Develop a strategic plan to develop a sustainable city

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Student Number 32012353

Surname Sarkar Given name Joydeep

Email [email protected]

Unit Code SUS 523

Unit name Cities and Sustainability Enrolment mode Internal

Date 27.05.2014

Assignment number 2

Assignment name Project

Tutor Allan Johnstone

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2

Joydeep Sarkar

32012353

SUS 523

Project

Tutor: Allan Johnstone

3

Problem: Develop a strategic plan to develop a sustainable city in the basis of C&S themes.

City of Armadale Development Strategy

Champion Lakes and Champion Drive Development Area

Developing a Sustainable Community

4

Contents:

1. Introduction ………………………………………………………….. 5

2. Armadale Project Area Description …………………………………. 5

3. Rationale …………………………………………………………….. 6

4. Vision………………………………………………………………… 6

5. Analysis of the Area…………………………………………………. 7- 13

6. Proposed Strategies………………………………………………….. 14- 27

7. How Integration will be Achieved……………………………………. 27

8. Behavior Change………………………………………………………. 28

9. Monitoring…………………………………………………………….. 28

10. Implementation……………………………………………………….. 29

11. Appendix……………………………………………………………… 31

12. Works Cited…………………………………………………………… 33

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1.Introduction:

Both Champion Drive and Champion Lake development program are a part of bigger picture

of City of Armadale development initiative. These project sites are strategically positioned

within convenient transport system where both closely connected to the local train station,

bus route and commercial centers precinct (figure 1) with adequate natural and ecological

resources appropriate for the development of a sustainable community.

The key idea of this project is to promote sustainable or eco friendly residential homes in

local community where houses will be equipped with renewable power, sustainable materials

and residents will understand the significance of three R’s (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) live

in created green space ( Phillips, 2008).

2. Armadale Project Area Description:

Figure 1

Strategic Location of Armadale City Development Area1

1 http://www.mra.wa.gov.au/Projects/Armadale/About-the-Project/

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Location 30 min South East of Perth CBD

2

Population 69,260 (2012 est)3

Area 559.5 km2 (216.0 sq mi)

Wards 7

Suburbs 17

Project Areas Armadale Central, Kelmscott, Champion Lakes, Champion

Drives, Forrestdale East and Forrestdale West

Transportation Conveniently located in crossroads of Albany and Great Eastern

highway. Train line and station in heart of Armadale City and in

Kelmscott.

3. Rationale:

The development project of Champion Lake and Champion Drive are not only aiming to

provide better lifestyle and facilities to residents, but also attracting business opportunities

through its commercial business plan scheme. It is one of the largest and fastest growing

regions in abundance with ecological and historical resources. Importantly all sectors of

government are working closely to build this city in sustainable way to provide healthy and

standard lifestyle to its residents. Necessary approaches are being taken to solve land use,

transportation, environment and infrastructure issues to create a vibrant multidimensional

city what will inspire better living and long-term growth. I prefer to choose this area

considering city’s vision of sustainability what has provided it a new face than other areas in

Perth.

4. Vision:

Building a sustainable community for its residents by following underlying principles of

Living Smart Programme and Sustainable Livelihoods Framework what could provide ample

opportunities and healthy lifestyle to enjoy along with environmental, social and economical

benefits using its own resources and make it a better place for future generations to live,

thrive and bring more long term changes to turn this city into exemplary model of

sustainability living among the other cities of Western Australia.

2 http://www.armadale.wa.gov.au/Home/Your_Community/Community_Profile

3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadale,_Western_Australia

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5. Analysis of the Area:

5.1 Champion Lake Project Location:

Champion lake and its surroundings area will be developed as potential commercial centers

and high quality residential units in close proximity of all kinds of facilities4. Three kinds of

precinct will be developed under this scheme:

- Champion Lakes Recreational Precinct

- Champion Lakes Commercial Precinct

- Champion Lakes Residential Precinct

Figure 2

5.2 Champion Drive Project Location:

The Seville Drive residential state will

be another new sustainable housing

development project located close to

Champion Lakes. This project covers

53 hectares and will accommodate

about 700 dwellings5.

