devices replaced, and
l is the average technical distribution losses for the grid serving the
locations where the devices are installed, expressed as a fraction.
The energy baseline is multiplied by an emission coefficient
(measured in kg CO2equ/KWh) for the electricity displaced.
Based on the carbon dioxide emission factors for different fuels
found at Appendix 1 of Act on CO2 Quotas for Electricity
Production SLP, Danish Energy Agency, 2001, and using the
conversion rate of 278 GJ equals 1 kilowatt-hour, the carbon
dioxide emission factors for different fuels found at Table 2.3.4.2.1
can be used with the energy baseline previously mentioned.
Table 2.3.4.2.1 – Carbon Dioxide Emission factors for Different Fuels, referring to lower calorific value
Fuel CO2 kg/KWh
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Coal
Refinery Gas
LPG
LVN (Light Virgin Nafta)
Motor Gasoline
Aviation Gasoline
Kerosene
Jet A-1
Gas/Diesel Oil
Fuel Oil
Orimulsion
Petroleum Coke
Spent Lubricants
Natural Gas
Coke
Lignite
Town Gas
Straw
Woodchips
Firewood
Wood pellets
Wood Waste
Biogas
Fish oil
Waste
0.341722619
0.204676259
0.23381295
0.23381295
0.262589928
0.262589928
0.258992806
0.258992806
0.26618705
0.28057554
0.287769784
0.366906475
0.28057554
0.204676259
0.377697842
0.348920863
0.204676259
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.3.4.3 From the report Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology
Transfer, a Hawaii – Philippines Case Study, the ASHRAE
(American Society for Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-
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conditioning Engineers) Standard 90.1R or Building Envelope
Requirements for Residences are found. This is listed as
Tables 1 and 2 under Appendix I.
In the same book under the Guam Lighting Requirements,
residences or lodgings are allowed a maximum power density of 11
watts per square meter. Under the Guam Window Requirements
Low-Rise Residential building types are allowed any window to
wall ratio, are required tinted glass for un-shaded windows, no
requirement for partially shaded windows and well shaded or north
south facing windows.
In the same book under the Hawaii Energy Code, insulation for
walls is required when the wall is un-shaded.
The report also states that prescriptive requirements would allow
the easier implementation of energy codes. Through prescriptive
requirements rather than calculations and formula requirements, the
architect or designer and others in the industry will know
immediately what they must do. It takes the mystery out of the
standards in the energy code and makes the requirements more
understandable.
The report also discusses performance contracting as a possibility
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to ensure the implementation and adoption of energy-efficient
demand side management. The report states two means –
guaranteed savings and shared savings. The guaranteed savings is
more widely used and is preferred by US Energy Service
Companies (ESCOs). The guaranteed savings model works as
follows:
“The building owner and the ESCO agree on a package of
energy-efficient improvements. The ESCO agrees to install
the package of measures in the owner’s building for a fixed
amount and guarantees that the energy savings will exceed
an agreed-upon amount.
The building owner borrows money from a lending
institution or draws from existing reserves to pay for the
package of measures. The loan principal should be large
enough to pay for the package of improvements. The
payment required to amortize the loan should be less than
the guaranteed savings.
The ESCO implements the package of energy-efficient
improvements and is compensated by the owner from the
borrowed or existing funds.
The energy performance of the building is monitored and
compared with the base case. The base case is the energy
use of the building prior to the installation of the package of
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energy-efficient measures. The energy savings are the
difference between the base case and the monitored
performance.
If the energy savings are less than the amount guaranteed
by the ESCO, the ESCO pays the owner the difference.
This guarantees the owner that the savings will be greater
than the payment required to amortize the loan.”
2.3.5 PAG-ASA Weather Data
2.3.5.1 Metro Manila Climatological Norms
2.3.5.1.1 Data on Metro Manila (Manila, Quezon City, and Pasay
City) Climatological Norms are found in Appendix I as
Normals – A to – C.
2.3.5.2 Laguna Climatological Norms
2.3.5.2.1 Data on Laguna Climatological Norms is found in
Appendix I as Normals – D.
2.3.6 Laws and Legislation
2.3.6.1 Local Legislation
2.3.6.1.1 LLDA Mandate
2.3.6.1.2 Republic Act 8749, “Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”
2.3.6.1.2.1 Under Article Two Section 31 it states:
“SEC. 31. Greenhouse Gases. – The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) shall regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental conditions including ozone depletion and greenhouse gases and coordinate with the Department in order to
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effectively guide air pollution monitoring and standard- setting activities.
The Department, together with concerned agencies and local government units, shall prepare and fully implement a national plan consistent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other international agreements, conventions and protocols on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the country.”
2.3.6.2 International Treaties
2.3.6.2.1 United Nations Framework Convention for Climate
Change
2.3.6.2.1.1 According to the Initial National Communication on
Climate Change of the Philippine Government to
the UNFCCC in 1999, the main area of concern for
the Philippines would be greenhouse gas emissions
from five important sectors: energy, industry,
agriculture, land use change/forestry and wastes.
Among the GHG cited as main concerns, carbon
dioxide was at the top of the listing. It is also stated
that GHG emissions for the energy sector are
primarily carbon dioxide, and the energy sector
comprises forty-nine percent of total GHG
emissions, of which twenty-seven percent is for
energy production and ten percent is residential
energy use.
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2.3.6.2.1.2 The study also states that with the attainment of
reductions GHG emissions temperature increases
through certain areas of the country can be
mitigated. These increases are projected at up to
three degrees annually. This mitigation of
temperature increase beneficial for the study since
the attainment of GHG emissions reductions hits
two goals with just one target – the other being
deferred use of air conditioning as a requirement
for an energy-efficient building envelope.
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3. DATA ANALYSIS
3.1 Energy Situation Analysis
3.1.1 General Energy Consumption
3.1.1.1 The country’s demand for energy continues to grow steadily at
4.7 percent, with this, imported energy will also increase by 3.9
percent over the next ten years.
3.1.1.2 The growth of energy demand in the Philippines will increase
as the population increases and also as the population’s demand
for goods and services increases.
3.1.1.3 The country has in place mechanisms to attain energy
sufficiency and energy independence.
3.1.2 Residential Power Consumption
3.1.2.1 The residential energy consumption amounted to 38 percent of
the total energy consumption of the country (Figure 3.1.2.1.1).
Figure 3.1.2.1.1 Residential Energy Consumption Pie
38%
62%
Residential Other Sectors
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3.1.2.2 Projected Savings will amount to 5% of total energy mix or a
10.84 MMBFOE in conservation (Figure 3.1.2.2.1). This
translates into 42 KWh reduction per month for every
household in the country for a span of one year.
Figure 3.1.2.2.1 Projected Savings for 2005
33%
62%
5%
Residential Other Sectors Savings from Residential
3.1.2.3 Approximately 28.10 MMMT in carbon dioxide emissions
were contributed by the residential sector energy consumption.
A total of 73.7 MMMT of carbon dioxide was emitted for
power generation in 2004.
3.1.2.4 Electricity was the main source of power for lighting,
recreation, space cooling, cooking and refrigeration in the NCR
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at 83.9%. Figure 3.1.2.4.1 shows the percentage of Urban
Households Using Electricity by Type of Use.
93.1
2.3
46
69.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
Lighting Heating Water for Bath Refrigeration Space Cooling
Figure 3.1.2.4.1 - Percentage of Urban Households Using Electricity by Type of Use (HECS 1995)
3.1.3 Average power consuming appliances and devices used
3.1.3.1 Figure 3.1.3.1.1 shows the consumption in KWh of basic
household appliances. The air conditioner is the largest
consumer.
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
KWh Consumption
Figure 3.1.3.1.1 Household Appliance Consumption in KWh (HECS 1995)
Incandescent Lamp
Fluorescent Lamp
CFL
Rice Cooker
Electric Stove
Electric Oven
Water Heater
Radio/Tape Recorder
Stereo
Karaoke
B/W TV
Colored TV
VHS / BETAMAX
Ordinary Refrigerator
Frost-free Refrigerator
Freezer
Air Conditioner
Electric Fan
Iron
Washing Machine
Water Pump
3.1.3.2 The top ten energy consuming appliance are as follows:
1. Air Conditioner (4,209.38) 2. Frost-Free Ref (1,219.25) 3. Electric Stove (745.64) 4. Freezer (725.82) 5. Electric Oven (513.21) 6. Ordinary Ref (394.54) 7. Water Pump (364.92) 8. Karaoke (354.77) 9. Water Heater (305.45) 10. Electric Fan (255.47)
Figure 3.1.3.2.1 shows this graphically.
