1 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00 DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Manimangalam, Tambaram, Chennai – 601 301 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CE6461 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB III SEMESTER - R 2013 Name : Register No. : Class : LABORATORY MANUAL
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1 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Manimangalam, Tambaram, Chennai – 601 301
DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE6461 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB
III SEMESTER - R 2013
Name :
Register No. :
Class :
LABORATORY MANUAL
2 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.
To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to shape
them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the challenges in
deploying technology for the service of humanity
To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the civil industry
To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
structural systems
To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practice
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION
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PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. FUNDAMENTALS
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. CORE COMPETENCE
To train the students in Civil Engineering technologies so that they apply their knowledge and training to
compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. BREADTH
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theories and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. PROFESSIONALISM
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. LIFELONG LEARNING/ETHICS
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the large,
through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career
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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Civil
Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for analysis and design of structures
d) To identify, constructional errors and solve Civil Engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Civil Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of contemporary
issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams
5 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
CE6461 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB
SYLLABUS
1. To determine the discharge/rate of flow using different devices
2. To perform calculation related to losses in pipes
3. To determine the characteristic study of pumps and turbines
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
A. Flow Measurement
1. Calibration of Rotometer.
2. Flow through Venturimeter Orificemeter.
3. Flow through variable duct area - Bernoulli’s Experiment.
4. Flow through Orifice, Mouthpiece and Notches.
B. Losses in Pipes
5. Determination of friction coefficient in pipes.
6. Determination of loss coefficients for pipe fittings.
C. Pumps
7. Characteristics of Centrifugal pumps.
8. Characteristics of Gear pump.
9. Characteristics of Submersible pump.
10. Characteristics of Reciprocating pump.
D.Turbines
11. Characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine.
12. Characteristics of Francis turbine.
13. Characteristics of Kaplan turbine.
E. Determination of Metacentric height
14. Determination of Metacentric height (Demonstration).
1. Ability to measure flow in pipes and determine frictional losses.
2. Ability to develop characteristics of pumps and turbines.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES
6 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
CONTENTS
S.No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
CYCLE 1 – EXPERIMENTS
1 Orifice meter 6
2 Venturimeter 10
3 Rota meter 14
4 Losses in pipes(major loss) 18
5 Losses in pipes(minor loss) 22
6 Centrifugal pump 26
CYCLE 2 – EXPERIMENTS
7 Submergible pump 31
8 Reciprocating pump 35
9 Gear pump 39
10 Pelton turbine 42
11 Francis turbine 49
12 Kaplan turbine 54
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
13 Rectangular Notches 59
14 Orifice (constant head method) 63
7 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 1 DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICEMETER
Aim: To determine the co-efficient discharge through orifice meter
Description:
Orifice meter has two area sections with area a1, and area a2. It does not have throat like venturimeter but a small
holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe. The mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out
of manometer.
Apparatus Required:
1. Orifice meter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale
Procedure:
1. Select the pipe for doing experiments
2. Switch on the motor, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. Note the reading of h1 and h2
5. Note the time taken for 100 mm rise of water in the collecting tank
6. The experiment is repeated for various flows in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where A = Area of collecting tank in mm2
H = Height of collected water in tank = 100 mm
t = Time taken for H cm rise of water
8 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Theoretical Discharge:
where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid
where: h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Co efficient Of Discharge:
9 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
ORIFICE METER
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water = 1
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.810 m/sec2
S.No Manometer readings Difference
Manometer Head
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Co efficient of discharge
h1 h2
(cm) (cm) (m) (m) t1 t2 mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
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Graph:
Graph is drawn between along X- axis and Qact along Y-axis
Result:
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter = ……… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter by graphical method = ……… (No unit)
Outcome: Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement.
1. What is the difference between an orifice and a mouth piece?
2. Why the co-efficient of discharge for a mouth piece is higher than that for an orifice?
3. What is meant by vena-contract?
4. How is it developed?
5. What are the relation between Cd ,Cv and Cc
6. How can you differentiate the small and large orifice
7. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
8. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
9. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
10. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
11. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
12. Define relative density.
13. What is vacuum pressure?
14. What is absolute zero pressure
15. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.
