International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 139 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics Determination of individual characteristics in Modern Gujarati language for handwriting analysis Swetang Patel 14 Abstract This paper gives information about Graphology, handwriting analysis, different types of handwriting characteristics. Gujarati language also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi. Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language and its native language to the Gujarat of India. Gujarati is the variant of Devanagari, the main difference being the absence of the shirorekha or the line above the character and also more rounded shapes than others. The first writing systems were developed more than five thousand years ago. They have used anticipated pictorial representation to communicate a message. Writing or handwriting is a universal skill that does not distinct from sex, colour, or creed and race. Introduction Standardization is a socio-economic circumstance dating from the beginning of the 20 th century. In the history of national language standardization defined as “The construction – and subsequent dissemination – of a uniform supra dialectal normative variety”. In writing, physical body parts are used so it is a physical process. Through the nervous system, the brain sends the signal or order to the arms, hands and fingers, where they are manipulated as writing tools together. In such a way, the aim to write forms deep within the creative processes of the mind and makes writing an expressive gesture representative of the mind behind the pen.[1] Every written sample shows the same variety as the faces, fingerprints, bodies, voices of all persons in this world. Generally we recognize our friends’ voices on the phone, and by the frequency of tone alone and know about their state of happiness, sadness, anger, warmth or can be said as the emotional state of a person. As same, handwriting is a reflection of mood changes, characterizing the state of mind of a writer at that moment. Writing or handwriting is a universal skill that does not distinct from sex, colour or creed and race. Graphology offers a neutral outline of the distinctive personality and behaviour of an 14 M.Sc. Criminology, GFSU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
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International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525
139 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
Determination of individual characteristics in Modern
Gujarati language for handwriting analysis
Swetang Patel14
Abstract
This paper gives information about Graphology, handwriting analysis, different types of
handwriting characteristics. Gujarati language also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee,
Guujratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi. Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language and its native language
to the Gujarat of India. Gujarati is the variant of Devanagari, the main difference being the
absence of the shirorekha or the line above the character and also more rounded shapes than
others. The first writing systems were developed more than five thousand years ago. They have
used anticipated pictorial representation to communicate a message. Writing or handwriting is
a universal skill that does not distinct from sex, colour, or creed and race.
Introduction
Standardization is a socio-economic circumstance dating from the beginning of the 20th
century. In the history of national language standardization defined as “The construction – and
subsequent dissemination – of a uniform supra dialectal normative variety”.
In writing, physical body parts are used so it is a physical process. Through the nervous system,
the brain sends the signal or order to the arms, hands and fingers, where they are manipulated
as writing tools together. In such a way, the aim to write forms deep within the creative
processes of the mind and makes writing an expressive gesture representative of the mind
behind the pen.[1]
Every written sample shows the same variety as the faces, fingerprints, bodies, voices of all
persons in this world. Generally we recognize our friends’ voices on the phone, and by the
frequency of tone alone and know about their state of happiness, sadness, anger, warmth or can
be said as the emotional state of a person. As same, handwriting is a reflection of mood changes,
characterizing the state of mind of a writer at that moment.
Writing or handwriting is a universal skill that does not distinct from sex, colour or creed and
race. Graphology offers a neutral outline of the distinctive personality and behaviour of an
14 M.Sc. Criminology, GFSU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525
140 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
individual, without their physical presence. [2]
Graphology is also called Graphoanalysis, is a process which is used by some to attempt to
determine personality traits and details about an individual based on their handwriting.
Graphology began in 1871 by Jean-Hippolyte Mlchon, and it is still popular in Europe,
especially in France. Graphology is not undertaken as real science because of the evidence
which is against it. One way that has been tested is, by having multiple graphologists who
analyse the same handwriting sample.
The advantage of graphology is that it will not matter how rarely or frequently you write, how
praised or ugly your handwriting, it always has a meaning to the eye of the trained graphologist
in the circumstances of personality and character evaluation.[3]
Graphology
The word “graphology” word is made from the combination of the Greek word “Graphein”,
means “to write” and the “Logos” means “an account”. Graphology is the study of writing
which is based on the growing body of knowledge which is continuously being tested in
practical use. The science of Handwriting or the Graphology is based on the presumption that
handwriting expression and personality functioning are convolutedly related. Graphology is
based on knowledge, not a codified system like arithmetic. People are not alarmed to find
varying, many times conflicting explanations assigned to a stroke or shape. It is manageable to
understand writing characters using different approaches to certain origins. Graphology is an
art of combining and integrating information that essential training and judgement in its
application.