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
KWh
Figure 3.1.3.2.1 - Top Ten Highest Consuming Household Appliance Air Conditioner
Frost-Free Ref
Electric Stove
Freezer
Electric Oven
Ordinary Ref
Water Pump
Karaoke
Water Heater
Electric Fan
3.1.3.3 Appliance Energy Consumption Addressable by Architecture
are as follows:
1. Air Conditioner (4,209.38) 2. Water Heater (305.45) 3. Electric Fan (255.47) 4. Fluorescent Lamp (118.47) 5. Incandescent Lamp (111.51) 6. CFL (65.10)
Figure 3.1.3.3.1 shows this graphically.
4209
.4
305.
45
255.
47
118.
47
111.
5165
.10
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
KWh
Figure 3.1.3.3.1 - Household Energy Consumption Addressable by Architecture Ranked by Electric
Consumption in KWh (HECS 1995)
Air Conditioner
Water Heater
Electric Fan
Fluorescent Lamp
Incandescent Lamp
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
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3.1.3.4 Total contribution to Appliance Energy Consumption
Addressable by Architecture to the Total Household Energy
Consumption based on all Appliances listed on Table 2.1.2.7.1
are as follows:
For List 1-6
With Duplicates (Refs)
10,473.95 KWh vs. 5,065.38 KWh or 48.35 percent
Without Duplicates
Only Frost Free Refrigerator:
9,980.41 KWh vs. 5,065.38 KWh or 50.75 percent
Only Ordinary Refrigerator:
9,254.7 KWh vs. 5,065.38 KWh or 54.73 percent
3.1.3.5 A 10 percent reduction as being pursued by the Department of
Energy for residential electricity use would amount to
equivalently 18.85 KWh average monthly reduction of the total
median average 2,262.3 KWh consumption annually for each
residential customer of Meralco for the National Capital
Region.
3.2 “Business As Usual” KWh/m2 Consumption Density Analysis
3.2.1 Establishing Middle Income Bracket
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3.2.1.1 From the standard NSO ten decile income categories, the
middle-income category can be classified.
3.2.1.1.1 Using the Low-Cost to Socialized Housing Definition
with the upper limit to the total housing at PhP 2
million.
3.2.1.1.2 Using the standard of the Social Weather Station
ACBDE class category system where, the upper classes,
ABC, make up the top 20 percent of the population
while the middle “D” class takes 65 percent and the
poverty stricken E’s taking the bottom 15 percent. The
middle “D” class is still divided into to subcategories
the D1 and D2, for this study they will be evenly split
and the higher D1 class will be considered
(SCMANGAHAS, 2000).
3.2.1.1.3 Using the poverty threshold for NCR to find out where
the dividing line for the poor or in poverty starts.
3.2.1.1.4 Using the Total Housing Expenditure and Percent tot
Total Family Expenditure by Decile to find out how
much does each family in a certain decile bracket spend
on rent or rental value of their house and lot.
3.2.1.1.5 Using the Average Income, Average Expenditure and
Average Savings of Families in order to ascertain how
much savings per year does each family have which can
be used to finance housing related projects.
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3.2.1.1.6 Using the Percentage Distribution of Total Family
Expenditure by Select Major Expenditure Groups in
order to ascertain the amount the family spends on
Housing.
3.2.1.1.7 By means of the Mean Family Income by Decile to
gauge the middle income bracket using points from
3.2.1.1.1 through 3.2.1.1.7 results in the following
(Table 3.2.1.1.7):
Table 3.2.1.1.7 – Income Bracket as ascertained by points 3.2.1.1.1 through 3.2.1.1.7 Decile Group Mean
Family Income (PhP)
Average 14.2
percent expenditure on Housing
(PhP)
Expenditure Class
Average Housing Expenditure Plus Average Savings
per Month
Income Bracket
First Decile
Second
Decile
Third Decile
Fourth
Decile
Fifth Decile
Sixth Decile
Seventh
Decile
Eight Decile
23,258
37,218
48,377
60,513
75,036
93,172
118,166
154,467
216,115
479,645
3,302.636
5,284.956
6,869.534
8,592.846
10,655.11
2
13,230.42
4
16,779.57
2
21,934.31
Under P10,000
10,000-19,999
20,000-29,999
30,000-39,999
40,000-49,999
50,000-59,999
60,000-79,999
80,000-99,999
100,000-
149,000
150,000-
249,000
250,000-
7,352.056
9,334.376
10,918.954
12,642.266
14,704.532
17,279.844
20,828.992
25,983.734
34,737.75
75,159.01
LOW
LOW
MIDDLE
LOW
MIDDLE
LOW
MIDDLE
LOW
MIDDLE
UPPER
MIDDLE
UPPER
MIDDLE
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Ninth
Decile
Tenth Decile
4
30,688.33
68,109.59
499,000
500,000 and
over
UPPER
MIDDLE
UPPER
MIDDLE
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
Notes:
1. Based on NCR Poverty Threshold of PhP 15,678.00
2. Based on SWS Social Class Category System ABCDE, where ABC comprise 20
percent, D comprise 65 percent, and E comprise 15 percent.
3. Based on Housing Average Expenditure on Total Housing Expenditure of 14.2
percent.
4. Based on Mean Family Income, Average Housing Income and Expenditure.
5. Based on NCR Average Savings of Families of PhP 48,593.00 annually or 4,049.42
monthly.
3.2.1.2 With the Average Monthly Housing Expenditure and Average
Monthly Savings calculated, it is concluded that the Middle
Income Bracket can afford housing developments or projects
within the range of approximately PhP 7,000 to PhP 30,000.
The upper limit has been increased by about 40 percent from
the actual to account for the mobility of the upper middle
bracket in terms of their financial capacity. With this range a
middle income family can afford a range of open market
subdivision developments.
3.2.2 Establishing Typical or Average Middle Income Residence
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3.2.2.1 Living Area Size or Floor Area
3.2.2.1.1 According to PD 957 open market lot areas vary from
120 to 60 square meters. The median, 80 square meters,
will be chosen for the lot size.
3.2.2.1.2 According to PD 957 minimum floor area for open
market housing shall be 42 square meters.
3.2.2.2 Number of Rooms and Room sizes
3.2.2.2.1 Based on the number of family members in a household
– an average of 5 persons plus a house help, gives a
total of 6 persons in a house. Average number of rooms
will be 4 rooms. Where one room will be the parents or
two persons, two rooms will be for the children or three
persons, and one room for the house help or one person.
3.2.2.2.2 The room sizes will be based on the minimum standards
for different room types as written in Section 806 of the
Philippine National Building Code.
3.2.2.2.2.1 Room for human habitation shall be 6 square meters
with a least dimension of 2.00 meters.
3.2.2.2.2.2 Kitchen shall be 3.00 square meters with a least
dimension of 1.50 meters.
3.2.2.2.2.3 Bath and toilet shall be 1.20 meters with a least
dimension of 0.90 meters.
3.2.2.3 Other Provisions for Design Guidelines for Buildings
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3.2.2.3.1 Habitable rooms with natural ventilation shall have a
ceiling height of not less than 2.70 meters. For
buildings more than one storey high, the minimum
ceiling height of the first floor shall be 2.70 meters and
2.70 for the second floor.
3.2.2.3.2 The window sizes for the structure will depend on the
floor area of the room which the window serves. A
minimum requirement of the window size will be an
area 10 percent of the floor area of the room being
served (Grosslight, 1984).
3.2.3 Establishing Energy Audit of Typical or Average Middle Income
Residence
3.2.3.1 Methodology for small CDM projects is explained in the
UNFCCC GHG Methodology for Energy Efficiency
Improvement Projects as an indicative and simplified baseline.
This study will employ the use of the Energy Baseline formula
as stated in paragraph 2.3.4.2 of the Present Conditions and
Baseline Studies section.
3.2.3.2 Using DOE’s Hizon Residence Energy Audit Example
3.2.3.2.1 The study will model its energy audit from the energy
audit done by the DOE for the Hizon Residence.
3.2.4 Establish “Business As Usual” (BAU) KWh/m2 Baseline
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3.2.4.1 The BAU baseline is set at 14.11 KWh/m2. Calculations and
notes are in Appendix I under Energy Audit and Energy
Baseline Calculation.
3.2.5 Corresponding GHG production based on BAU Baseline
3.2.5.1 The BAU GHG emission is set at . Calculations and notes are
in Appendix I under Energy Audit and Energy Baseline
Calculation.
3.3 Viability Studies
3.3.1 Technical Viability
3.3.1.1 Availability of Technology in Market – the technology required
to undertake an energy efficiency project for housing
developments are already present in the country, the market
mechanisms are already established as well. The Department
of Energy has already set in place standards through the
Philippine National Standards, and other energy rating
programs. There is already technical know-how through
various technology transfer mechanisms and studies such as
those conducted through the USAID Hawaii-Philippine Case-
Study.