Natural Gas, Water Treatment Plants, Oil Filtration Plants, Petrochemicals and Refineries
Viva- voce
Applications
11 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 2 DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURIMETER
Aim:
To determine the co-efficient discharge through venturimeter
Description:
Venturimeter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is represented as a1 and
the later is a2 water or any other liquid flows through the Venturimeter and it passes to the throat area the value of
discharge is same at a1 and a2 .
Apparatus Required:
1. Venturimeter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale
Procedure:
1. Select the pipe for doing experiments
2. Switch on the motor, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. Note the reading of h1 and h2
5. Note the time taken for 100 mm rise of water in the collecting tank
6. Repeat the experiment for various flow in the same pipe
7. Calculate the co-efficient of discharge
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
12 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Theoretical Discharge:
where:
A = Area of collecting tank in m2
H = Height of collected water in tank = 100mm
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
t = Time taken for H cm rise of water
h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid
where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Co-efficient of Discharge:
Co-efficient of discharge
13 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
VENTURIMETER OBSERVATION:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water = 1
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9810 mm/sec2
S.No Manometer readings Difference
Manometer Head
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Co efficient of discharge
h1 h2
(cm) (cm) (m) (m) t1 t2 Mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
14 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Graph
Graph is drawn between along X- axis and Qact along Y-axis.
Result:
The co efficient of discharge through venturimeter = ……… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge through venturimeter by graphical method = ……… (No unit)
Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement
1. Can be the same calibration be used if the venturimeter is inclined?
2. Comment and discuss on the usefulness of this experiment based on the plots prepared
3. How discharge coefficient varies as the area ratio is changed and with change in manometer reading?
4. What are the relative advantages and limitations of a venturimeter versus other flow meters?
5. Draw the venturimeter and mention the parts.
6. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in venturimeter?
7. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter.
8. Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter?
9. What do you mean by vena contracta?
10. Define coefficient of discharge. .
11. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
12. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
13. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
14. Mention few discharge measuring devices
1. To measure the speed of the air around the plane.
2. To measure the fuel and air distribution in carburettor.
3. To measure the Flow rate of chemical through pipes
Viva-voce
Applications
15 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 3 CALIBRATION OF ROTOMETER
Aim:
To determine the percentage error in Rotometer with the actual flow rate.
Apparatus Required:
1. Rotometer setup
2. Measuring scale
3. Stopwatch.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotometer, for example say 50 litres per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotometer readings
6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted
7. Graph is drawn by plotting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (10-2 m).
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.
Conversion:
16 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
ROTOMETER TEST RIG
Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2
S.No
Rotometer readings in LPM
Rotometer readings
in LPS = LPM 60
Time for H = 0.1 m rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Quantity of water collected
% Error =
(LPM)
(LPS)
t1 t2 mean (m3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
17 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Graph: Graph is drawn by plotting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer
Result:
The percentage error of the Rotometer was found to be =…….
Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement
18 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
1. What are the types of fluid flows?
2. Differentiate steady and unsteady flow.
3. Differentiate uniform and non – uniform flow.
4. Differentiate laminar and turbulent flow.
5. Differentiate compressible and incompressible flow.
6. Differentiate rotational and ir -rotational flow.
7. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
8. What is orifice plate?
9. What do you mean by major energy loss?
10. List down the type of minor energy losses.
11. Define turbine.
12. What are the classifications of turbine
13. Define impulse turbine.
14. Define reaction turbine.
15. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine.
1. Chemical injection/dosing – controlling flow rate of fluids to be mixed (added) to the primary fluid.
2. Boiler control – measuring steam flow to a boiler or of gases that heat the boiler.
Viva - voce
Applications
19 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 4 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF GIVEN SET OF PIPES
Aim:
To find the friction factor for the given pipe
Description:
When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The frictional resistance depends upon
the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe will be more the frictional resistance. The loss of head
between selected lengths of the pipe is observed.
