FACULTY OF CIVIL ANG ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND GEOMETIC LAB GEOTECHNIC FULL REPORT Subject Code BFC 31703 Code & Experiment Title OPEN ENDED - DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY PYCNOMETER TEST Course Code 2 BFF Date 10 TH MAY 2012 Section / Group SECTION 9 / GROUP 7 Name MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN (DF100018) Members of Group 1. NUR EZRYNNA BINTI MOHD ZAINAL (DF100118) 2. MUHAMMAD HUZAIR BIN ZULKIFLI (DF100040) 3. NUR EEZRA ATHIRLIA BINTI GHAZALI (DF100147) 4. MUHAMMAD NUH BIN AHMAD ZAIRI (DF100093) 5. ZIRWATUL FAUZANA BINTI CHE JEMANI (DF100027) Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor EN. AHMAD HAKIMI BIN MAT NOR Received Date 17 TH MAY 2012 Comment by examiner Received
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Determination of Specific Gravity by Pcynometer Test
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FACULTY OF CIVIL ANG ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND GEOMETIC
LAB GEOTECHNIC
FULL REPORT
Subject Code BFC 31703
Code & Experiment Title OPEN ENDED - DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY
BY PYCNOMETER TEST
Course Code 2 BFF
Date 10TH
MAY 2012
Section / Group SECTION 9 / GROUP 7
Name MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN (DF100018)
Members of Group 1. NUR EZRYNNA BINTI MOHD ZAINAL (DF100118)
2. MUHAMMAD HUZAIR BIN ZULKIFLI (DF100040)
3. NUR EEZRA ATHIRLIA BINTI GHAZALI (DF100147)
4. MUHAMMAD NUH BIN AHMAD ZAIRI (DF100093)
5. ZIRWATUL FAUZANA BINTI CHE JEMANI (DF100027)
Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor EN. AHMAD HAKIMI BIN MAT NOR
Received Date 17TH
MAY 2012
Comment by examiner
Received
STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC
(SCE)
DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND GEOMETIC FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UTHM
We, hereby confess that we have prepared this report on our effort. We also admit not to receive
or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned in
the report is true.
___________________________
Student Signature
Name : MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN
Matric No. : DF100018
Date : 17/05/2012
_______________________
Student Signature
Name : MUHAMMAD NUH BIN AHMAD ZAIRI
Matric No. : DF100093
Date : 17/05/2012
___________________________
Student Signature
Name : NUR EEZRA ATHIRLIA BINTI GHAZALI
Matric No. : DF100147
Date : 17/05/2012
___________________________
Student Signature
Name : MUHAMMAD HUZAIR BIN ZULKIFLI
Matric No. : DF100040
Date : 17/05/2011
___________________________
Student Signature
Name : NUR EZRYNNA BINTI MOHD ZAINAL
Matric No. : DF100118
Date : 17/05/2012
_______________________
Student Signature
Name : ZIRWATUL FAUZANA BINTI CHE JEMANI
Matric No. : DF100027
Date : 17/05/2012
OPEN ENDED LAB DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY
PYCNOMETER TEST
1.0 OBJECTIVE
The specific gravity (Gs) of a soil is defined as the ratio between the unit massesof soil
particles and water. Gs is useful for determining weight-volume relationships.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
The pycnometer (from the Greek puknos, meaning "density", also called pyknometer or
specific gravity bottle), is a flask with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a fine hole
through it, so that a given volume can be accurately obtained. This enables the density of a fluid
to be measured accurately, by reference to an appropriate working fluid such as water or mercury,
using an analytical balance.
If the flask is weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose specific gravity is
desired, the specific gravity of the liquid can easily be calculated. The particle density of a
powder, to which the usual method of weighing cannot be applied, can also be determined with a
pycnometer. The powder is added to the pycnometer, which is then weighed, giving the weight of
the powder sample. The pycnometer is then filled with a liquid of known density, in which the
powder is completely insoluble. The weight of the displaced liquid can then be determined, and
thence the specific gravity of the powder.
Base on American Standard Test Method (ASTM D854), these test methods cover the
determination of the specific gravity of soil solids that pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, by means
of a water pycnometer. When the soil contains particles larger than the 4.75-mm sieve, Test
Method C127 shall be used for the soil solids retained on the 4.75-mm sieve and these test
methods shall be used for the soil solids passing the 4.75-mm sieve.
The specific gravity of solid Gs is a dimensionless parameter that relates the density of
the soil particles ρsto the density of water ρw, or Gs = ρs/ρw. The density of the soil particles ρs is
defined as the mass in air of dry solids Ms at a stated temperature divided by the volume of the
solid Vs at the same stated temperature, or ρs= Ms/Vs.
3.0 NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT
The knowledge of a specific gravity is needed in calculation of soil properties like void
ratio, dgree of saturation etc.
4.0 THEORY
The specific gravity (Gs) of a material is defined as the ratio of the weight (or mass) of a
given volume of the material to the weight (or mass) of an equal volume of water. In the case of a
density bottle method:
A sample of pre-dried soil is placed in a standard density bottle, of which the mass
including the stopper is m1. The combined mass of soil, bottle and stopper is m2. De-aired,
distilled water is a added and the whole vacuumed to remove air prior to topping up and
insertion of the stopper. After drying the outside of the bottle, stopper, soil and water, m3 is
determined. The bottle is then emptied, refilled with de-aired water only, the exterior again dried
and the mass of bottle, stopper and water, m4 is recorded.
Then,
Gs = mass of soil particles
mass of an equal volume of water
and is found from the expression :
Gs = m2 – m1
(m4 – m1) - (m3 – m2)
Where :
m2 – m1 is the mass of soil sample;
m4 – m1 is the mass of water contained by the density bottle;
m3 – m2 is the mass of water occupying a volume equal to that of the soil particles.
Hence the specific gravity Gs of a soil is calculated as follows;
Gs = Ws
Ws + WFW – WFS
Where Ws is the weight of the dry soil, WFS is the weight of the flask filled with soil and
water and WFW is the weight of the flask filled with deaired water only.
5.0 APPARATUS
Figure 1 – Volumetric Flacks
(250 or 500 ml)
with stoppers,
numbered and
calibrated
Figure 2 – Distilled deaired
water
Figure 3 – Weighing Scale
accurate to 0.01g
Figure 4 – Vacuum Pump Figure 5 – Two types of soils,