3.3.2 Legal Viability
3.3.2.1 Funding and Sectoral Discounts
3.3.2.1.1 Meralco already offers discounts under section 73 of the
EPIRA as ordered by the ERC through the Lifeline
Discount or Lifeline Subsidy.
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3.3.2.1.2 The possibility of ESCOs, other energy companies, and
government agencies to provide guarantees when
entering into performance contracting as a DSM tool in
the Philippines will help adoption of energy-efficient
programs. Loans can be facilitated through special
funds of the DOE from the UN Development
Programme or World Bank using the CDM of the
UNFCCC or BioCarbon Fund, respectively.
3.3.2.1.3 The CDM is a fund established under the Kyoto
Protocol to provide investments, soft loans, and grants
in exchange for countries’ contribution to the reduction
of greenhouse gas emissions. A Tripartite
Memorandum of Agreement was signed on 02 February
2004 among DOE, DENR and DBP to establish
national institutional structures for the effective and
efficient implementation of the CDM. Significantly,
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed E.O. No.
320 on 25 June 2004, Designating the DENR as the
National Authority for Clean Development Mechanism.
Likewise, the DOE shall take the lead role in the
evaluation of energy-related projects.
3.3.2.2 Energy Codes and Building Codes
3.3.2.2.1 The Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of
Buildings and Utilities Systems, adopted from the
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ASHRAE 90.1R 1989 6001+ BIN of the United States,
provides performance benchmarks for commercial and
industrial buildings. This can be a guide for the
eventual format of a energy-efficient guideline for low-
rise residential housing development. The guideline is
already a code officially in place as part of the building
code but it is not currently being enforced.
3.3.2.2.2 The study should work within the current framework of
the DOE by using Integrated Resource Planning, as
mentioned in the Energy Efficiency Policy and
Technology Transfer Hawaii-Philippine Case Study, by
integrating the appliance standards and current adopted
ASHRAE 90.1R 6001+ BIN standards.
3.3.3 Financial Viability
3.3.3.1 Sources of Funds
3.3.3.1.1 With capital investment for energy efficiency and
conservation for the next ten years largest at PhP 55.5
billion, followed by the energy labeling and efficiency
standards at Php 51.7 billion, there is likely to be a
window opened for financing from the DOE.
3.3.3.1.2 Funds may be sourced from the DOE through a lending
window provided by funds from either the UNDP
through the CDM of the UNFCCC or the BioCarbon
Fund of the Worldbank.
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3.3.3.1.3 Banks, especially development banks such as the
Development Bank of the Philippines, are sources of
funds for energy efficiency projects such as those for
housing developments.
3.3.3.1.4 The USAID has granted assistance through the
establishment of the Technology Transfer for Energy
Management Demonstration Loan Fund or TTEM-DLF
(INCCC, 1999).
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3. THE INDICATIVE AND INVESTIGATIVE SURVEY
3.1 The Framework
3.1.1 The framework of the indicative survey is based on the calculation of
the Overall Thermal Transmittance Value of the exterior closure –
wall, windows, and roof – of the typical middle income residential
building to determine the following:
3.1.1.1 application of certain technologies for projected reductions in
energy use, and
3.1.1.2 extent of which certain technologies can help reduce energy use
3.1.2 The abovementioned framework (point 3.1.1) and its resulting
simulations will depend upon the following calculations:
3.1.2.1.1 The Real Estate Matrix and its resulting design averages
(average size of floor area, living area, no. of rooms and
floors, etc.) is based on twenty different housing units and
urban developments that fall into the investment capacity of
the middle income group. The Real Estate Matrix is
located in Appendix I as “Real Estate Matrix”.
3.1.2.1.2 The Energy Audit and its resulting Energy Baseline is
based on the average of two methodologies for calculating
energy consumption of a residential house, namely the
DOE’s Example Energy Audit of the Hizon Residence, and
the UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism
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Methodology for Energy Baseline. The Energy Audit is
located in Appendix I as “Energy Audit Calculations”. The
Energy Audit and its resulting energy consumption is the
baseline that will yield the following indicators:
3.1.2.1.2.1 The Greenhouse gas emissions as a consequence of
electric energy consumption
3.1.2.1.2.2 The energy consumption density when compared to the
total living area from the Real Estate Matrix, and
3.1.2.1.2.3 The monthly cost of electric consumption
3.1.2.1.3 The calculation for thermal comfort will be based on the
climatological norms for Quezon City. Data from the
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA), Climatology and
Agrometereology Branch is already corrected temperature
in terms of affects by humidity. The variations of
temperature will be compared to the range of 21oC and
24oC as ranges of thermal comfort when compared to the
ranges of humidity in the climatological norms of Quezon
City.
3.1.2.1.4 Targeted reductions will be based on 5 to 10 percent
reduction (DOE-PEP, 2005) points as given by the Energy
Baseline.
3.1.3 The economic viability of the technologies being simulated in point
3.1.1 will be based on the SPP and NPV (EEIPES, 2002). Cost of the
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energy-efficiency project will be calculated by unit and material cost
and labor, whenever available, using current prices from an example
list and additional list found at Appendix I as “Price List”.
3.1.4 The formula used for calculating the OTTV from the DOE’s
Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Utility
Systems already incorporates a 5.4oC reduction from outdoor to indoor
temperature. This reduction in temperature is already the maximum
outdoor-indoor temperature difference present throughout the year,
specifically for the month of May (Appendix, Normal-A).
3.1.5 The abovementioned framework (point 3.1.1) will use the following
cases in its calculations and simulations, where values are taken from
the DOE’s Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and
Utility Systems and Passive Cooling Technologies for Hot-Humid
Localities by GV Manahan, as well as, from brochures from different
manufacturers which are located under “Manufacturers Brochures” in
SET 4 11.26 11.66 12.21 12.9 13.8 14.95 16.44 18.42
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
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3.2.2.14 Figure 3.2.2.14.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 1 wall construction type for differing elevations
facing east and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.14.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Proportion for Elevation Facing East
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Elevation Facing East
OT
TV
Rat
ing
17.50% 20% 30%
17.50% 22.14 21.62 20.36 19.47
20% 25.09 25.09 27.05 27.05
30% 37.53 37.53 40.48 40.48
FRONT REAR RIGHT LEFT
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3.2.2.15 Figure 3.2.2.14.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 1 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.15.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 26.07 14.99 16.37 9.26
30% 39 22.39 24.46 13.79
40% 29.79 32.54 18.32
50% 22.85
60% 27.38
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.16 Figure 3.2.2.16.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 1 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the left
or right elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.16.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 27.27 15.67 17.2 9.81
30% 40.67 23.42 25.57 14.48
40% 31.07 33.93 19.15
50% 23.82
60% 28.49
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.17 Figure 3.2.2.17.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 1 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the front
or rear elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.17.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Front or Rear Elevation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 25.09 14.43 15.76 8.92
30% 37.52 21.55 23.54 13.29
40% 28.67 31.31 17.65
50% 22.01
60% 26.37
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.18 Figure 3.2.2.18.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 2 wall construction type for differing elevations
facing east and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.18.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 2 Wall Construction by Fenestration Proportion for Elevation Facing East
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Elevation Facing East
OT
TV
Rat
ing
17.50% 20% 30%
17.50% 22.02 21.5 20.24 19.35
20% 24.98 24.98 26.94 26.94
30% 37.43 37.43 40.38 40.38
FRONT REAR RIGHT LEFT
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3.2.2.19 Figure 3.2.2.19.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 2 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.19.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 2 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 25.96 14.88 16.26 9.15
30% 38.91 22.92 24.36 13.69
40% 29.7 32.46 18.24
50% 22.78
60% 27.32
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.20 Figure 3.2.2.20.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 2 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the left
or right elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.20.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 2 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Front or Rear Elevation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 24.98 14.32 15.64 8.81
30% 37.43 21.45 23.44 13.19
40% 28.59 31.23 17.57
50% 21.94
60% 26.32
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.21 Figure 3.2.2.21.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 2 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the front
or rear elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.21.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 2 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 26.94 15.44 16.87 9.48
30% 40.38 23.13 25.28 14.19
40% 30.82 33.69 18.91
50% 23.62
60% 28.33
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.22 Figure 3.2.2.22.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 3 wall construction type for differing elevations
facing east and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.22.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 3 Wall Construction by Fenestration Proportion for Elevation Facing East
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Elevation Facing East
OT
TV
Rat
ing
17.50% 20% 30%
17.50% 22.47 21.94 20.69 19.8
20% 25.4 25.4 27.37 27.37
30% 37.81 37.81 40.76 40.76
FRONT REAR RIGHT LEFT
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3.2.2.23 Figure 3.2.2.23.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 3 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.23.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 3 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 25.95 14.88 16.26 9.15
30% 38.9 22.29 24.36 13.69
40% 29.7 32.46 18.23
50% 22.78
60% 27.32
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.24 Figure 3.2.2.24.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 3 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the left
or right elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.24.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 3 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Front or Rear Elevation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 24.98 14.32 15.64 8.81
30% 37.43 21.45 23.44 13.19
40% 28.59 31.23 17.57
50% 21.94
60% 26.32
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.25 Figure 3.2.2.25.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 3 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the front
or rear elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.25.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 3 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 26.94 15.44 16.87 9.48
30% 40.38 23.13 25.28 14.19
40% 30.82 33.69 18.91
50% 23.62
60% 28.33
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.26 Figure 3.2.2.26.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 4 wall construction type for differing elevations
facing east and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.26.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 4 Wall Construction by Fenestration Proportion for Elevation Facing East
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Elevation Facing East
OT
TV
Rat
ing
17.50% 20% 30%
17.50% 22.02 21.5 20.24 19.35
20% 24.98 24.98 26.94 26.94
30% 37.43 37.43 40.38 40.38
FRONT REAR RIGHT LEFT
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3.2.2.27 Figure 3.2.2.27.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 4 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.27.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 4 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 26.39 15.31 16.69 9.58
30% 39.28 22.67 24.73 14.07
40% 30.02 32.78 18.56
50% 23.05
60% 27.54
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.28 Figure 3.2.2.28.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 4 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the left
or right elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.28.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 4 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Front or Rear Elevation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 25.4 14.75 16.07 9.24
30% 37.81 21.83 23.81 13.56
40% 28.91 31.55 17.89
50% 22.21
60% 26.53
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.2.2.29 Figure 3.2.2.29.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for SET 4 wall construction type for different fenestration
types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the front
or rear elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.29.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 4 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Fenestration Type
OT
TV
rat
ing
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20% 27.37 15.87 17.3 9.91
30% 40.76 23.5 25.65 14.57
40% 31.14 34 19.22
50% 23.88
60% 28.54
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
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3.3 Analysis of Results
3.3.1 The following are analysis of figures 3.2.2.1.1 to 3.2.2.26.1:
3.3.1.1 From figure 3.2.2.1.1 can be concluded that the BAU Case has the
highest OTTV rating and Set 4 having the least OTTV rating.