Apparatus Required:
1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter of the pipe and the internal dimensions of the collecting tank and the length of the pipe
2. Keep the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h1 and h2 are noted
4. Repeat the above procedure by gradually increasing the flow rate
Formulae:
Friction Factor (F):
where,
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
d = Diameter of the pipe (m)
l = Length of the pipe (m)
v = Velocity of liquid following in the pipe (m/s)
Hf = Loss of head due to friction (m)
20 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
X = h1 ~ h2
Where
h1 = Manometric head in the first limbs (m)
h2 = Manometric head in the second limbs (m)
Actual Discharge:
(m3/s)
Where
A = Internal plan area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = Rise of water for 100 mm
t = Time taken for 100 mm rise (sec)
Velocity:
(m / sec) Where
Q = Actual discharge (m3/ sec)
a = Area of the pipe (m2)
Graph:
Graph is drawn between hf along y axis and v2 along x axis.
21 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
FRICTION FACTOR Observation:
Inlet diameter of Pipe d = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Area of pipe a = m2 Density of water = 1
Length of the pipe L = m
S.No Manometer readings Difference
Manometer Head
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Actual discharge
Velocity
Velocity
V2
Friction factor
h1 h2
(m) (m) (m) (m) t1 t2 Mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
22 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Result:
1. The frictional factor ‘f ‘for given pipe = -----------(no unit)
2. The friction factor for given pipe by graphical method = ---------- (no unit)
Outcome: Ability to determine the friction factor in a pipe.
1. List different types of pipe flows?
2. Indicate the type and magnitude of possible errors occurring in this test.
3. Deduce the effect of the pipe diameter on friction coefficient of a pipe.
4. Discuss Moody’s diagram.
5. Show that, for a laminar flow f = 64/Re. How do the results for laminar flow compare with this equation
and with Blasius equation?
6. What is the significance of upper and lower Reynolds number and what are their values?
7. What is the effect of ageing of a pipe line on the friction factor aged pipe line?
8. What is the function of draft tube?
9. Define specific speed of turbine.
10. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine?
11. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
12. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine
13. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.
14. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine?
15. How the inlet discharge is controlled in Pelton turbine?
It is used to find the friction developed in pipes to reduce the amount of flow.
Viva - voce
Applications
23 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No.5 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF MINOR LOSSES
OF THE GIVEN PIPE FITTINGS
Aim:
To measure the head loss due to different pipe fittings at different flow rate and to determine the loss of co-
efficient due to sudden enlargement and sudden contraction of pipe fittings
Theory:
Various fluids are transported through pipes. When fluids flow through pipes energy losses occur due to
various reasons. Predominant loss is due to pipes roughness. Also additional components like inlet, outlet bend
add to the overall loss to the system.
Apparatus required:
Flow losses in pipes apparatus with flow control device and manometer
1. Collecting tank
2. Stop watch
3. Piezo meter
4. Meter scale
Procedure
1. Note the inlet and outlet diameter of the test section.
2. Make sure that only required water regulator valves
3. Start the pump and adjust the valve to develop the full flow
4. Measure the pressure difference across the section
5. Record the time taken for 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank
6. Increase the flow rate by regulating the control valve and repeat the steps for different flow rates
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
24 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec)
Loss co-efficient due to sudden contraction, bend and elbow
2
2
v
ghK c
Loss co-efficient due to sudden enlargement (or) Expansion
2
2
2
1
2
vv
ghKc
Where d = Diameter of pipe in (mm)
g = Acceleration due to gravity in (mm /s)
v = Velocity Q / a (mm / s)
a = Area of Orifice in (mm2)
Q = Actual discharge (mm3 / s)
h = Manometer head in (mm)
Where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Co-efficient of discharge:
Co- efficient of discharge Qth
QC act
d
25 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
LOSSES IN PIPE LINE FITTINGS
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Pipe d = mm Density of Hg = 13.6
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = mm Density of water = 1