Developed By : Ms. K. M. Sanghavi
Designing Our Own Manipulators
We can design our own manipulators for certain special purpose.The general form for creating a manipulator without any arguments is:
ostream & manipulator(ostream & output) { ………… …………(code) ………… return output } Here the manipulator is the name of the manipulator under creation.
The following function defines a manipulator called unit that dispalys”inches”:
ostream & unit(ostream &output)
{
output<<”inches”;
return output;
}
The statement
cout<<36<<unit;
will produce the following output
36 inches
We can also create manipulators that could represent a sequence of operations.
Example:
ostream & show(ostream & output)
{
output.setf(ios::showpoint);
output.setf(ios::showpos);
output<<setw(10);
return output;
}
Program illustrates the creation and use of the user-defined manipulators. The program creates two manipulators called currency and form which are used in the main program.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
ostream & currency(ostream & output)
{
output<<”Rs”;
return output;
}
ostream& form(ostream & output) {
output.setf(ios::showpos); output.setf(ios::showpoint); output.fill(‘*’); output.precision(2); output<<setiosflags(ios::fixed)<<setw(10); return output;
} int main() {
cout<<currency <<form<<7864.5; return 0;
}
Stream Errors
• bool ios::good() : returns true if no error
• bool ios::bad() : returns true if invalid read/write
• bool ios::eof() : returns true if end of file reach
• bool ios::fail() : returns true if input operation fails
• void ios::clear() : clears all the flags
int main() { int num; bool valid = false; while (!valid) { valid = true; //Assume the cin will be an integer. cout << "Enter an integer value: " << endl; cin >> num; if(cin.fail()) //cin.fail() checks to see if the value in the cin //stream is the correct type, if not it returns true, //false otherwise. { cin.clear(); //This corrects the stream. cin.ignore(); //This skips the left over stream data. cout << "Please enter an Integer only." << endl; valid = false; //The cin was not an integer so try again. } }
File I/O Streams
Stream Description
ifstream Reads from files
ofstream Writes on files
fstream Read & Write From/To files
To perform File I/o We include <fstream.h> in the program
ifstream
Input file stream Class
open() is a member function of the class ifstream
Inherited functions of ifstream class, from the class istream are
• get()
• getline()
• read()
• seekg()
• tellg()
ofstream
Output file stream Class
open() is a member function of the class ofstream
Inherited functions of ofstream class, from the class ostream are
• put()
• write()
• seekp()
• tellp()
File Handling Classes
Use method “open()”
Or immediately in the constructor (the natural and preferred way).
Opening a File
copyrights © Elhanan Borenstein
17
Opening a File
• Before data can be written to or read from a file, the file must be opened.
ifstream inputFile;
inputFile.open(“customer.dat”);
Another Syntax • void open(const char* filename, int mode);
filename – file to open (full path or local)
mode – how to open (one or more of the following – using | )
File Handling Classes
Modes can be
ios::app – append
ios::ate – open with marker at the end of the file
ios::in / ios::out – (the defaults of ifstream and ofstream)
ios:nocreate / ios::noreplace – open only if the file exists / doesn’t exist
ios::trunc – open an empty file
ios::binary – open a binary file (default is textual)
Don’t forget to close the file using the method “close()”
20
Testing for Open Errors
dataFile.open(“cust.dat”, ios::in);
if (!dataFile)
{
cout << “Error opening file.\n”;
}
is_open() – Checking whether the file was open correctly. (for compatibility with C, the operator ! was overloaded).
rd_state() – returns a variable with one or more (check with AND) of the following options:
ios::goodbit – OK
ios::eofbit – marker on EOF
ios::failbit – illegal action, but alright to continue
ios:badbit – corrupted file, cannot be used.
We can also access the bit we wish to check with eof(), good(), fail(), bad().
clear() is used to clear the status bits (after they were checked).
Querying a File
copyrights © Elhanan Borenstein
File Handling Classes
22
Another way to Test for Open Errors
f.open(“cust.dat”, ios::in);
if (f.fail())
{
cout << “Error opening file.\n”;
}
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Detecting the End of a File
• The eof() member function reports when the end of a file has been encountered.
if (f.eof())
f.close();
seekg() / seekp() – moving the reading (get) / writing (put) marker
two parameters: offset and anchor
tellg() / tellp() – getting the position of the reading (get) / writing (put) marker
Moving within the File
copyrights © Elhanan Borenstein
File Handling Pointers
To write:
put() – writing single character
<< operator – writing an object
To read:
get() – reading a single character of a buffer
getline() – reading a single line
>> operator – reading a object
Reading /Writing from/to Textual Files
#include <fstream.h>
main()
{
// Writing to file
ofstream OutFile("my_file.txt");
OutFile<<"Hello "<<5<<endl;
OutFile.close();
int number;
char dummy[15];
// Reading from file
ifstream InFile("my_file.txt");
InFile>>dummy>>number;
InFile.seekg(0);
InFile.getline(dummy, sizeof(dummy));
InFile.close();
}
File Handling Classes