3.3.1.2 From figure 3.2.2.2.1 can be concluded that the highest OTTV
ratings for roofs of the BAU Case throughout a year are from the
months of April, May, and June typically regarded as the hottest
months. It can also be seen that August and September closely
match the Average Annual OTTV rating. It can also be concluded
that the 0 degree slope or horizontal is the least effective since it
has the highest OTTV rating and that the 25 degree slope is the
most effective since it has the lowest OTTV rating, the 35 degree
slope comes next and the 45 degree slope comes at the third most
effective.
3.3.1.3 From figure 3.2.2.3.1 can be concluded that the larger the
proportion of fenestrations of the building the higher the OTTV
rating, in particular the spike of the curve for each proportion of
fenestration of the building comes during the month of May. Also,
the percentage of increase in OTTV rating decreases as the
proportion of fenestration rises. Also, for every 10 percent increase
in fenestration for the BAU Case from a baseline of 10 percent
fenestration, there is a corresponding 14 watts per meter squared
increase in the total OTTV rating.
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3.3.1.4 From figure 3.2.2.4.1 can be concluded that in the BAU Case for
the Walls and Windows the increase in OTTV rating per
incremental increase in temperature in degree Celsius is 12.45
watts per meter squared. It can also be concluded that the function
of temperature to OTTV rating for any fenestration proportion is
linear. Clearly concluded is that the higher the proportion of
fenestration, the higher the OTTV rating.
3.3.1.5 From figure 3.2.2.5.1 can be concluded that for any increase in
temperature by an increment of 1oC is an increase in OTTV rating
for the BAU Case Roof of 1 watt per meter squared. The degree of
slope of the roof, be it 25, 35, or 45 percent, does not matter since
the area of the roof is constantly exposed to the sun.
3.3.1.6 From figures 3.2.2.6.1, 3.2.2.14.1, 3.2.2.18.1, and 3.2.2.22.1 can be
concluded that no matter what Wall Set is to be applied for the
residential structure, the higher percentage of fenestration, 30
percent, has the highest OTTV rating compared to 20 percent and
17.5 percent. It can also be seen that since the right and left
elevations have a larger surface area exposed to the sun, on any
orientation it is directed to, it will have a higher OTTV rating than
the front and rear portions of the residential structure.
3.3.1.7 From figures 3.2.2.7.1, 3.2.2.15.1, 3.2.2.19.1, and 3.2.2.23.1 can be
concluded that no matter what Wall Set is to be applied for the
residential structure, Window Set 4 has the widest range of
possible fenestrations, 20 to 60 percent, that fall into the
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performance requirements for energy-efficiency. For 20 to 40
percent fenestrations, Window Set 2 and 3 can be applied.
3.3.1.8 From figures 3.2.2.8.1, 3.2.2.16.1, 3.2.2.20.1, and 3.2.2.24.1 can be
concluded that for Left and Right Elevations facing the East from
10 to 30 percent fenestrations all Window Sets can be applied to
the exterior closure while meeting the performance requirements.
Window Set 1 is not applicable when fenestrations are
approximately 30 percent, while Window Set 4 can accommodate
up to 60 percent fenestrations.
3.3.1.9 From figures 3.2.2.9.1, 3.2.2.17.1, 3.2.2.21.1, and 3.2.2.25.1 can be
concluded that for Front and Back Elevations facing the East from
10 to 30 percent fenestrations all Window Sets can be applied to
the exterior closure while meeting the performance requirements.
Window Set 1 is not applicable when fenestrations are
approximately 25 percent, while Window Set 4 can accommodate
up to 60 percent fenestrations.
3.3.1.10 From figure 3.2.2.10.1 can be concluded that for the BAU Case
an increase in the degree of slope of the roof corresponds to an
increase in the OTTV rating. The function of degree of slope of
the roof and OTTV rating is exponentially increasing. The
difference of OTTV rating of 10 percent to 45 percent slope is
almost 65 percent.
3.3.1.11 From figure 3.2.2.11.1 can be concluded that the BAU Roof
Case is the worse in performance in relation to solar heat gain as
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compared to Sets 1 to 4. However, it can also be concluded that
when comparing Roof Sets 1 to 4, they have almost negligible
values.
3.3.1.12 From figure 3.2.2.12.1 can be concluded that among the Roof
Sets 1 to 4, Roof Set 3 is the most effective in reducing solar heat
gain, while Set 2 comes in second, Set 1 third and least effective is
Set 4.
3.3.1.13 From figure 3.2.2.13.1 can be concluded that when comparing
BAU Roof Case 1 (BAU-1) and BAU Roof Case 2 (BAU-2) to the
Roof Sets 1 to 4 the range of difference is smaller. However, it
should be noted that the solar heat gain values BAU-1 and BAU-2
when compared to the maximum 36 watts per meter squared
performance requirement for walls does not meet the maximum
performance requirement of the total closure of 48 watts per meter
squared.
3.3.2 Figure 3.3.1.1 shows that the BAU Case has the highest OTTV rating
compared to the other Sets (Set 1-4). It also shows that the BAU Case
and Set 1 have negligible difference in OTTV rating. Set 4 the least
OTTV rating and Sets 2 and 3 are within the same range, where Set 2
and 3 in between Set 1 and Set 4 in OTTV rating.
Consequently, Set 4 is the most effective in reducing solar heat gain
(OTTV) and Set 1 is almost as ineffective in reducing solar heat gain
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as the BAU Case. It should be noted that this is in regard to both the
combined effects of the wall and window working together.
Front/Rear
Right/Left
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
OT
TV
rat
ing
Elevation Facing East
Figure 3.3.1.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 20% Fenestration by Construction Type for Elevations Facing East
BAU Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4
BAU 27.27 25.3
Set 1 27.1 25.1
Set 2 14.65 15.67
Set 3 15.97 17.2
Set 4 9.14 9.81
Front/Rear Right/Left
3.3.3 Figure 3.3.3.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the
building envelope of the residential structure with 20 percent
fenestration, the difference in OTTV rating is negligible – just about a
5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that Window Set 4 is the
most effective in reducing solar heat gain, coming second is Window
Set 2, third is Window Set 3 and least effective is Window Set 4.
Additionally, for 20 percent fenestration, all Window Sets can be used.