Figure 3

4 http://www.mra.wa.gov.au/Projects/Armadale/Precincts/Champion-Lakes/

5 http://www.mra.wa.gov.au/Projects/Armadale/Precincts/Champion-Drive/

8

5.3 Champion Drive detailed development area plan:

6Figure 4

5.4 History:

Armadale region was actually inhabited by Noongar people at the very beginning. In 1830

first European settlement was established in Kelmscott. At the end of 19th

century the

transport system evolved drastically when train system was introduced in this town and

Albany highway was fully in operation connecting Perth and Armadale. This development

was followed by Township of Armadale what was gazetted and finally in 1985 it was

declared as City. By 2028 the predicted population of this city will be 127,940 (City of

Armadale, 2013).

5.5 Opportunities and Key Issues of this Project:

Local residents of this city want to live in a ‘city in country style’ way. According to that

desire of locals the following key issues have been taken into consideration to reflect in city

design:

- Diversity in housing types throughout the city

- Housing design sympathetic to natural environment

6 http://media.mra.wa.gov.au/Documents/Armadale/Champion-Drive/12411_36650_CHAMP-DRIVE---

Detailed-Area-Plan-June-2007.pdf

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Social Value

Constructed recreational facilities, parks and lakes will create

social space for the residents of community to meet, connect

and engage in social action for the community.

Environmental Value

The two projects are enriched with wetlands, bushlands,

conservation areas and many more environment friendly

initiatives. Project design will ensure conservation of local

tress, fauna and animals. Designed project will decrease the

carbon foot print and promote green space in community

premises.

Cultural Value

Aboriginal heritage will be solemnly preserved and promoted

through establishment of Aboriginal Interpretive Centre where

Nyoongar culture and heritage can be celebrated. Local and

international events will be organized in Champion Lake

recreational precinct.

Economic value

Champion Lake recreational facility and commercial facility

will attract more local job opportunities. Moreover, many

industries will be interested to invest in project area in future

due to its sustainable environment and easy access to various

facilities.

- Higher density housing close to public transport like train station

- Employment opportunities

- Local recreation facilities

- Modern amenities

- Developed public transport facilities (Western Australian Planning Commission,

13:2005)

5.6 Land Use and Provided Facilities:

The master plan of Champion Lake and Champion Drive project will provide the following

facilities to residents:

Recreational:

- Cable park

- Fun Park with water based theme

- Regional sporting Stadium

- Indoor stadium

- Tennis court

- Hotel resort

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- Golf Course

Housing:

- Residential subdivision

Nature and Biodiversity:

- Landscape sculpture park

- Conservation area with artificial planted wetland

- Plant nursery (temporary)

Transportation:

- Light rail/ sky gondola7 (Environmental Protection Authority Guidelines)

Residential allotment 26 ha

Commercial Allotment 15ha

Recreational White Park 4.6 ha8

5.7 Nature and Biodiversity:

The environment report of City of Armadale elaborately explains the roles of local

government in relation of preserving nature and biodiversity in the city and project areas.

Some significant roles are:

- To make strategic planning through land use zoning

- To make plan for waste management

- Stormwater management and control

- Management of local open space to restore remnant vegetation and re-create habitat

(City of Armadale Environment Report, 2011:15: 4).