Graphology is an inference of different characters from a person’s handwriting. According to
the theory of graphology, handwriting is an expression of personality. The way words and
letters are formed is analysed systematically so it can reveal traits of personality. Graphologists
analyse elements like the size of individual letters and the degree and regularity of slanting,
ornamentation, angularity and curvature. Other basic analysis are the general appearance and
impression of the writing, the pressure of upward and downward stroked, and the smoothness
of the writing.[5]
Graphologists have cautioned that the validity of handwriting analysis can be subverted by
such consideration as myopia and the loss of motor control. Generally, the scientific basis for
graphological interpretations of personality is questionable.
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History of Graphology
The first writing systems were developed more than five thousand years ago, they anticipated
pictorial representation to communicate a message. Those earlier writing systems include
cuneiform which was developed in Sumer (now it is Iraq) and hieroglyphics from Egypt. The
first development of pure alphabets that uses a single symbol to represent a single phoneme
(letter sound) began in Egypt in 1800 BC and in time the Phoenician alphabet emerged in
approximately 1200 BC. The alphabets developed with the coastline of modern Lebanon,
consisted of 22 constant letters and did not record vowel sounds. That practice is still in the
Arabic and Hebrew written languages today.
Timeline of Graphology
1622: The publication “How to recognise from a letter the nature and quality of a writer”
written by Italian doctor Camillo Baldi. This is the first publication which is known as a printed
publication on the study of different handwriting.
Late 18th Century: Gainsborough apparently keeps his model of handwriting on the painting
portraits.
1875: French abbot Jean Hyppolyte Michon formulated the term “Graphology”, from the Greek
words: “Graph” means “to write” or “I write”, and “Logos” means “doctrine” to “Theory”.[6]
1895: “Writing originates in the brain, not in the fingers and that handwriting is actually
brainwriting” said by a child psychologist, Wilhelm Preyer.
1920: Henry Grunfeld, co-founder of SG Warburg, detected that someone was stealing petty
cash from his family firm in Germany. He took the help of handwriting experts, and they
promptly recognised the culprit. Applicants firstly have to submit the samples of handwriting
before being accepted for a situation. Grunfeld persisted convicted of the meritss of graphology
until his death at age of 95 in 1999. “There is not a single case in 60 years where the
graphologists had stated that something that turns out to be wrong.”
1930: Dr Ludwig Klages published an influential “Handwriting and Character”. He is widely
considered as the father of modern graphology.
1949-1954: Dr Eric Singer, an Austrian but lived in England, published “Graphology and
Everyman”, “The Graphologists Alphabets”, “Handwriting and Marriage”, “Personality in
Handwriting”. [7]
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525
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1965: Fransic T. Hilliger established a company “Handwriting Analysis Ltd.”. He was the
student of Dr Eric Singer. His business encompasses personnel selection, tuitions,
graphotherapy (this therapy proposed that negative emotions can result in disease), and work
at London’s Old Bailey as an “Expert witness”. He evolves a method for assessing the degree
of any trait or characteristics in a handwriting sample, and setting the first standard for students
in the UK.
Handwriting
Handwriting is writing with the hand as different from print. The term handwriting can be more
or less restricted to mean the form of writing peculiar to each person. Scales were developed
to measure the quality of the script from grade to grade in the elementary schools, and a series
of careful investigations of the handwriting movements were undertaken. Different studies
revealed that the pressure on the penholder (grip pressure) as well as the pressure of the pen
point on the paper (point pressure) varies continuously during writing, and the speed of writing
is not uniform but depends upon the which type of stroke going to made. For example,
movement speed usually increases slowly as the strokes begins, comes at maximum in the
middle, and drops off in the direction of end. The direction of the stroke, loops and turns, the
complexity and the type of stroke that preceded will alter the speed of a given writing
movement. Speed is also affected by length of letter elements, usually it takes more time to
make long strokes than to make short ones.
By comparison of the handwriting movement of poor and good writers, researchers found that
these two groups have difference in position of writing hand, speed, and types of movements
in fingers and hands while writing. A good writer showed greater uniformity in the formation
speed of similar strokes.
Overview of Study
There are two variation of concern during the comparison handwriting: the variation of the
handwriting of the particular individual and the handwriting from one individual to another.