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Figure 3.3.3.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 20% Fenestration by Wall and Window Construction Type for All Cardinal Orientations
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wall Set 1
Wall Set 2
Wall Set 3
Wall Set 4
Wall Set
OTTV rating
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
Window Set 4 9.26 9.15 9.15 9.58
Window Set 3 16.37 16.26 16.69 16.69
Window Set 2 14.99 14.88 14.88 15.31
Window Set 1 26.07 25.96 25.95 26.39
Wall Set 1 Wall Set 2 Wall Set 3 Wall Set 4
3.3.4 Figure 3.3.4.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the
building envelope of the residential structure with 30 percent
fenestration, the difference in OTTV rating is negligible – just about a
5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that Window Set 4 is the
most effective in reducing solar heat gain, coming second is Window
Set 2, third is Window Set 3 and least effective is Window Set 4.
Additionally, for 30 percent fenestration, only Window Set 1 is not
within performance requirements.
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Figure 3.3.4.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 30% Fenestration by Wall and Window Construction Type for All Cardinal Orientations
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wall Set 1
Wall Set 2
Wall Set 3
Wall Set 4
Wall Set
OTTV rating
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
Window Set 4 9.26 9.15 8.81 9.58
Window Set 3 16.37 16.26 15.64 16.69
Window Set 2 14.99 14.88 14.32 15.31
Window Set 1 26.07 25.96 24.98 26.39
Wall Set 1 Wall Set 2 Wall Set 3 Wall Set 4
3.3.5 From figure 3.3.5.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the
building envelope of the residential structure with 40 percent
fenestration, the difference in OTTV rating is negligible – just about a
5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that only Window Set 4
and 3 are within performance requirements.
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Figure 3.3.5.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 40% Fenestration by Wall and Window Construction Type for All Cardinal Orientations
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Wall Set 1
Wall Set 2
Wall Set 3
Wall Set 4
OTTV rating
Fenestration Proportion
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
Window Set 4 18.32 18.24 18.23 18.56
Window Set 3 32.54 32.46 32.46 32.78
Window Set 2 29.79 29.7 29.7 30.02
Window Set 1 out of range out of range out of range out of range
Wall Set 1 Wall Set 2 Wall Set 3 Wall Set 4
3.3.6 From figures 3.3.6.1 and 3.3.6.2 can be concluded that only Window
Set 4 is within performance requirements.
Figure 3.3.6.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 40% Fenestration by Wall and Window Construction Type for All Cardinal Orientations
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Wall Set 1
Wall Set 2
Wall Set 3
Wall Set 4
OTTV rating
Fenestration Proportion
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
Window Set 4 18.32 18.24 18.23 18.56
Window Set 3 32.54 32.46 32.46 32.78
Window Set 2 29.79 29.7 29.7 30.02
Window Set 1 out of range out of range out of range out of range
Wall Set 1 Wall Set 2 Wall Set 3 Wall Set 4
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Figure 3.3.6.2 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 60% Fenestration by Wall and Window Construction Type for All Cardinal Orientations
27.2 27.25 27.3 27.35 27.4 27.45 27.5 27.55 27.6
Wall Set 1
Wall Set 2
Wall Set 3
Wall Set 4
OTTV rating
Fenestration Proportion
Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
Window Set 4 27.49 27.32 27.32 27.54
Window Set 3 out of range out of range out of range out of range
Window Set 2 out of range out of range out of range out of range
Window Set 1 out of range out of range out of range out of range
Wall Set 1 Wall Set 2 Wall Set 3 Wall Set 4
3.3.7 The total reduction in energy consumption is 500.7 kilowatt-hour per
month, or reduction in monthly bill by PHP4,401.00 or 85 kilograms
greenhouse gas reductions; since the use of air conditioners is deferred
by the attainment of the temperature comfort zone by the building
envelope. This is equivalent to an indicative reduction in energy
consumption of 32.76 percent, way above the required 5 to 10 percent
reduction.
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3.4 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN
APPLICATION
The mission of the study is to create a prescriptions-based framework for the
application of energy-efficient technologies in the building envelope of housing
developments to attain reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions while being economically-viable to the end user.
The issues involved in the study include the question of energy-efficiency,
economy and environmental impact. The goal under energy-efficiency is that the
building envelope should result in a decrease in energy consumption of the
residential structure as provided for by the projected reduction requirements of the
Department of Energy. The goal under economy is that the building envelope
should be affordable to the majority of middle-income group residential users.
The goal under environmental impact is that the building envelope should be able
to reduce the impact on the environment due to energy consumption of the
residential structure.
The performance requirements under the goal for energy-efficiency are divided
into three: (a) Walls and Windows, (b) Roof, and (c) Total Exterior Closure. For
Walls and Windows are the following performance requirements: (a) that the
walls and windows should result in a five to ten percent decrease in energy
consumption of the residential structure (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005); and (b) that
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the walls and windows shall meet or exceed the DOE’s guidelines for OTTV
rating of exterior closure of walls and windows by an average of 36 watts per
meter squared or 25 percent better than as provided for in the Guidelines for
Energy Conserving Designs of Buildings and Utility Systems. For the Roof are
the following performance requirements: (a) that the roof should result in a five to
ten percent decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure (HECS,
1995; PEP, 2005); and (b) that the roof shall meet or exceed the DOE’s guidelines
for Thermal Conductivity rating of exterior closure of the roof by a maximum U-
value of 0.8 watts per meter per Celsius degree (w/m-oC) for construction material
of medium weight roofing system as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy
Conserving Designs of Buildings and Utility Systems. For the Total Exterior
Closure are the following performance requirements: (a) the residential structure’s
building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE’s guidelines for OTTV rating of
exterior closure of walls, windows, and roofs by an average of 48 watts per meter
squared as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Designs of
Buildings and Utility Systems; and (b) the building envelope should result in a 5
to 10 decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure (HECS, 1995;
PEP, 2005).
The performance requirements under the goal for economy are as follows: (a) The
total improvements of the energy efficiency intervention should not exceed 60
percent of the maximum allowable middle-income group investment capacity of
PHP18, 000.00 per month for the time of the simple payback period or a
maximum of PHP0.432M if the time for the simple payback period is 2 years; (b)
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The simple payback period of the energy efficiency intervention project should
not exceed 5 years (EEPTTHPC, 1999); and (c) The net present value of the total
energy efficiency intervention project shall be positive (EEPTTHPC, 1999).
The performance requirements under the goal for environmental impact are as
follows: (a) There should be at least a 5 percent reduction in GHG emissions from
the implementation of the energy efficient intervention project; and (b) Materials
or technologies to be used in the energy efficiency intervention project shall be
sourced locally. Figure 3.4A shows the Mission, Issues, Goals, and Performance
Requirements diagrammatically.
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MISSION TO CREATE A PRESCRIPTIONS-BASED FRAMEWORK
FOR THE APPLICATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS TO
ATTAIN REDUCTIONS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GHG EMISSIONS WHILE BEING ECONOMICALLY
VIABLE BY THE END-USER.
ISSUE 1 Energy-Efficiency
ISSUE 2 Economic
ISSUE 3 Environmental
Impact
GOAL The building should be able to reduce the
impact on the environment due to energy consumption
of the residential structure
GOAL The building
envelope should be affordable to the
majority of middle-income group
residential users
PR1: The total improvements of the energy efficiency intervention should not exceed 60% of the maximum allowable middle-income group investment capacity of P18,000/mo for the time of the simple payback period or a maximum of P0.432M if the time for the simple payback period is 2 years.
PR1: There should be at least a 5% reduction in GHG emissions from the implementation of the energy efficient intervention project.
PR2: Materials or technologies to be used in the energy efficiency intervention project shall be sourced locally.
GOAL The building envelope should result in a decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure as provided
for by the projected reduction requirements of the Department of
Energy.
PR2: The simple payback period of the energy efficiency intervention project should not exceed 5 years. (EEPTTHPC, 1999)
PR3: The net present value of the total energy efficiency intervention project shall be positive. (EEPTTHPC, 1999)
PR1: The building envelope should result in a 5-10% decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure. (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005)
GOAL for Walls and Windows
GOAL for Roof
GOAL for Total Exterior Closure
PR2: The residential structure's building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for OTTV rating of exterior closure of walls and windows by an average of 36 watts per meter squared or 25% better than as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.
PR1: The building envelope should result in a 5-10% decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure. (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005)
PR2: The residential structure's building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for Thermal Conductivity rating of exterior closure for the roof by a maximum of 0.80 U-Value for construction material of roofing system as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.
PR2: The residential structure's total building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for OTTV rating of exterior closure of walls, windows and roofs by an average of 48 watts per meter squared as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.
PR1: The building envelope should result in a 5-10% decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure. (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005)
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3.4.1 The study aims, among other things, to show the influence of choosing
fenestration, walls and roof (building envelope and exterior closure)
proportion and material to the programming of spaces to attain a
reduction in energy efficiency.