5.8 Biodiversity Statistics:

Vegetated natural areas 76% (42,660 ha of city’s 55,800 ha)

Bushland reserve 44

Weed control Program 56 species identified

Conservation Program 21.07 hectares for Champion Lake

Permanent Open Area in Champion Lakes 32.7 ha

7 http://www.planning.wa.gov.au/dop_pub_pdf/appendixa.pdf

8 http://media.mra.wa.gov.au/Documents/Fact-Sheets---all/19484_59861_Armadale-fact-sheet.pdf

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Important part of conservation and biodiversity of this project will be planned keep in

consideration of Champion Lake. In this project already 54.3ha conservation category

wetland, including 32.7ha of permanent open water has been created. A total area of 21.07

hectares has been set aside for conservation. Improvements include creation of islands,

preservation of wading bird habitat, extensive re-vegetation, weed eradication, planting and

rehabilitation of the wetland vegetation at Southern River. 9

Google Earth 2014

Figure 5

The above aerial pictures shows the amount of open water, forest and bush lands and natural

reserves are available in current Champion Lake development area.

5.9 Climate Change:

The Champion Lakes area is characterised by a Mediterranean climate with warm dry

summers and cool wet winters. The total rainfall distribution has also altered since 2000, with

a reduction of average monthly totals in the winter months, but no significant reduction in

monthly rainfall in summer months(Lake Road Precinct B, Champion Lakes Local Water

Management Strategy: 2010). It has been estimated that a good number of green house gas

9 http://www.mra.wa.gov.au/Projects/Armadale/About-the-Project/Sustainability/

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was emitted in past years and the trend of emission of greenhouse gas is increasing very fast

in Armadale region (see more in Appendix 3).

5.10 Impacts of Peak Oil and Transport Facility:

Australian government is still investing hugely on roads and highways rather on public

transports facility or bike network. The result is the car dependent travel patterns rising in

Australian cities (Dodson & Sipe, 2008: 66). These two projects have strategically located

close to Tonkin Highway, Albany Highway and Champion Drive. Therefore, a better and

sustainable transport system can be constructed aiming this easy access of highways. On the

contrary there is underlying possibility of more car dependence because of easy access to

highways (see figure 5).

5.10 Water Use Management and Energy Savings:

In Development Guideline Book it is clearly stated what initiatives will be taken to better

address the water management issues in proposed development areas.

- Retain and restore natural drainage lines

- Implement on-structural source controls – planning, organization and behavioral

techniques to minimize the amount of pollution entering the drainage system;

- Minimize runoff – infiltration of rainfall as high in the catchment as possible, to

minimize runoff

- Use in-system management measures – includes vegetative measures, such as swales

and riparian zones (Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority 2006)

- Undertake a project that develops a holistic plan for water conservation across the

City both corporately and in the community sector (City of Armadale: State of

Environment report, 2011).

5.12 Housing Plan:

- Universal access to people with physical disabilities and aged senior people

- Design house to ensure visual and acoustic privacy

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- Suitable and secure car parking areas in front of homes including garages maximize

winter solar access to living areas and private open

- Provide adequate privacy ((Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority 2006)

6. Challenges:

- No hospitals in any two of these development sites

- Threats to biodiversity- weed, bush fire, diseases

- Need to clear bush land and cut down trees for building up new facilities

- Impact on water quality and lake size because of development

- Increasing green house gas production and carbon foot print

- More water, energy and food consumption due to increasing population

- Rise of petrol prices because of car dependency

- Cost of fare in public transport (for example, a person has to spend around $9 using

‘Smartrider’ card back and forth between Perth and Armadale station in one single

travel. If he chooses this 80 km travel using a fuel efficient car he has to spend no

more than $7 in total).

- Creating green space could reduce the viability of public transport and increase the

walking distances (Rudlin & Falk, 1999:165).

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7. Proposed Strategies of this Development Project:

My plan about this project is to introduce components of sustainable living using various

technologies and strategies and connect the community with initiatives to build a suburb or

community more sustainable way reducing ecological foot prints and maximizing benefits. In

this regard the participation of community people is so important to connect with others and

support to bring bigger change for their community (Williams, Pocock and Bridge 2009:26).

7.1 Framework of Sustainability:

UK DFID sustainable livelihoods framework [Source: CAT no date; UK DFID (1999–2001)].