These two variabilities are seen when several individuals are asked to write the same word
many times. Intuitively, the within writer variability (the variation in a person's handwriting
samples) is less than the between-writer variation (the variation between the handwriting
samples of two different people). The goal of this study is to initiate this intuitive observation
in an objective manner.
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525
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The study consisted of three phases: data collection, feature determination, and determining
individuality. In the data collection phase, prototypical handwriting samples were collected.
The feature separation phase was to acquire handwriting features that would entitle the writing
style of one writer to be differentiate from the writing style of another writer. The validity
determination phase was to determine the differences and similarity between the two individual
characteristics. The study pertains to natural handwriting and not to forgery or disguised
handwriting. Handwritten document examination for forensic analysis is different from
recognition of content.
Handwriting samples
Our objective was to obtain a set of handwriting samples that would capture variations in
handwriting between writers. This meant we would need handwriting samples from multiple
writers. The handwriting samples of the sample population should have the following
properties
i. They are sufficient in number to exhibit normal writing habits and to portray the
consistency with which particular habits are executed, and
ii. For comparison purposes, they should have similar nature in texts, in writing
circumstances and in purpose of writing.
Various factors can be impact the style of handwriting, e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, handedness,
the handwriting system learned, subject matter or content, writing protocol (written from
memory, dictated, or copied out), writing instrument like paper and pen, alterations in the
handwriting of an individual over time, etc. For instance, we assured that document content
would be such that it would apprehend as many features as possible. Only some of these factors
were considered in the experimental design. The other factors will have to be part of a different
study. However, the similar experimental methodology can be used to determine the influence
factors not reviewed.
Source document
A source document in Gujarati, which was to be copied by each writer, was designed for the
purpose of this study. It is concise (55 words) and complete in that it captures all characters
(alphabets and numerals) and certain character combinations of interest. In addition, the
reference document also include punctuation, and form of a general document that permits
extracting macro-document attributes such as word and line spacing, line skew, etc. Forensic
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literature in English refers to many such documents, including the London Letter and the Dear
Sam Letter [8].
Each participant (writer) was required to copy-out the source document one time in his/her
most natural handwriting, using plain, unruled/ruled sheets, and a medium black/blue ballpoint
pen provided by us.
Reference document:
Illustrative Document:
Writer Population
We decided to make the writer population as representative of the Gujarat State population as
possible. Statistical issues in determining the writer population are: the number of samples
needed to make statistically valid conclusions and the population distribution needed to make
અનુચ્છેદ ૧: પ્રતિષ્ઠા અને
અતિકારોની દ્રતિ એ સર્વ
માનર્ો જન્મથી સ્ર્િંત્ર અને
સમાન હોય છે િેમનામાં
તર્ચારશતિ અને અંિ: કરણ
હોય છે. અને િેમણે પરસ્પર
બંિુત્ર્ ની ભાર્નાથી ર્િવરંુ્
જોઈએ.
અનુચ્છેદ ૨: દરકે. વ્યતિને
જાતિ, ત ંગ, ભાષા, િમવ
,રાજકીય અથર્ા બીજા
અતભપ્રાય રાિર ીય અથર્ા
સામાતજક ઉદ્ધ્ભર્સ્થા ન,
તમ કિ, જન્મ અથર્ા મોભા
જરે્ા કોઈ પણ જાિના ભેદભાર્
ર્ગર આ ઘોષણા માં રજૂ
કરર્ામાં આરે્ ા સઘળા
અતિકારો અને સ્ર્િંત્રિા
ભોગર્ર્ાનો હક્ક છે. ર્િુમાં
કોઈપણ વ્યતિ િે સ્ર્િંત્ર, ટ્રસ્ટ્
હેઠળ ના સ્ર્શાસન હેઠળ ન
હોય િેર્ા અથર્ા સાર્વભમત્ર્
ની બીજી કોઈપણ મયાવદા હેઠળ
આરે્ ા દેશ અથર્ા પ્રદેશની
હોય િો પણ રાજકીય,
હફામર્તર્ષયક અથર્ા
આંિરરાિર ીય મોભાના િોરણ ે
િેની સાથે કોઈપણ ભેદભાર્
રાખર્ામાં આર્શે નતહ.
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conclusions that apply to the Gujarati population, which are issues in the design of experiments
[9].
Randomness
If the samples are random, then every individual in Gujarat should have an equal chance of
participating in the study. We attempted to make our sample population as random as possible.
Sample handwriting was obtained by contacting participants in person or by mailing the study.
For geographic diversity, we obtained samples from the native communities from different