3.4.2 On the other hand, the reverse is true, where, the size of fenestrations
are able also to affect the selection of building envelope construction
material, the ultimate decision or compromise being which of the two
has the more pressing or over-riding concern.
3.4.3 The following factors will affect the space program of the residential
structure, and or the selection of building envelope construction
material:
3.4.3.1 The size of the spaces or rooms inside the residential structure will
depend on the sizes of the fenestration or windows of the room,
since it is a practice to have either a minimum of 10 percent of the
area of the room for the total window area (Grosslight, 1984) or a
minimum of 20 percent of the total surface of the exteriorly
exposed wall as window area. The differences of which are at a
plus-minus 50 percent.
3.4.3.2 The months of April, May and June present the highest values in
building envelope solar heat gain. These values are used to
calculate any prescription.
3.4.3.3 BAU-1 walls can be used for certain window sets (2,3,4) and is
preferred against Wall Sets 1,2,3,4 since the OTTV reduction of
the four are negligible and BAU-1 walls together with Window Set
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2,3,4 with 20 percent fenestration can meet performance
requirements. However, with 30 percent fenestration and above,
Wall Set 2 is preferred among those able to be applied (sets
1,2,3,4) since it has the least construction components.
3.4.3.4 When Using BAU-1 wall construction, window sets 2, 3, and 4 can
be used for 20 percent fenestration to meet performance
requirements. For 30 percent fenestrations only window set 4 can
be applied. BAU-2 does not meet any performance requirements.
3.4.3.5 Zero degree slope roof or horizontal roof is the least effective roof
for all roofing sets.
3.4.3.6 Larger percentages of fenestrations result in higher solar heat gain
values.
3.4.3.7 For BAU wall sets Window Set 4 combination is best.
3.4.3.8 Any Roofing Set can be used with any Window Set.
3.4.4 Based on the schematic design of the architect, fenestration percentage
can be projected and with that fenestration percentage the architect can
choose the appropriate building envelope technologies to use in order
to meet the performance requirements which ensure a minimum 5
percent reduction in energy use.
3.4.5 Table 3.4.5.1 shows a summary of the analysis of the results as it
relates to the programming of fenestrations:
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Table 3.4.5.1 – Summary of Analysis of Results by Fenestration Programming
Percentage of Fenestration
Wall Set/ Roof Set
Window Set 1
Window Set 2
Window Set 3
Window Set 4
20% BAU
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 35%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 35%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 35%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 35%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 35%
None
Up to 45%
30% BAU
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
None
None
Up to 45%
None
None
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
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Wall Set 2
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
None
None
Up to 45%
None
None
Up to 45%
None
None
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
40% BAU
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
BAU-2
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
Up to 15%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
None
(allowable slope)
Up to 10%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
None
(allowable slope)
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
None
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Set 1-4 None Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45%
50% BAU
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
None
Up to 45%
60% BAU
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
Up to 15%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
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BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
None
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
None
Up to 45%
70% and above BAU
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
BAU-2
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
(allowable slope)
None
None
Up to 45%
None
None
Up to 45%
None
None
Up to 45%
None
None
Up to 45%
None
None
Up to 45%
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4. THE TRANSLATION GUIDELINES
4.1 Required State Program
The existing state and the future state are assessed in terms of energy consumption
and several consequences of the aforementioned consumption. These are energy
consumption density, greenhouse gas emissions, and monthly electric bill.
However, the benchmark to gauge the improvement will ultimately be the energy
consumption density. This is because there is a need to integrate the possibilities
of different energy-consuming activities within the household, as well as, different
sizes of houses. Furthermore, a standard to which residential developments can
measure the energy consumption per square meter of a house independent of those
factors is possible. That being the benchmark, two different houses of the same
“Business As Usual”
1,528 KWH
consumption per month
14 KWH/m2
consumption density benchmark
261 Kilograms GHG emission per household
P13,433 monthly electric bill.
Prescriptions
5-10% reductions across all indicators
76 to 153 KWH reduction of consumption per month (1375-1451)
12.7 to 13.4 KWH/m2
consumption density benchmark (0.7 to 1.4)
13 to 26 Kilograms reductions in GHG emission per household (248-235)
Up to P1,343 savings per monthly electric bill
RESEARCH PROCESS BLDG ENVELOPE & LIGHTING FIXTURE
Figure 4.1.1 – Required State Program
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middle income group can be compared by their efficiency of energy use for each
square meter they occupy.
Figure 4.1.1 shows the existing state and the future state indicators. Where the
existing state shows current conditions and the future state indicates a target of 5
to 10 percent reduction.
4.2 Concept Breakdown
4.2.1 Architectural Design
4.2.1.1 The design of the exterior closure is dependent on the imagination
of the designer and the extent of dynamic application of the
material being considered. The study will affect the ultimate
decision as to the size of the fenestration of the building, as to meet
prescriptions for energy-efficiency.
4.2.1.2 Building Envelope
4.2.1.2.1 The building envelope will be affected by the allowable
fenestration proportion and material selection of the
architect. The decisions will be based on the guidelines for
building envelope as prescribed by this study as well as the
imagination of the architect and any factors the client
wishes to include.
4.2.2 Building Sciences
4.2.2.1 Building Materials
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4.2.2.1.1 The building materials used in the study are just selected
materials from the market that have a high U-value rating.
Their economic viability is also within the range of the
study. Additionally, any other material substitution may be
used with any of the sets as long as the U-value specified
for that set is within plus or minus 10 percent of the
specified value.
4.3 Guidelines for Building Envelope
4.3.1 Fenestration Percentage as the over-riding factor
4.3.1.1 Table 4.3.1.1.1 shows the prescriptions:
Table 4.3.1.1.1 – Building Envelope Prescriptions by Fenestration Programming
Percentage of Fenestration
Wall Set/ Roof Set
Window Set 1
Window Set 2
Window Set 3
Window Set 4
20% BAU
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 35%
Up to 45%
Up to 35%
Up to 45%
Up to 35%
Up to 45%
Up to 35%
Up to 45%
Up to 35%
Up to 45%
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30% BAU
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
40% BAU
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
Up to 15%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 10%
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 30%
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
50% BAU (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope)
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BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
Up to 25%
Up to 45%
Up to 10%
Up to 45%
60% BAU
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 1
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
BAU-1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
BAU-1
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
Up to 15%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 20%
Up to 45%
Up to 15%
Up to 45%
70% and above BAU
Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
Up to 45%
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Wall Set 1
Set 1-4
Wall Set 2
Set 1-4
Wall Set 3
Set 1-4
Wall Set 4
Set 1-4
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
4.3.1.2 Goals attained:
4.3.1.2.1 500.7 kilo-watt hour per month reduction in energy
consumption.
4.3.1.2.2 PHP4, 4101.00 reduction in monthly electric bill.
4.3.1.2.3 85 kilograms reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
4.3.1.2.3.1 This is equivalent to 181.304 kilometric tons of reduced
greenhouse gas emissions for NCR or 361.889
kilometric tons of reduced greenhouse gas emissions for
all urban households in the Philippines.
4.3.1.2.4 Total reduction is equivalent to an indicative decrease in
energy consumption of 32.76 percent, way above the
required 5 to 10 percent reduction.
4.3.1.2.5 Benchmark energy consumption density is 9.4136 kilowatt-
hour per month.
4.3.1.2.6 With a reduction of 1.86425 kilowatts per household per
day, and 8.8 percent of households using air conditioning
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(PDI, 2005), with 5.866 million urban households, this is
equivalent to 962 megawatts per year. This means that
production from a power plant with 962 megawatt capacity
is deferred every year. With this estimate only 0.79 percent
of deferment is actually needed since the reduction per year
projected by the report entitled “the Philippines’ Initial
National Communication on Climate Change” requires only
7.6105 megawatts per year. This translates to about 1 in
every 10 households adopting fully the prescriptions of the
study as well as not using their air conditioners as an affect
of the prescriptions.
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5. Design Application of The Guidelines
5.1 Introduction
The guidelines that were established from the research are applied in
two different prototype houses. The two prototypes are House A and House B.
The design of the two houses were developed from the same preliminary
schematics. The schematics were derived from the real estate matrix of the
research – namely the mean, mode and maximum values in the data from the
matrix. The design of the prototype houses incorporated basic tropical
architecture concepts. The design development drawings were focused on
optimizing for energy-efficiency of each prototype house. This was done by
applying the guidelines after calculations were made for each prototype house.