Figure 6

The framework provides five basic components of capital assets that people can consider

pursuing livelihood strategies and bringing sustainability to community (see appendix 1).

The sustainable Australian cities in future should be followed the following strategies:

- Preserve bushland and urban green zone

- Efficient use of energy including renewable energy

- Sustainable water and stormwater management system

- Manage and minimize domestic and industrial waste

- Develop sustainable transport network

- Eco friendly principles into buildings and housings ( Sustainable Cities 2025

Discussion Paper: 4)

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7.2 Roads and Transportation:

Liveable Neighborhoods is a new policy of the Western Australian Government to combat

the high car dependency, lack of public transport and poor walking conditions in suburban

sprawl (Jones 2001:38).

Greenhouse gas emission from various transports10

This statistics show clearly what we should prefer in terms of better and environment friendly

transport system.

7.2.1 Cycling and Walking Network:

A good cycling network should be integrated to travel easily to nearest shopping centers in

few minutes and also nearest train station. Champion Lakes residential area has huge

potential in this respect because it will only take 5-6 minutes to reach Kelmscott station.

Facilities can be provided:

- Bike parking facilities

10

www.sydneybuses.info

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- Slower and lighter traffic

- Lane widths

- Share travel lane

- Wide kerbside lane

- Dual use paths (Jones 2001:42).

Figure 7 Figure 8- Bike Lane in Champion Lake 11

Digital Fast Bike in Barcelona12

Currently Perth Bicycle Network (PBN) is being shaped and developed by Western

Australian Department of Transport and one of the priority objectives of this plan is to

connect schools, local facilities and nearest train stations by bicycle (Department of

Transport 2014:5).

Current bicycle route from Champion Lake to Challis Station13

Figure 9

11

www.thai-dreaming.com 12

en.wikipedia.org 13

https://maps.google.com.au/maps?t=m&ll=-32.0864184,115.9951372&z=14&output=classic&dg=opt

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It will take approximately 18 minutes to reach nearest station by bike what could be

minimized by planning more straight and convenient way for bike network.

Special pedestrian walking lane is required to encourage locals to walk close distances for

shopping or access to public transports. Following challenges are critical to overcome to

construct a better cycling and walking network:

- Inappropriate land use planning

- Poor quality of urban environment

- Absence of secure storage space

- Prevalence of bicycle theft (WHO, 1998)

7.2.2 Reduce Automobile Dependence:

Few techniques could employ to encourage residents to use public transports instead of their

cars.

i) Freeway and road infrastructure shouldn’t get highest priority rather more emphasize

should be provided on transit, walking and cycling infrastructure (Kenworthy, 2006:67).

ii) Bus routes should be provided in a ‘spider network’ focused on the town centre, with as

many neighborhood centre as possible (Langdon, 1994: 41).

iii) To slow auto traffic and create more urban environment (Newman & Kenworthy,

1999:145).

iv) Adequate and frequent public transport facilities around the suburbs in walking distance

v) Shopping centers, medical or schools in close distance

vi) Easy and fast accessible public transports to closest Kelmscott and Challis train station.

Special bus services can be introduced what only carry passengers directly back and forth

from nearest train stations to closest suburbs frequently.

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vii) High parking fees for roadside car park

Rapid Bus transit in Bogota Light rail in Oslo, Norway

ecoefficiency.bligoo.com sambameetssambar.blogspot.com

7.3 Land Use:

- Local commercial townscape should be maintained according to plan and build

commercial establishments close to suburbs for easy access for residents.

- Wetland, bushland and area for conservation should be protected

- Building of housing should planned in such way so that residents could enjoy private

and secure life with adequate open space backyard and front yard of homes.

7.4 Housing Built Form:

Sensible building design for housing can save energy and turn a house into more eco

friendly.

7.3.1 Use waste materials

– Recycled concrete (for floor), bricks (rammed earth walls), plastics (panels,

cupboards), glass (to replace gravel in concrete), flyash (in concrete paving)

(Holmgren, 2005:3).