The calculations included the total area exposed to the environment and the total
area exposed to the environment that is windows (fenestration). From this a
percentage is taken and is compared to the available windows, walls, and roof
sets. The combination taken is wholly dependent on the designer. For these
prototypes, House A and House B, have fenestrations of 20 percent and 31
percent, respectively. For House A, business-as-usual walls, Set 1 roof, and Set 2
windows will be used. For House B, business-as-usual walls, Set 1 roof, and Set 4
windows will be used.
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5.2 Space Program
The following tables are the space program, detailed per room, of the
prototype house. This is based on the real estate matrix as well as the base-case
house used for the research project.
5.3 Living Room
Space
Living Room
Floor Area
(minimum) 20 square meters
Activities/Usage
General Family Activities, Social Interaction
Location and Proximity Requirements
Kitchen, Dining Room, Bathroom, Stairs
Quantitative/Technical Requirements
Clearances: 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement
Materials: Low maintenance flooring
Temperature: Ambient room temperature at maximum 24 degrees centigrade
Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 percent of exposed exterior wall area.
Accessible convenience outlets
Sufficient artificial lighting
Qualitative/Psychological Requirements
Mood/Ambience: Family friendly ambience
Overall Character: Warm, Welcoming, Relaxing
Noise Level: low to high noise level
Views and Vistas: Preferably with a view
Privacy: Allows privacy through controllable windows and doors.
Proxemics: Social
Other Requirements
Building envelope must meet guidelines set by this thesis.
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5.4 Dining Room
Space
Dining Room
Floor Area
minimum 15 square meters
Activities/Usage
Eating, medium level socialization
Location and Proximity Requirements
Kitchen, Dining, Living, Bathroom
Quantitative/Technical Requirements
Clearances: 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement
Materials: Low maintenance flooring
Temperature: Ambient room temperature at maximum 24 degrees centigrade
Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 percent of exposed exterior wall area.
Accessible convenience outlets
Sufficient artificial lighting
Qualitative/Psychological Requirements
Mood/Ambience: eating friendly ambience
Overall Character: Warm, Appetizing, Relaxing
Noise Level: low to high noise level
Views and Vistas: Preferably with a view although not necessary
Privacy: nearest to Kitchen
Proxemics: Social
Other Requirements
Building envelope must meet guidelines set by this thesis.
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5.5 Kitchen
Space
Kitchen
Floor Area
minimum 15 square meters
Activities/Usage
Preparation and storage of Food
Location and Proximity Requirements
Dining, Living
Quantitative/Technical Requirements
Clearances: 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement
Materials: Low maintenance flooring
Temperature: Ambient room temperature at maximum 24 degrees centigrade
Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 percent of exposed exterior wall area.
7.2 Corrugated Pre-colored undersheeting with clips 95.6 sq.m. 520 49712
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7.3 Earth tone flat finish clay troof iles with metal hat type battens complete w/ down-end tiles, ridge tiles, flashing & end tiles, including GI gutter 95.6 sq.m. 1000 95600
312612 8.0 Stock Panels
8.1 Marine plywood on 2x2 timber ceiling joist treated with clear solignum 54 sq.m. 342 18468
8.2 Ordinary ceiling boards 54 sq.m. 318 17172
8.3 200mm wide fascia on underside of slab windows 35 l.m 88 3080
percentage and 70% and above fenestration percentage.
The third step is to check which wall, window and roof sets are available from the
table. Now, according to your design assign sets for each building envelope element
– windows, walls and roofs. Keeping in mind that each combination of there sets – 1
for the window, 1 for the walls, 1 for the roof, allows for a certain roof slope. You
may either start with a preferred roof slope, working backwards, or you may either
choose based on a preference for easy construction – choosing wall, window and roof
sets which are easily installed. At this stage you may also already consider the cost of
each combination of sets. This is done by multiplying the amount used in the design
of each set (window, wall or roofs) to the cost per unit of the respective set. Then
adding all three costs of windows, walls, and roofs to see if it fits within the budget of
the project.
The fourth and last step is to finalize your prescriptions by looking at the
specifications of each set at Part III – Replacement Sets and integrating it into your
design. This can be done in all parts of the design process – be it the schematic,
design development or contract documents. This is reflected normally at the
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Elevations, Windows Schedules, Technical Specifications, Job Orders for Windows,
Roofs Materials, and others.
Part II – Building Envelope Prescriptions
Fenestration Percentage – 20-29%Wall Set/
Roof Set Window Set
1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4
A.R.S.: Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
A.R.S.: Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
A.R.S.: Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
A.R.S.: Up to 35% Up to 45%
Up to 35% Up to 45%
Up to 35% Up to 45%
Up to 35% Up to 45%
Up to 35% Up to 45%
Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set:
Window Set 1: PHP 1,607.00 per 1x1.1m Wall Set 4: PHP Window Set 2: PHP 2,587.00 per 1x1.1m BAU Wall Set: PHP 734.00 per l..m. Window Set 3: PHP 5,880.00 per 1x1.1m BAU-1 Roof Set: PHP1,896.00 per sq.m. Window Set 4: PHP 6,860.00 per 1x1.1m Roof Set 1: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 1: PHP 734.00 per l.m. Roof Set 2: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 2: PHP 862.50 per l.m. Roof Set 3: PHP 3,192.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 3: PHP 1,912.50 per l.m. Roof Set 4: PHP 2,366.00 per sq.m.
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Fenestration Percentage – 30-39%Wall Set/
Roof Set Window Set
1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4
A.R.S.: Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
A.R.S.: Up to 25% Up to 45%
Up to 25% Up to 45%
Up to 25% Up to 45%
Up to 25% Up to 45%
Up to 25% Up to 45%
A.R.S.: Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
A.R.S.: Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set:
Window Set 1: PHP 1,607.00 per 1x1.1m Wall Set 4: PHP Window Set 2: PHP 2,587.00 per 1x1.1m BAU Wall Set: PHP 734.00 per l..m. Window Set 3: PHP 5,880.00 per 1x1.1m BAU-1 Roof Set: PHP1,896.00 per sq.m. Window Set 4: PHP 6,860.00 per 1x1.1m Roof Set 1: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 1: PHP 734.00 per l.m. Roof Set 2: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 2: PHP 862.50 per l.m. Roof Set 3: PHP 3,192.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 3: PHP 1,912.50 per l.m. Roof Set 4: PHP 2,366.00 per sq.m.
Fenestration Percentage – 40-49%Wall Set/
Roof Set Window Set
1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4
A.R.S:
A.R.S: Up to 15% Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 15% Up to 45%
Up to 15% Up to 45%
Up to 15% Up to 45%
A.R.S: Up to 10% Up to 45%
Up to 10% Up to 45%
Up to 10% Up to 45%
Up to 10% Up to 45%
Up to 10% Up to 45%
A.R.S: Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 25% Up to 45%
Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set:
Window Set 1: PHP 1,607.00 per 1x1.1m Wall Set 4: PHP Window Set 2: PHP 2,587.00 per 1x1.1m BAU Wall Set: PHP 734.00 per l..m. Window Set 3: PHP 5,880.00 per 1x1.1m BAU-1 Roof Set: PHP1,896.00 per sq.m. Window Set 4: PHP 6,860.00 per 1x1.1m Roof Set 1: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 1: PHP 734.00 per l.m. Roof Set 2: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 2: PHP 862.50 per l.m. Roof Set 3: PHP 3,192.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 3: PHP 1,912.50 per l.m. Roof Set 4: PHP 2,366.00 per sq.m.
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Fenestration Percentage – 50-59%Wall Set/
Roof Set Window Set
1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4
A.R.S:
A.R.S:
A.R.S:
A.R.S: Up to 25% Up to 45%
Up to 25% Up to 45%
Up to 25% Up to 45%
Up to 25% Up to 45%
Up to 10% Up to 45%
Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set:
Window Set 1: PHP 1,607.00 per 1x1.1m Wall Set 4: PHP Window Set 2: PHP 2,587.00 per 1x1.1m BAU Wall Set: PHP 734.00 per l..m. Window Set 3: PHP 5,880.00 per 1x1.1m BAU-1 Roof Set: PHP1,896.00 per sq.m. Window Set 4: PHP 6,860.00 per 1x1.1m Roof Set 1: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 1: PHP 734.00 per l.m. Roof Set 2: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 2: PHP 862.50 per l.m. Roof Set 3: PHP 3,192.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 3: PHP 1,912.50 per l.m. Roof Set 4: PHP 2,366.00 per sq.m.