7.3.2 Green architecture

– Solar passive (building orientation, placement of windows, thermal mass,

ventilation, landscaping)

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7.3.3 Glazing: design for maximum solar access

Figure 10

7.3.4 Shading:

For access of adequate sun light into houses in summer and winter time.

- 35 degrees:Winter – No shade

- 68 degrees: Spring/Autumn – Begin shading

- 81 degrees: Summer – Full shade

Figure 11

Insulation on wall or using double glazing window can help to trap heat inside home in

winter and protect the home from heat in summer.

7.4 Water Sensitive Urban Design and Management:

Less water use and much recycle of used water can be one of the effective strategies to build

a sustainable city or community. Considering the need to search for new sources of fresh

water it is also imperative to change attitude and implement new choice of technologies

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(McManus, 2005: 113). With the rainfall reduction dramatically and increase of water use in

WA it has become mandatory to use water consciously and reuse the water in future.

THE WUNGONG URBAN WATER PROJECT: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT

IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT (http://www.hydropolis.com.au/Papers/SIA_GRACEB.pdf)

The chart shows how much we can reduce the water usage to save more water in the face of

growing population and demand in WA.

7.4.1 Rainwater Harvest:

From 1994 to 2001, 16% of households across Australia used rainwater tanks to preserve

water and only 13% of household used rainwater for their main source of drinking water. Use

of rainwater to do other household works is most likely less common still in Australia (Water

Forever - Towards Climate Resilience: Water Corporation 2009).

7.4.2 Water Pricing:

Increase of water pricing based on water usage will have direct effect on water

consumption in both households and industries. This will reinforce to water users the true

value of water, and will support continued efforts to save water (Our Water Our Future,

2007: 27).

7.4.3 Water Recycle:

Water recycling will be an effective choice to decrease the existing demand on fresh

water sources. Currently only 6% of wastewater is treated for recycling purpose in WA

(Water Forever, 2009). Water recycling can be integrated in business, public places, home

greywater recycle system, residential dual reticulation system and other places where it can

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be effectively used. In homes, recycled water should be provided through purple and blue

pipes where both pipes will supply water for laundry washing, toilets, kitchen or showers

(Parker, 2008:3).

(Allthingsrainwater.com, 2009)

Figure 12

www.nitv.org.au

Figure 13

7.4.4 Storm Water Management:

Storm water management can be designed to include shared areas of the community like

garden space or paved areas. First flush water diverter systems can be installed in each new

building and used for irrigation, reducing demand on mains water supply (Pigram 2006, 100).

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www.campuskitofparts.com

Figure 14

In addition construction swales can allow stormwater runoff to be slowed, drainage ponds

can work for retention of water or constructed wetlands can work as treatment devices for

stormwater. Moreover plant can play important role to achieve effective stormwater

management (Pimpama Coomera Alliance, 2007).

7.5 Waste Management:

Residents should be aware of disposing waste in appropriate places and bins so that that

could be properly recycled or treated for landfill. There could be a small waste plant within

the city and recycled waste could be used for community purposes like in garden or

vegetable patch. Moreover home composting can be a ideal ways to compost the waste of

their own homes what does not have to be transported and this will provide nutrients and

humus to gardens. In addition this will eventually increase the importance of educational

awareness among residents (K\"orner, Saborit-S\'anchez and Aguilera-Corrales 2008:70).

7.6 Energy:

Various forms of renewable energy sources should be placed within a community context

like good building design, water, wave, wind, solar thermal, photovoltaic, bio fuel and heat

pumping power ( Droege, 2006: 5).

In energy efficient town planning we need to focus on few things:

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- Maximum solar access town plan

- Climate sensible architecture and retrofitting

- Renewable energy power supply systems

- Energy efficient appliances and fittings

- Education on energy saving

- Maintenance14

7.6.1 Use renewable sources

Solar Water Heaters

It can be placed on roof of houses to provide hot water inside homes.

Solar Hot Water System15

Figure 15 & 16

14

Murdoch University/ Department of Environment and Sustainability 15

Murdoch University/Environmental Technology Centre

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7.6.2 Solar photo-voltaic (PV)

Solar photovoltaic can convert solar energy into electricity.

Solar photovoltaic System

16

Figure 17

Solar thermal (e.g. hot water heater, solar oven)

• Wind

• Biomass (especially organic wastes)

– Biogas, biodiesel

7.7 Climate Change Adaptation Required for this Project:

- Maximize water efficiency

- Maximize water harvesting

- Better drainage and storm water capture

- Integrated emergency services

- Cooler surroundings

- Better public knowledge and safe behavior (City of Melbourne, 2009 cited in UN-

Habitat (2011) Global Report on Human Settlements 2011).

- Reduce contamination that has been caused because of cattle and piggeries farming

16

www.solartwin.com

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7.8 Smart Living (Home Automation System)

This system will allow the residents to control their electronic appliances including lights to

Home Automation System17

Figure 18

turn off when those are not in use and they can do this using their phone even when they are

outside home. Moreover this system is equipped with sensor what can automatically turn on

and off depending on presence of any person. This technology could save noticeable amount

of electricity if it is fitted properly inside or outside home.

Home Automation System

18 Figure 19

17

www.homeimprovementhall.com 18

www.todayshomeowner.com

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7.9 Urban Agriculture and Local Food Production:

Community gardening in the back of the houses can be linked with urban agriculture

production. Rooftops, balconies or the unused areas can be used to grow some local

vegetables and small livestock for consumption (Smit and Nasr 1992:159).

There are some challenges for local food production:

- Access to grow foods for local population

- Efficiency to integrate urban and peri-urban agriculture with rural agriculture

- Develop land use and water policies in this regard (Josh Byrne and Associates 2014)

Urban Agriculture in Cuba

reimaginerpe.org

Figure 22

Urban Aquaculture in Brooklyn New York Perth Cultural Centre Urban Orchards (shared Beds)

Figure 21

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www.houstontomorrow.org

Backyard Poultry Pen in Kampala, Uganda

www.mifugo.co.ke

7.10 Community Scale Food Production:

Figure 25

Garden in shared Lands

7.9 Smart Living:

‘Smart Living’ has been designed to change behavior of individual at home using various

skill and knowledge to minimize the effect on environment and maximize sustainability and

life standard.

This ‘Smart Living’ for Armadale Development Program could be following:

1. Encourage and use more public transports than private cars

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2. Appropriate lighting and system for both inside and outside home (e.g. use of energy

saving lamp instead of conventional lights and introduce Home Automation system that

can allow residents to turn off various home appliances even not be at home)

3. Decrease water use( e.g. take shower in less than 3 minutes)

4. Storm water reuse

5. Use of social space and increase community interaction

6. Environment and sustainability education

8. How Different Integration will be Achieved:

It is necessary to integrate different practice and technologies together to achieve

maximum output towards sustainability in community. For example, very accessible public

transport facilities will encourage residents to use that instead of car. Low electric bill and

awareness of energy conservation will inspire residents to undertake more energy efficient

sources. Using public transports will save a huge amount of fossil fuel and it generally

encourages residents to use more new renewable energy sources for their transport.

Moreover, people will be encouraged to shop locally what is available in walking distance.

This will promote local food production and permaculture. Electricity conservation practices

will help the residents to undertake new technologies like use of highest star rated electric

appliances, hot water system, retrofitting the existing house, etc.

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Within a system, each and every element is interconnected with each other form a

coherent whole and it is consisted of many smaller things (Atkinson 1999: 70). This above

linkage analysis focuses how each section interacts or is interrelated with each other and

influences the system.