Fenestration Percentage – 60-69-%Wall Set/
Roof Set Window Set
1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4
A.R.S.:
A.R.S.:
A.R.S.:
A.R.S.: Up to 15% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 15% Up to 45%
Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set:
Window Set 1: PHP 1,607.00 per 1x1.1m Wall Set 4: PHP Window Set 2: PHP 2,587.00 per 1x1.1m BAU Wall Set: PHP 734.00 per l..m. Window Set 3: PHP 5,880.00 per 1x1.1m BAU-1 Roof Set: PHP1,896.00 per sq.m. Window Set 4: PHP 6,860.00 per 1x1.1m Roof Set 1: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 1: PHP 734.00 per l.m. Roof Set 2: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 2: PHP 862.50 per l.m. Roof Set 3: PHP 3,192.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 3: PHP 1,912.50 per l.m. Roof Set 4: PHP 2,366.00 per sq.m.
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Fenestration Percentage – 70% and above Wall Set/
Roof Set Window Set
1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4
Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4
A.R.S.:
A.R.S.:
A.R.S.:
A.R.S.:
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45%
Up to 45% Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set:
Window Set 1: PHP 1,607.00 per 1x1.1m Wall Set 4: PHP Window Set 2: PHP 2,587.00 per 1x1.1m BAU Wall Set: PHP 734.00 per l..m. Window Set 3: PHP 5,880.00 per 1x1.1m BAU-1 Roof Set: PHP1,896.00 per sq.m. Window Set 4: PHP 6,860.00 per 1x1.1m Roof Set 1: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 1: PHP 734.00 per l.m. Roof Set 2: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 2: PHP 862.50 per l.m. Roof Set 3: PHP 3,192.00 per sq.m. Wall Set 3: PHP 1,912.50 per l.m. Roof Set 4: PHP 2,366.00 per sq.m.
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Part III – Replacement Sets
The Replacement set and their specifications are as follows:
Wall Construction
Concrete reinforced masonry wall painted finish 150mm to 200mm thick, having U-Value of 0.303 and solar radiation absorption of 25 percent to 50 percent. Figure A shows the graphic representation of BAU wall set.
Roof Construction
Clay or Cement Tile, G.I. undersheeting, and Insulating Foil with U-value of 0.836 or 0.8. Figure B shows the graphic representation of BAU Roof Construction.
BAU-1 is made up of clay tile 100mm deep and G.I. undersheeting with U-value of 0.5. Figure C shows the graphic representation of BAU-1 Roof Construction.
Figure A – BAU Wall Set
Figure B – BAU Roof Construction
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Figure C – BAU-1 Roof Construction
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Efficient-State Replacement Sets Wall Construction
Set 1 is made up of two CHB walls, the exterior facing wall 10cm width by 40cm length by 15cm height and the interior facing wall 7cm width by 40cm length by 15cm height, with a 2cm airspace in between, painted finish having a U-value of approximately 0.148. Figure D shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 1.
Set 2 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15 cm height, 2 cm airspace and an interior facing 2cm fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of approximately 0.044. Figure E shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 2.
Figure D – Wall Set 1
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Set 3 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15 cm height, 2 cm airspace, a 1cm thick insulating foil (reflectivity 95%) and an interior facing 2cm fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of approximately 0.018. Figure F shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 3.
Figure E – Wall Set 2
Figure F – Wall Set 3
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Set 4 is made up of a pre-fabricated integrated monolithic construction of polysterene-based walls called “M2” copyright by the Marathon Building Technologies. This construction has a U-value of 0.44.
Window Construction Set 1 is Flat glass, single pane, clear and sheltered with U-Value of 4.6. Figure G shows the graphic representation of Window Set 1 (BAU Window Set 1).
Figure G – Window Set 1
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Set 2 is Flat glass, single pane with low emittance coating of e=0.20 and sheltered with U-Value of 3.12. Figure H shows the graphic representation of Window Set 2.
Set 3 is Insulating glass, double pane, clear with 0.55mm airspace and sheltered with U-value of 2.95. Figure I shows the graphic representation of Window Set 3.
Figure H – Window Set 2
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Set 4 is Insulating glass, double pane with low emittance coating of e=0.60 and sheltered with 12.55mm airspace with U-value of 2.78. Figure J shows the graphic representation of Window Set 4.
Figure I – Window Set 3
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Roof Construction
Set 1 is made up of R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm deep with 20mm airspace between the insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.0643. Figure K shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
Figure J– Window Set 4
Figure K – Roof Set 1
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Set 2 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm deep with 100mm airspace between the insulating foil and undersheeting, with an average U-value of 0.0622. Figure L shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
Set 3 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and a HeatShield Thermoplastic Roof with 20mm airspace between insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.04823. Figure M shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
Set 4 is made up of a Non-asbestos Fibre Cement Corrugated roof with no insulating foil and claytiles 100mm deep, with a U-value of 0.089. Figure N shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
Figure L – Roof Set 2
Figure M – Roof Set 3
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Figure N – Roof Set 4
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LIST OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
BFOE - Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent
BTU - British Thermal Unit
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
GW - Gigawatt
GWh - Gigawatt-hour
kV - Kilovolt
kW - Kilowatt
KWh - Kilowatt-hour
KWh/m2 - Kilowatt-hour per meter squared
MMBFOE - Million Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent
MMB - Million Barrels
MMMT - Million Metric Tons
PhP - Philippine Peso
Sq.m. - Square meter
W/m2 - Watts per square meter
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
ASHRAE - American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers
APEC - Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
BAU - Business As Usual CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CFL - Compact Fluorescent Lamp CHB - Concrete Hollow Block DBP - Development Bank of the Philippines DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources DOE - Department of Energy DSM - Demand Side Management ECEE - Export Council for Energy Efficiency
EEIPES - Energy Efficiency Indicators and Potential Energy Savings in APEC Economies
EPIRA - Electric Power Industry Reform Act ERC - Energy Regulatory Board ESCO - Energy Service Companies GHG - Greenhouse Gas G.I. - Galvanized Iron HECS - Housing Energy Consumption Survey HUDCC - Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED-H - LEED for Homes MEETSP - The Market for Energy-efficient Technologies and
Services in the Philippines MERALCO - Manila Electric Company NCR - National Capital Region NPC - National Power Corporation NPV - Net Present Value NSCB - National Statistics Coordinating Board
NSO - National Statistics Office OTTV - Overall Thermal Transfer Value PDP - Power Development Plan PEP - Philippine Energy Plan PEPU - Philippine Energy Plan Update PNS - Philippine National Standards SCRI - SCR International SPP - Simple Payback Period UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention for Climate
Change UNIDO - United Nations Industry Development Organization VAT - Value-Added Tax
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CONVERSION RATES
Length
1 meter 39.3701 inches
3.28084 feet
Area
1 square meter 10.7639 square feet
Energy and Power
1 International Table (IT)
1 calorie 4.1868 joules
1 kilocalorie=(IT) 1.163 watts
1 kilo-watt hour 3,412.14 BTUs
895.845 kilocalories (IT)
3.6 mega joules
1.34102 horsepower
1 kilowatt 737.562 foot pounds
1.35962 metric horsepower
Converting into Barrels-of-Fuel-Oil Equivalent (BFOE)
Energy Forms are converted into a common unit, BFOE, based on fuel oil
equivalent at 18,600 BTU/lb as follows:
Electricity 600 KWh 1.0000
Regular Gasoline 1 bbl 0.8470
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Fuel Oil
Coal (10,000BTU/lb) 1 MT 3.5300
CONVERSION RATES
Abbreviation Prefix Symbol
109 Giga (billion – 1,000,000,000) G
106 Mega (million – 1,000,000) M
103 Kilo (thousand – 1,000) K
Conversion Formula Units
kWh to J kWh x 3.6x106 Joules
J to kWh J x 1/3.6x10-6 kWh
kWh to MJ kWh x 3.6 MJ
MJ to kWh MJ x 0.278 kWh
kWh to GJ kWh x 3.6x10-3 GJ
GJ to kWh GJ x 278 kWh
Source: GRAEI, 2003
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LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURES
TABLES
Table 2.1.2.6.1 – Number of Households (’000) Using Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class, Urban 1995 Pg. 20
Table 2.1.2.7.1 – Average Urban Household Appliance Electricity
Consumption, 1995, KWh Pg. 22
Table 2.1.2.11.1 – Average Fuel Prices for Households Purchasing of
Electricity in the NCR, Urban: 1995 Table 2.1.2.12.1 – Number of Households using
Electricity by End-Use, NCR-Urban: 1995 Pgs. 23
Table 2.1.2.13.1 – Annual Average Urban Household Electricity
Consumption in NCR by End-Use: 1995 Table 2.1.2.14.1 – Number of Households Using Electricity
by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995 Pgs. 24
Table 2.1.2.15.1 – Annual Average Urban Household Electricity Consumption
in NCR by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995 Pg. 25
Table 2.1.3.2A – Total Housing Expenditure and
Percent to Total Family Expenditure by Decile, 2000 (NSCB, 2002)
Table 2.1.3.2B – Total and Average Housing Income and Expenditure by