9. Behavior Change:

Behavior change is a multi disciplinary effort. It involves set of practices and

ways of thinking to provide enabling environment and opportunities for people who can

change themselves (Robinson, 2011). For example taking public transport or take shower in

less than three minutes could bring small changes in terms of saving energy and water

respectively. Putting the right waste in right bin or shop local foods from local markets could

be part of the behavior changes of the community people.

Sustainable Community

Reduce car dependency

Encourage public transport

and cycling and walking

Reduce fuel use and less

greenhouse gas emission Healthy active life

Water sensitive urban design

Protect environment and

ensure healthy life

Fight against effect of

climate change

Green Landscape

Energy saving urban design

Urban Agriculture and local

food production

Cost effective economic gain

Knowledge on sustainability

practices

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10. Monitoring

Monitoring is vital component to ensure the good and effective implementations

of tools of sustainability. This monitoring will be done with the knowledge of the community

and be used to improve the capacity of each household to reduce their impact on the

environment. Engagement of local residents is the key to improve and sustain and level of

sustainability in community. For example, Tasmania Together is an Australian first, a people

driven twenty years social environmental and economic plan where this plan is derived from

extensive public engagement (Crowley and Coffey, 2007: 49). In addition, to form

appropriate policy for sustainability it is important to understand that significant

sustainability issues are different in kind (like climate change, bio diversity, integrated land

and water management and so on) and it requires different knowledge and different policies

(Dover, 2005: 49).

11. Implementation of the Proposed Program:

Step wise implementation strategies and guidelines should be finalized to monitor

the progress of sustainability in project accurately (see appendix 2).

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12. Appendix 1:

Living Smart and Sustainable Livelihoods:

One of the underlying ideas to promote sustainability in this project is to

introduce the Living Smart Programme into this development design. The sustainable

livelihoods framework promotes a system perspective, drawing attention to the dynamic

nature of interactions between people’s assets, their decisions about livelihood strategies, the

factors that enable or constrain those decisions, and the outcomes for their lives (Davies et al.

2008: 57). Importantly the community members of these two development areas need to play

the key role to contribute in this programme and make it successful promoting sustainable

living. Living Smart Programme will help people to reduce the ecological footprints, save

water and energy and aware about environmental and ecological issues that could affect

nature and community as well. Special monitoring program should be included to track the

implementation and success of the programme.

Appendix 2:

The redevelopment projects are being conducted by MRA, State Government

and Local Council all together. Hence, the design and implementation of various parts of

these projects will be largely done by developers and council. Regular meeting with local

residents will help promoting the awareness and sustainable living from grass root level. This

will be included in the welcome package to the area with instructions of the home and how to

join Living Smart. Visiting the other sustainable housing or places could provide better

knowledge of sustainability to the residents and they could grab practical experiences

regarding this. Authority should provide incentives to residents to reinforce positive

behavior like buying properties or start new business in the area (Rabinovitch & Leitman,

1996: 50). Moreover, planning and housing powers should not be confined only with new

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buildings rather government and associated bodies will take necessary initiatives to spread

this idea into existing houses and buildings (Gavron, 2008: 383).

Another way the community can become involved with sustainable living is by visiting a

sustainable house on display.

Appendix 3:

Climate Change Issue in Armadale Region:

During the year 2006/07, the City of Armadale used approximately 42,000 GJ of

energy at a cost of $1.6 million. Approximately 9, 160 tonnes of, (eCO2) carbon dioxide

equivalent greenhouse gases was emitted. This was 17.8% higher than when first recorded in

1999. Regionally, in 1998/ 1999 it was estimated that across the City of Armadale, City of

Gosnells and Shire of Serpentine Jarrahdale, 1.6 million tonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide

emissions was contributed by the community sector. Residential emissions were the

dominant contributor (City of Armadale Environment Report, 2011:15). The main sources of

greenhouse gas emissions in cities are the use of energy in industrial production,

transportation, buildings and waste decomposition (Satterthwaite & Dodman, 2009: 75).

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13. Works Cited:

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